• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 1998

Bioconcentration factors of some carbamates BPMC, carbaryl and carbofuran were determined. The tested fishes were zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) and red sword tail (Xiphophorus hellieri). The fishes were exposed to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.50 ppm, one- hundredth concentration of 96-hrs $LC_{50}$ and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs LCso and test periods were 3, 5 and 8 days. Obtained results are summerized as follows: In the case of BPMC and carbaryl, BPMC and carbaryl concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF s of BPMC, carbaryl were lower than those of red sword tail, and increased as increasing test concentration. In the case of same experimental concentrations, BPMC concentration in zebrafish extract and $BCF_s$ of BPMC were decreased as prolonging test periods. In the case of same experimental periods, carbaryl concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF s of carbaryl were decreased as increasing test concentration, especially dropped at 0.50 ppm. Carbofuran did not bioaccumulate in zebrafish for test periods, in the case of red sword tail, it was impossible to calculate on $BCF_s$ data because test concentration of one-hundredth and one-thousandth of 96hrs $LC_{50}$ was under the detecting limit on GC. Test concentration of 0.05 and 0.10 ppm were the same tendency with BPMC and carbaryl. Determined depuration rate conatant were highest on carbofuran, and followed by carbaryl, and BPMC. It is suggested that low BCF of carbofuran is due to its relatively high water solubility and depuration rate, compared to BPMC and carbaryl. Therefore, carbofuran had no little bioconcentration effect on the aquatic ecosystem.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.99-106
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of dichlorvos, methidathion and phosalone in zebrafish (brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri). The fishes were exposed to 0.05 ppm, 0.01 ppm, 0.50 ppm, one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ and test periods were 3, 5 and 8 days. The deputation rate of each pesticide from the whole body of fish was determined over the 24-hr period after treatment. Obtained results are summerized as follows: In the case of dichlorvos, dichlorvos concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF$_{s}$ of dichlorvos were increased as increasing test concentration. In the case of same experimental concentrations, dichlorvos concentration in zebrafish extract and BCF$_{s}$ of dichlorvos were decreased as proloning test periods, especially dropped after 5days. Dichlorvos concentration in red sword tail extract were increased as increasing test concentration, lyat BCF$_{s}$ in concentration of 0.05 ppm, 0.01 ppm and one-hundredth of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ were decreased. Methidathion and phosalone concentration in zebrafish extract in zebrafish extract were increased as increasing test concentration, but there was little difference in BCF$_{s}$. In the case of same experimental concentrations, there were little differences in BCF$_{s}$ and concentration in zebrafish extract. In the case of red sword tail, it was impossible to calculate on BCF$_{s}$ data because test concentration was under the detecting limit on GC or test fish were die. Determined deputation rate conatant were highest on dichlorvos, and followed by methidathion, and phosalone. The results of determining depuration rate of these pesticides showed that the high BCF in fish might be due to the slow depuration rate in fish, it is thought to be responsible for vapor pressure, water solubility and partition coefficient. It is suggested that one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ will be proper test concentration because one-thousundth of LC$_{50}$ was under the detecting limit on GC. Dichlorvos, methidathion and phosalone, organophosphorous pesticides, were examined to their BCF$_{s}$ and depuration rates by means of fish test.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.251-256
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• 2003

This study performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of dichlorvos and phosalone on the bioconcentration in zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio). The bioconcentration of the pesticides was reached an equilibrium more rapidly in an exposure of the binary mixture than that in an indicidual exposure. The BCF values and depuration rate constants for dichlorvos and phosalone in the binary mixture in the zebrafish were not significatly different from that of single pesticidel The results suggest that the effect of co-existence of pesticides on bioconcenteraion and depuration in zebrafish can be evaluated with single pesticide datum.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.108-118
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• 2001

This study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of IBP, methidathion and piperophos. The BCFs(bioconcentration factor), depuration rate constants for three pesticides in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio) were measured by OECD guideline 305. The concentration of test pesicides were one-hundredth and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs L $C_{50}$ in accordance with OECD guideline 305. The results obtained are summarized as follows: The average BCF values of IBP were 5.31(n=4) and 7.30(n=4) at one-hundredth and one-thousandth concentration of 96-hrs L $C_{50}$ . The average BCF values of methidathion were 8.72(n=4) and 11.25(n=4), the average BCF values of piperophos were 34.30(n=4) and 42.60(n=4). Depuration rate constants of IBP were 0.09( $h^{-1}$ ) and 0.08( $h^{-1}$ ), half-life of IBP were 7.70 and 8.66 at each tested concentration. The concentrations of IBP in zebrafish at low and high concentrations rapidly decreased after 12(0.243$\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 12 hours(0.040$\mu\textrm{g}$/g). Depuration rate constants of methidathion were 0.40( $h^{-1}$ ), half-life of methidathion were 1.73 at one-hunderdth and of 96-hrs L $C_{50}$ , repectively. The concentrations of methidathion in zebrafish at high concentrations rapidly decreased after 6 hours(0.18 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). Depuration rate constant of low concentration was no measured because methidathion in zebrafish was depurated in 6 hours. Depuration rate constants of piperophos sere 0.15( $h^{-1}$ ) and 0.44( $h^{-1}$ ), half-life of piperophos were 4.62 and 1.58 at each tested concentration. The concentrations of piperophos in zebrafish at los and high concentrations rapidly decreased after 12(0.26$\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 6 hours(0.015 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). It was suggested that high BCF of piperophos was due to high Kow(octanol-water partition coefficient). The possibility of bioconcenration was not likely to be high because of its $K_{DEP}$(depuration rate constant) in the evniroment. It was suggested that low BCF of methidathion showed lowest Kow as well as the most rapid $K_{DEP}$. Therefore, the possibility of bioconcentration was not occured in the enviroment. It was suggested that the BCF dtermined for IBP was lower than that of other pesticides due to high Sw(water solubility), show $K_{DEP}$. Therefore, IBP revealed little bioconcentration effect on in aquatic ecosystem.ystem.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of co-existence of carbofuran and chlorothalonil on the short-term bioconcentration factor in Brachydanio rerio(zebrafish). The fishes were exposed to the single and combined treatment of carbofuran and chlorothalonil for 1, 3 and 5 days. Experimental concentrations of carbofuran were 0.05 and 0.10 ppm under the single treatment. And those of chlorothalonil were 0.005 and 0.010 ppm. Experimental concentrations of the combined treatment of carbofuran and chlorothalonil were 0.05 ppm+0.005 ppm, 0.05 ppm+0.010 ppm, 0.10 ppm+0.005 ppm for 1, 3 and 5 days, respectively. Carbofuran and chlorothalonil in fish and in test water were extracted with n-hexane and acetonitrile. GC-ECD was used to detect and quantitate carbofuran and chlorothalonil. 1-day, 3-day and 5-day bioconcentration factors(BCF$_1$, BCF$_3$ and BCF$_5$) of each pesticide were obtained from the quantitation results. The depuration rate of each pesticide was determined over the 24-h period after combined treatment. The results were as follows: Carbofuran did not bioaccumulate in zebrafish under the single and combined treatment for testing periods. BCF$_1$ values of chlorothalonil in concentration of 0.005 and 0.010 ppm under the single treatment were 0.508, 0.621, BCF$_3$ were 1.327, 1.511 and BCF$_5$ were 1.331, 1.597, respectively. BCF$_1$ values of chlorothalonil were 0.512, 0.520 and 0.619, respectively, when the concentration of carbofuran and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. BCF$_3$ values of chlorothalonil 1.341, 1.338 and 1.513, respectively, and BCF$_5$ values of chlorothalonil were 1.332, 1.327 and 1.521, respectively, under the above combined treatment. Depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil in concentration of 0.005 and 0.010 ppm under the single treatment were 0.011 and 0.012. Depuration rate constants of chlorothalonil were 0.011, 0.010 and 0.011, when the concentration of carbofuran and chlorothalonil in combined treatment were 0.05+0.005, 0.05+0.010 and 0.10+0.005 ppm. It was observed that no significant difference of carbofuran and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extracts, test water, BCFs and depuration rate constants of carbofuran and chlorothalonil between combined treatment and single treatment. It was considered that no appreciable interaction at experimental concentrations due to lower concentrations than LC$_{50}$. It is suggested that the difference of BCFs between carbofuran and chlorothalonil due to those of fat composition of fish and solubility of carbofuran and chlorothaionil.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 1999

The present study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion. The BCFs(bioconcentration factors) and depuration rate constants for four pesticides in zebrafish(brachydanio rerio) were measured under semi-static conditions(OECD guideline 305-B) in a concentration of one-hundredth of the 96 hours LC50 of each pesticide at the equilibrium condition. The results obtained are summarized as follows : The BCFs of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion were 1.44$\pm$0.09, 2.223$\pm$0.063, 0.81$\pm$0.08 and 5.53$\pm$0.13, respectively. Depuration rate constants of BPMC, chlorothalonil, dichlorvos and methidathion were 0.028, 0.015, 0.220 and 0.152, respectively. The concentrations of BPMC, dichlorovs and methidathion in zebrafish reached an equilibrium in 3 days, and the equilibrium of chlorothalonil was reached after 14 days. Depuration rate of dichlorvos was the fastest followed by methidathion, BPMC and chlorothalonil. The lower BCF of BPMC was due to its relatively high KOW, slow KDEP, and low SW and VP, compared to chlorothalonil and methidathion. The BCF of chlorothalonil was much lower than that excepted on the basis of high KOW, slow KDEP, SW and VP. The reason is that the experimental concentration for chlorothalonil is 1/100~1/1000 lower than that of BPMC, dichlorvos and methidathion. The BCF of dichlorvos was lower than that of other pesticides due to its very rapid KDEP, very high VP and SW, and very low KOW. The BCF of methidathion was higher than that of other pesticides due to its very low VP and SW. Therefore, these data suggest that physicochemical properties of pesticides may be important in the bioconcentration.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the difference in species of test fish on the determination of short-term bioconcentration factor in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio), red sword tail(Xiphophorus hellieri) and goldfish(Carassius auratus). Experimental concentrations of carbamates were 0.05 and 0.10 ppm and chlorothalonil were 0.005 and 0.01 ppm for 3 and 5 days, respectively. This paper reports the measured BCF value on pesticides in various species of test fish, under steady state, and examined correlation between the BCF value and depuration rate constant or LC$_{50}$ or lipid content. Carbamates and chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate and chlorothalonil were increased as incresing test concentration. Carbamates concentration in fish extract and BCF of carbamate were decreased as incresing test period, but chlorothalonil concentration in fish extract and BCF of chlorothalonil were increased as prolonging test period. Determined pesticide concentration in fish extract and BCF were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Determined depuration rate constant were highest in zebrafish, and followed by goldfish, and red sword tail. 96hr-LC$_{50}$ were highest in red sword tail, and followed by zebrafish, and goldfish. Lipid compositions were highest in red sword tail, and followed by goldfish, and zebrafish. Therefore, it is suggested that the difference of BCF between each pesticide due to those of lipid composition of fish and deputation rate constant, while LC$_{50}$ have no effect on BCF.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2000

The present study was performed to investigate the bioconcentration of phosphamidon and profenofos. The BCFs(bioconcentration factors), depuration rate constants and LC$_{50}$ for two pesticides in zebrafish(Brachydanio rerio) were measured by the flow-through system(OECD guideline 305). The results obtained are summarized as follows: The 24-hrs LC$_{50}$, 48-hrs LC$_{50}$, 72-hrs LC.n and 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ were more than 100 mg/l for phosphamidon. The concentration of phosphamidon in zebrafish reached an equilibrium in 12 hrs at low and high concentrations(0.2 mg/l and 1 mg/1). The average BCF values of phosphamidon were less than 1 at low(0.96, n=7) and high concentrations (0.89, n=7) after 12~168 hrs. Depuration rate constants of phosphamidon were 0.18 hr-1 and 0.21 hr-1, half-life of phosphamidon were 3.85 and 3.30 at low and high concentrations(0.2 mg/l and 1 mg/l), respectively, The concentrations of phosphamidon in zebrafish at low and high concentrations were rapidly decreased after 8(0.04 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 12 hrs(0.07 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). The 24-hrs LC$_{50}$, 48-hrs LC$_{50}$, 72-hrs LC$_{50}$ and 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ were 2.9, 2.6, 2.2 and 2.0 mg/1 for profenofos. The concentration of profenofos in zebrafish reached an equilibrium in 12 hrs at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$(0.004 mgA and 0.02 mg/1). The average BCF values of profenofos were 141.9(n=7) and 111.3(n=7) at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$(0.004 mg/l and 0.02 mg/1) after 12~168 hrs. Depuration rate constants of profenofos were 0.09 hr$^{-1}$ and 0.10 hr$^{-1}$, half-life of profenofos were 7.70 and 6.93 at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC50(0.004 mg/l and 0.02 mg/1), respectively. The concentrations of profenofos in zebrafish at five-hundredth and one-hundredth concentration of 96-hrs LC$_{50}$ decreased agter 8(0.18 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g) and 12 hrs (0.19 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g). The LC$_{50}$ value in zebrafish showed that acute toxicity of profenofos was higher than that of phosphamidon. The BCF values of profenofos were 100 times higher than those of phosphamidon, and depuration rate of phosphamidon was two times faster than that of profenofos.