• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.81-86
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• 2014

In this study, trends in the sales of antimicrobials for use in livestock facilities and fisheries from 2003 to 2012 were investigated with regard to antimicrobial group, antimicrobial usage, and animal species. The overall amount of antimicrobials sold each year from 2003 to 2007 was 1,500 tons, after which they decreased, with the lowest sales being 936 tons in 2012. The total volume of antimicrobials used for feed additives decreased markedly by 94% from 2003 to 2012, which was mainly attributed to banning of feed additives. However, antimicrobial consumption through self prescription by farmers for disease prevention and treatment increased by 25% from 2003 to 2012. The largest volume of antimicrobials sold was for use in pigs (48~57%), followed by poultry (18~24%), fisheries (11~25%), and cattle (5~8%). Tetracycline was the highest selling antimicrobial, followed by penicillins and sulfonamides, although the overall sale of all three antimicrobials gradually decreased over the study period. This study demonstrated that the total consumption of antimicrobials has gradually decreased since 2008. Nevertheless, usage by nonprofessionals increased, which can ultimately cause emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Thus, early establishment of veterinary prescription guidelines for prudent use of antimicrobials is urgently needed in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 1992

This research was focused on investigation of the general condition for protoplast formation of Trichoderma speues. for protoplast formation, the mycelia cultured in YM medium were collected from each growth phase and were treated with the Iytic enzymes. This procedure was carried out by all strains. The most optimal conditions of NOVOZYM 234 and DRISELASE were determined by T. saturnisporum IAM 12535 and T. longibruchiatum IBM 13107, respectively. The effect of osmotic stabilizers appeared ${KCI}>(NH_4)_2{SO_4}>NaCl>mannitol>{MgSO}_4$ and the optimal concentration of each osmotic stabilizer wns determined by 0.6-0.9 M. The optimal condition of DRISELASE for protoplast formation ; optimal pH 5.0, optimal concentration, 2%, optimal reaction time, 4 hours, and optimal temperature, $30^{\circ}C$. The optimal condition of NOVOZYM 234 for protoplast formation ; optimal pH 5.5, optimal concentration 1%, optimal reaction time 3 hours, and optimal temperature $30^{\circ}C$. The optimal culture period of mycelia for protoplast formation was between the initial and the middle exponential phase. Generally, DUSELASE was more effective than NOVOZYM 234 on protoplast formation except for T. longibruchiatum IAM 13107 and T. viride IAM 5141.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.52-55
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• 2013

Phoma glomerata (Corda) Wollenw. & Hochapfel is a pathogenic fungus causing spot diseases of plant leaves and fruits. This fungus is important in plant quarantine of seedlings and fruits in Korea. The aim of this study was to develop a sensitive and effective diagnostic method for P. glomerata detection in imported plants. The fungal species-specific PCR primers were designed based on the nucleotide sequences of the translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene and their specificity and sensitivity were tested. The designed primers named as PhoGlo-F and PhoGlo-R amplified specifically a 170 bp sized DNA band of the target gene from the genomic DNA of P. glomerata. No amplicon was produced from genomic DNAs of 16 other Phoma spp. and reference fungal species tested. Moreover, PhoGlo-F/PhoGlo-R primers successfully worked with real-time PCR technique. The detection limit of DNA content by conventional and real-time PCR were 10 pg and 1pg of the genomic DNA of P. glomerata, respectively. We believed that the developed makers would be very useful for P. glomerata detection.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2010

Purpose: The prevalence of skin cancers and cutaneous premalignant lesions are increasing recently. It is necessary to treat cutaneous premalignant lesions, because these can progress to invasive skin cancers. We conducted a retrospective study to evaluate the usefulness of $CO_2$ laser resurfacing in skin tumor surgery. Methods: From 2005 to 2008, 14 patients with skin cancers, photodamaged skin and cutaneous premalignant lesions were treated with skin cancer excision, immediate reconstruction, and $CO_2$ facial laser resurfacing. Mean average follow-up period was 15.6 months (5 months - 36 months). Biopsy and clinical photograph were taken preoperatively, intraoperatively and through follow-up period to assess the effectiveness of laser resurfacing. Recurrence and side effects were evaluated through follow-up period. Results: Histologic examination shows the abolition of actinic atypia, regeneration of epidermis and normalization of cellular differentiation after laser resurfacing. Clinical photographs shows elimination of keratoses and spots, and the homogeneous, smoothening change of skin surface, indicating healthy and younger faces. All patients had remained free of skin cancers and premalignant lesions in laser-treated field through follow-up period. Conclusion: $CO_2$ laser resurfacing in skin tumor surgery can treat not only premalignant lesions but also subclinical lesions of photodamaged skin. Moreover it may be helpful in prophylaxis against skin cancers and premalignant lesions, providing rejuvenation and cosmetic improvement.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.39-43
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• 2009

A flow and low temperature of deep seawater the biofouling properties in a seawater environment of different materials, such as a steel pipe, polyethylene pipe, and nylon net, used for ocean industries. Experiments in a real sea environment were performed to grasp the quantitative and qualitative biofouling from diatoms attached to materials by measuring the Chlorophyll-a density. Experimental samples were placed under five types of ocean environmental conditions and analyzed every month for five months. It is shown that the biofouling by diatoms was strongly affected by the seawater temperature for all of the experimental samples. It was found that diatoms mainly adhered to the nylon net, while crustaceans prefer polyethylene, under a high temperature condition. It is believed that the biofouling properties are strongly related to the surface roughness of a material. The biofouling under the low temperature condition of deep seawater was rare and stable for the experimental periods. The inside of a pipe conveying deep seawater can be presumed to remain clear without biofouling on the condition of a flow and low temperature of deep seawater.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.699-707
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• 2009

Recently, while 3D sports game increases, the research that it recognizes the operation of the real user actively progresses. Most of all, the research about the golf is active. In this paper, the camera acquiring in a high-speed multi-exposure image measures the flight data of the golf ball through the image processing. While photographing, the high-speed camera, using this system, exposes an image at regular intervals. And line scan camera checks whether the golf ball passed or not. After the location information of the calculated golf ball calculates a speed and a direction by using the physical formula, it applies the golf simulation. After, this system is possible the measurement of the physical element of the spherical object.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2015

In the indoor location estimation system, which has recently been actively studied, the received signal strength indicator contains a high level of noise when measuring the signal strength in the range between two nodes consisting of a receiver and a transceiver. To minimize the noise level, this paper proposes an improved adaptive smoothing filter that provides different exponential weights to the current value and previous averaged one of the data that were obtained from the nodes, because the characteristic signal attenuation of the received signal strength indicator generally has a log distribution. The proposed method can effectively decrease the noise level by using a feedback filter that can provide different weights according to the noise level of the obtained data and thus increase the accuracy in the distance and location without an additional filter such as the link quality indicator, which can verify the communication quality state to decrease the range errors in the indoor location recognition using ZigBee based on IEEE 802.15.4. For verifying the performance of the proposed improved adaptive smoothing filter, actual experiments are conducted in three indoor locations of different spatial sections. From the experimental results, it is verified that the proposed technique is superior to other techniques in range measurement.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2007

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an abnormal accumulation of the ${\beta}$-amyloid protein $(A{\beta})$ in specific brain region. It has been speculated that disturbance in cholesterol homeostasis may contribute to the etiology of AD by increasing $A{\beta}$ generation. However, conclusive evidence and possible mechanism has not been reported. In the present study, we demonstrated that rabbits treated with 0.5% cholesterol for 16 weeks increased serum total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and low-density lipoprotein levels. $A{\beta}$ levels is higher in the hippocampus of brain in cholesterol dieted rabbits than that of normal diet rabbis. Expression and activities of ${\beta}-$ and ${\gamma}-$ secretases, the enzymes that cleave ${\beta}$-amyloid precursor protein to generate $A{\beta}$, were also increased in hippocampus of high cholesterol dieted rabbit than those of normal dieted rabbits. Our results suggest that high cholesterol diet may be associated with increased $A{\beta}$ accumulation in the brain of rabbits, and suggest that high cholesterol diet may be causal factor in the development or progression of AD.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.02a
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• pp.541-541
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• 2013

현재 병원에서 사용하는 치아미백은 고농도의 과산화수소와 carbamide peroxide가 함유된 미백제를 이용하여 전문성을 가진 의사가 직접 시술을 하고 있다 [1]. 과산화수소의 농도가 높을수록 미백효과가 높지만 [2] 과산화수소의 농도가 지나치게 높으면 인체에 유해하다 [3,4]. 따라서, 고농도의 과산화수소가 함유된 미백제의 사용은 전문가만 시술할 수 있도록 이를 제한하고 있다. 이로 인해, 일반 가정용으로 판매되는 다양한 미백제품들은 저농도(최대6%)의 과산화수소가 함유되어 있으며 장기간 지속적으로 사용해야만 치아미백효과를 볼 수 있다. 우리는 가정에서도 보다 안전하고 단기간에 효율적으로 치아의 미백효과를 보기 위하여, 식품의약품안정청에서 규제하고 있는, carbamide peroxide (15%)와 저온 대기압 플라즈마 제트를 사용하여 미백효과를 관찰하였다. 플라즈마 제트의 유량은 200 sccm이며, 공기를 사용하였다. 미백효과를 보기 위한 대상으로는 우치(牛齒)를 사용하였으며, 플라즈마를 처리하여 미백효과를 관찰하였다. 실험 대조시료군으로는 carbamide peroxide (15%)를 처리하지 않은 우치와 처리한 우치, 그리고 carbamide peroxide (15%)를 처리한 우치에 수증기(0.2~1%)를 첨가한 다음, 이들 세가지 시료에 각각 공기 플라즈마를 조사하여 비교해보았다. 모든 실험의 플라즈마 처리시간은 최대 20분까지로 하였다. 수증기를 첨가한 이유는 활성산소의 농도를 높이기 위함이며, 이로써 탁월한 미백효과를 얻을 수 있다. 이는 활성산소와 치아의 유기질이 반응하여, 색이 진한 탄소고리 화합물을 밝은 색의 사슬구조로 바꿔주기 때문이다. 실험을 통하여 우치에 carbamide peroxide (15%)와 수증기(0.2~1%)를 처리한 경우 플라즈마의 미백효과가 탁월함을 보였다. 이때 CIE색좌표 ($L^*a^*b^*$)에서 명도도가 최대 2배 이상 높아짐을 보았다. 미백효과에 대한 측정은 측색분광기(CM-3500d)를 이용하였다.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.843-847
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• 2007

Strain NK34 was characterized for probiotic use. Strain NK34 was named Lactococcus lactis NK34 based on API 50 CHL kit results and 16S rDNA sequencing. L. lactis NK34 was highly resistant to artificial gastric juice (pH 2.5) and artificial bile acid. Based on results from the API ZYM kit, 4 enzymes were produced. L. lactis NK34 was resistant to all antibiotics tested except for $10\;{\mu}g/mL$ roxithromycin and $10\;{\mu}g/mL$ erythromycin. The cholesterol-lowering effect of L. lactis NK34 was about 46.9%. Concentrations of interleukin $(IL)-1{\alpha}$ in the $20{\times}$ concentrated supernatant of L. lactis NK34 was about 361 pg/mL. L. lactis NK34 was also found to inhibit the growth of colon cancer cells due to MNNG-induced DNA damage. These results demonstrate the potential of L. lactis NK34 as a health-promoting probiotic.