• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2005

The aim of this study is to establish anatomical dimension of the lip in young population in Korean, using specially designed soft ware with photographic image. We measure 13 anatomical dimensions of lips in 2,229 young people. (917 male, 1312 female, Aged from 18-33 years. Average age 19.7). Statistical analysis of these measurements of large population could offer useful information in facial plastic surgery. The mean measurements are as follows 1. Lengths (male/female) Widths of philtrum: $1.11{\pm}0.19cm/1.02{\pm}0.21cm$ Heights of philtrum: $1.6{\pm}0.24cm/1.47{\pm}0.21cm$ Heights of cupid bow: $0.88{\pm}0.16cm/0.83{\pm}0.16cm$ Height of upper vermilion: $0.74{\pm}0.16cm/0.70{\pm}0.15cm$ Height of lower vermilion: $1.08{\pm}0.17cm/1.02{\pm}0.15cm$ Height of upper lip(Rt.): $1.24{\pm}0.2cm/1.23{\pm}0.2cm$ Height of upper lip(Lt.): $1.24{\pm}0.2cm/1.17{\pm}0.19cm$ Half horizontal length of lip: $2.2{\pm}0.26cm/2.11{\pm}0.2cm$ Horizontal length of lip: $4.41{\pm}0.4cm/4.25{\pm}0.36cm$ Height of lower face: $7.1{\pm}0.58cm/6.52{\pm}0.6cm$ 2. Angles Nasolabial angle: $97.77{\pm}11.97^{\circ}/95.5{\pm}11.34^{\circ}$ Mentolabial angle: $133.88{\pm}14.65^{\circ}/129.27{\pm}13.67^{\circ}$ Angle of Cupid's bow: $111.65{\pm}13.99^{\circ}/116.75{\pm}16.2^{\circ}$ Previous reported photogrammetric measurements was difficult to implement to surgical practice. Because these were printed photographies of the same size. Therefore, in this study, we can measure a lot of objects and items more conveniently and correctly by using proportional program on computer after taking a digital photograph. Consequently, proportional measurements with photogrammetry of lip could be useful and corrective substitute for anthropometrical measuring. These data could be useful reference for preoperative consultation, surgical planning and learning anatomical measurement of lips and adjacent structures.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.218-228
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence rate and correlates of weight control behaviors among adolescents in Korea. We analyzed data on 37,472 adolescents aged 12-18 years from the 2011 7th Korea Youth Risk Behavior web-based Survey. The results of this study was as following. First, the prevalence rate of healthy, unhealthy and extreme weight control behaviors was significantly higher in girls than in boys. Second, in both genders, healthy and unhealthy weight control behaviors were more common among obese adolescents than non-obese adolescents. But, use of diet pills were not prescription by doctor was more common in underweight boys and obese girls than others. Third, gender, school, family affluence scale, mother's education level, body shape perception(BSP), weight status predicted prevalence rate of healthy weight control behaviors. Gender, school, region, father's education level, BSP predicted prevalence rate of unhealthy weight control behaviors. Gender, school, BSP, weight status predicted prevalence rate of extreme weight control behaviors. These findings suggest the needs to design appropriate prevention program that can induce healthy weight control behaviors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.344-352
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify the latent classes in the changing patterns of marital conflict perceived by mothers to explore its relationship with the changing patterns of mothers' depression, school readiness, self-esteem, and happiness of their children five years after their birth. A total of 1,243 responses from the 1st (2008) to 5th (2012) and 7th (2014) to 10th (2017) Korean Child and Youth Panel Study(KCYPS) were analyzed by Latent Growth Modeling (LGM) and Growth Mixture Analysis (GMA). The results were as follows. First, three changing patterns in the mothers' perceived marital conflict groups were identified: low-low changing, average-uptrend, and high-unchanging group. Second, an increasing pattern of depression was found from mothers of high-unchanging group over five years. Third, school readiness for their children was differentiated according to the latent classes. In particular, children from the low-low changing group showed higher readiness as well as self-esteem and happiness. Fourth, children from mothers of the low-low changing group showed high self-esteem and happiness in lower grades in elementary school. The results of this study suggest that the mothers' perceived marital conflict had an influence on themselves as well as their children's school related behaviors. Suggestions for an intervention program to resolve marital conflict are also discussed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.114-123
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• 2018

Korea's Export Support Policy has shifted from conglomerate to SMEs since the 1998 IMF financial crisis. Therefore the SME export result in 2011 has reached the quantitative growth of more than US$ 100 billion for the first time. However, the trend has remained stagnant since 2013. Such a stagnant is judged to exist on the part of the Export Support Policies that fail to significantly enhance export competitiveness. Therefore, in order to expand the base of the export capabilities of SMEs and enhance the export competitiveness, the researcher has analyzed the problems of the Export Support Policy focused from the major prior studies since 2010 and derived the efficiency improvement methods. The results of this study are as follows: First, it is necessary to select or combine the following measures. they are the coordination or combination of the functions of the export support institutions, the operation of the single export support institutions, the utilization of the cooperative support system between the support institutions, the use of the private enterprises. First, it is necessary to review the following measures: they are the functional adjustment and integration among export support agencies, the adjustment of support organizations by export stage, the role coordinating between the Small and Medium Business Administration and the Local Government. Secondly, it is necessary to build a customized support system for enterprises. Thirdly, in order to secure the manpower and expertise of the support organization, it is necessary to review the utilization of the retired manpower the from the trade companies or the youth intern system. Fourthly, it is suggested that the balanced performance index is required for the export support programs with a certain scale and need to increase the portion the external evaluation together with the quantitative and qualitative evaluation.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.71-80
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to identify sexual experiences and associated factors among middle and high school students in Korea. Methods: Data were analyzed from 74,186 participants who completed the 2012 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Descriptive statistics were used to identify the condition of sexual behavior, and a complex sample logistic regression was used to examine the factors related to sexual behavior. Results: Data showed that 4.3% of adolescents had engaged in sexual intercourse (5.9% of males and 2.6% of females). According to the logistic regression analysis for complex samples, the school level, socioeconomic status, experience of part time work, and living with parents, were all factors associated with the decision to engage in sexual intercourse among boys and girls. In particular, sex education in schools was associated with a reduced risk of sexual intercourse. Conclusion: The results of this study highlight the importance of developing a program that focuses on enhancing sex education and promoting refusal and better decision-making skills in order to effectively reduce the likelihood of sexual experience among adolescents in Korea.

• Survey Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-58
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• 2009

The purpose of this study were to identify the subgroups (i.e., latent classes) depending on early adolescents' change patterns in aggression and to test the effects of individual-background variables on determining the latent classes. For these goals, we applied Nagin's(1999) semi-parametric group-based approach to the Korean Youth Panel Study. Results showed that four latent classes were identified, which could be defined based on the patterns as low-level group, increasing group, intermediate-level group, and high-level group. By adding gender, self-control, parent attachment, teacher attachment, and the number of delinquent friends to the unconditional latent class model, we tested the effects of the variables on the latent classes. Multinomial logit analysis showed that gender, self-control, teacher attachment, and the number of delinquent friends were significant determinants of the latent classes. Findings from this study suggest the need to consider heterogeneity in the study of early adolescents' aggression to facilitate more refined targeting of intervention program.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.523-536
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• 2015

In this study, we analyzed the co-reflection of pre-service teacher community in three years of post-class discussions (PCD) on the basis of cultural historical activity theory in the case of an biological laboratory class program. We figured out the sociocultural elements of co-reflection of community using activity system suggested by $Engestr{\ddot{o}}m$. We also analyzed the aspect of reflection in terms of both 'the diversity of reflection subjects' and 'the practicality of reflection.' Finally, limitations of co-reflection were sought in a process of continuos circulation of reflection and practice. The results show that the sociocultural factors of 3-year-PCD changed, and in these changes, 'regular PCD,' 'introduction of tools for facilitating reflection,' 'transition of the subject in PCD from researcher to pre-service teachers' are remarkable. And in these process, co-reflection made positive progress since the content of reflection became diverse and practical. However, in some subjects such as 'managing time,' 'participation of students,' 'mentor's role (a kind of teaching manual),' reflective practice have not developed and similar patterns of discussion were repeated. From these results, we suggested ways of facilitating pre-service teacher community's co-reflection from the viewpoint of an activity system.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.11-25
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• 2016

Background & Objectives: There were increasing evidence about the relationship between allergy related disease such as asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis and suicide ideation. However little was known about the concrete relatedness between severity and comorbidity of allergy related disease with suicide ideation. The objective of this study was to investigate the cases of the prevalence of suicide ideation among adolescents with allergy related disease such as asthma, atopic dermatitis and allergic rhinitis, and examine the association between allergy related disease and suicidal ideation among adolescents in South Korea. Methods: Data was based on Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey(2014) which was a cross-sectional study containing 34,874 Korean middle and high school students who diagnosed with allergy related disease. We used the weights, strata and primary sampling unit information provided by the public use dataset to compute descriptive statistics and logistic regressions. Computations were done with SPSS version 20.0. Results: 19.9%, 15.6%, 13.8% of adolescents who suffered from one, two and three of allergy related diseases respectively reported having been thought of suicide ideation. Socio-demographic factors were adjusted as control variables. Students with greater severity of disease were more likely to have suicide ideation. Odds ratio for students who were absent one to three days from school because of allergies was 1.96(95% CI 1.51-2.46), and odds ratio for those who were absent more than four days from school was 3.60(95% CI 2.46-5.28). Conclusions: Given that adolescents' severity and comorbidity of allergy related disease were clearly associated with suicide ideation, suicide prevention programs for adolescents with allergy related disease should be improved by strategic approaches towards the severity and comorbidity of disease.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1458-1464
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• 2014

The purpose of this study were to identify the effect of thesis-writing activity based project method on the ability of girl's middle school student's self directed learning(SDL) and learning attitude. To achieve above study purpose, the subject of this study were selected 60 from second-grade students of reading club(thesis-writing activities participants 30, non-participants 30), applied a program based project method to experimental group, to carry out a pre-post examined targeting two-group with early making a SDL ability and learning attitude inventory, and the results of the data were analyzed by t-test using the SPSS(Ver. 18). The results were as follows: In the aspect of SDL ability development by thesis-writing activity, the student participant showed somewhat significant differences compared to the non-participants. First, a openess, inner-motivation, autonomy, self-conception of SDL ability was significantly higher than those non-participants. Second, confidence, success expert, attention, effectiveness, affection of learning attitude was significantly higher than those non-participants. These results represent that various programs, which can develop SDL ability and learning attitude, can be provided for youth when they join any thesis-writing activity based project method in general and those programs are also very effective in developing SDL ability and learning attitude of juveniles. Furthermore, It is suggested that thesis-writing activity based project method are a necessary element at the school education fields.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.5737-5744
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• 2013

This study was performed to identify the association between the menarche experience and mental health in middle school girls aged 14. The subjects were selected using data from the 8th Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBWS-V), which included 5,991 girls in 1st grade of middle school. Data were analyzed using the PASW 18.0 program for frequency analysis, t-test, chi square and logistic regression analysis. As to results, we found 4,473 girls who had experienced menarche (mean age, 12.8 0.9 years) and 1,518 girls hadn't experienced menarche. In the logistic regression analysis between the menarche experience and mental health behaviors, the odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for perceived stress (OR=1.39, 1.20-1.62, p<0.001), perceived depression (OR=1.25, 1.10-1.42, p<0.05), suicide thinking (6OR=1.60, 1.38-1.87, <0.001), suicide planning (OR=1.66, 1.33-2.81, p<0.001) and suicide trial (OR=1.42, 1.09-1.86, p<0.05) were higher in the menarche experience group than in the menarche non-experience group. Our results indicate, a viable association between the menarche experience and mental health in the 1st grade of middle school girls, and suggests that the menarche experience is an important factor influencing adolescent girls' mental health.