• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of copper-soy proteinate (Cu-SP) on the performance of laying hens. A total of 1,000 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 32 wks old were assigned to one of the following 5 dietary treatments: Control, Cu-SP 50, 100, 150, 200 (50, 100, 150, 200 ppm Cu supplementation as Cu-soy proteinate). Each treatment was replicated 4 times with fifty birds per replication, housed in 2 birds cages. Fifty birds units were arranged according to randomized block design. Feeding trial lasted 5 wks under 16L : 8D lighting regimen. There were no significant differences among treatments in hen-day and hen-house egg production, egg weight, broken & soft egg production. Feed intake and feed conversion rate (FCR) were significantly (P<0.01) lower in Cu-SP treated groups than Control. Eggshell thickness was significantly (P<0.01) higher in Control than Cu-SP 100, 150 and 200. Egg yolk color index was significantly (P<0.01) higher in Cu-SP 200 than other treatments. Egg shell color index was significantly (P<0.05) higher in Cu-SP 150 and Cu-SP 200 than Cu-SP 100. Concentration of copper, iron and zinc of the egg yolk were not significantly influenced by treatment. There were no significant differences in the level of leukocytes and erythrocytes in the chicken blood. The result of this experiment showed that dietary supplementation of Cu-SP at the level of 50ppm of Cu can reduce feed intake and FCR.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.205-218
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary pitamin, pine bark extracts, as a organic livestock feed additives on the egg production and egg quality of laying hens. One hundred-fifty laying hens (Hyline brown) were randomly allocated to one of the following 3 treatment groups for 6 weeks: control, pitamin 0.1% and pitamin 0.2%. The egg production of hens fed the diet containing 0.1% pitamin was similar to that of the control; however, the egg production of the pitamin 0.2% group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (p<0.05). Additionally, the Haugh unit was higher in groups fed diets that contained 0.1% or 0.2% pitamin than in the control group (p<0.05), but no significant difference in egg shell thickness and egg shell breaking was observed between the pitamin 0.1% group and the control group. Furthermore, the concentration of cholesterol in eggs produced by the pitamin 0.1% group was significantly lower than that of the other groups (p<0.05). Moreover, the saturated fatty acid content of eggs from hens in the pitamin 0.2% group was lower than that of eggs produced by hens in the other groups, whereas the unsaturated fatty acid content of eggs produced by hens in the pitamin 0.2% group was higher than that of eggs produced by hens in the other groups (p<0.05). Finally, the values corresponding to the storage days, Haugh unit, yolk index and albumin index of eggs produced by hens that were provided with a diet that contained 0.1% or 0.2% pitamin were significantly higher than those of the control group (p<0.05). Taken together, these results suggest that providing hens with a diet supplemented with 0.1% pitamin as a organic livestock feed additives may extend the shelf-life of eggs with maintaining the egg quality and egg production in laying hens.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-71
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• 1991

To establish the normal fertile range in the results of the sperm zona-free hamster ova penetration assay (SPA) in Korean male, SPA using the low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) capacitation in TEST-yolk buffer (TYB) was performed in 67 fertile and 26 infertile men. Sperm parameters in routine semen analysis were also checked and compared with the results of SPA. Sperm concentration, motility and motility index (MI) were significantly higher in fertile group compared with infertile group: $96.0{\pm}46.6$ vs $43.6{\pm}31.9{\times}10^6/ml$, $65.5{\pm}14.8%$ vs $45.8{\pm}23.6%$ and $46.31{\pm}13.29$ vs 27.40{\pm}17.98$, respectively. In fertile group, the hamster ova penetration rate (PR) was $98.5{\pm}5.0%$ (80%-100%), and the penetration index (mean penetrations per ovum, PI) was $9.59{\pm}6.35$(3.1-29.0). All the fertile men showed PI>3.0. In infertile group, PR was $24.6{\pm}24.8%$ (0%-70%), and PI was $0.40{\pm}0.42$ (0-1.3). Both PR and PI were significantly lower in infertile group. There was a significant correlation beween PI and sperm motility or MI, respectively, in fertile group whereas there was no correlation in infertile group. These data suggest that SPA using the low temperature capacitation in TYB can be a valuable diagnostic tool for the assessment of male fertility in vitro and provide an important supplement to the traditional tests of sperm quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.254-265
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• 2002

Soybean meal (SBM) is a major protein source in poultry feeds and one of the best quality ingredients because of the relatively high protein content, good amino acid profile and bioavailability. But soybean meal quality is largely dependent on the processing technology and origins. In this experiment, effects of three different soybean meals were evaluated in layer (experiment 1) and broiler (experiment 2). Soybean meal sources used in the experiments were the US-originated dehulled soybean meal (USDHSBM), India-originated non-dehulled soybean meal (India SBM) and Brazil-originated non-dehulled soybean meal (Brazil SBM). Experiment 1 was conducted during growing and laying periods and evaluated the interactive effects of soybean meal sources according to feeding periods on growth performance and egg quality. Experiment 2 was conducted during growing period (day 1-35) and finishing period (day 35-42). The growth performance was measured for the same periods and any possible interaction between soybean meal origins and crude protein levels was also studied. In experiment 1, chicks fed India SBM utilized feed more efficiently (p<0.05) than those fed Brazil SBM from day 29 to day 42. The body weights of layers during the laying period had no relation to egg production. But egg weights were significantly heavier in all the USDHSBM fed groups than other groups (p<0.001) and depended on feed protein source during growing period (p<0.001). The average egg weight of the USDHSBM fed group scored the highest value (65.4 g), followed by the Brazil SBM fed group (62.1 g) and India SBM fed group (62.1 g). There was an effect of interaction between origins of soybean meal fed group in growing and laying period on eggshell color (p<0.01). Eggshell was significantly stronger in the USDHSBM fed (for growing period) groups than other groups (p<0.05) on $31^{st}$ week. Haugh's unit (HU), albumin index and yolk index of the USDHSBM fed group in growing stage were significantly superior (p<0.001) to other groups. In experiment 2, for the 7-week, chicks on the India SBM group gained less (p<0.001) weight than other groups. While daily gain of India SBM chicks was not affected by dietary crude protein level, those of the USDHSBM and Brazil SBM chicks were linearly increased as dietary crude protein level increased from 18% to 20%. The gain per feed ratio of the USDHSBM group was the highest (0.585), followed by the Brazil SBM group (0.568) and India SBM group (0.550) (p<0.01). Therefore, in this experiment, the use of USDHSBM with excellent protein quality and amino acid digestibility could be of advantage to the economic production of layer and broiler.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.823-833
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• 1997

To clarify the annual reproductive cycle of the banded catfish, Pseudobagrus fulvidraco (Richardson), the seasonal changes in histological aspect of gonad and liver were examined. The adult fish was raptured from the upper stream of Young-San river, Chunnam in each month from May 1992 to June 1993. Based on the annual changes in GSI (gonadosomatic index), HSI (hepatosomatic index), CF (condition factor) and histological aspects of the gonads, the annual reproductive cycle were classified into 5 periods as follows: 1) Growing phase (from April to early May): The value of GSI increased and the size of oocytes in perinucleolus stage in oocytes increased gradually. Spermatogonia were developed actively from the epithelial tissues of seminiferous tubules. 2) Maturing phase (from Hay to early June): GSI levels increased rapidly in both sex. Oocytes at various developmental stages were observed. Appearance of active spermatogenesis were observed. 3) Mature and spawning phase (from June to August): High values of GSI remained static and oocytes accumulated significant quantitis of yolk globules. 4) Degenerating phase (from September to November): GSI levels decreased and ovaries were filled mostly with oocytes at the perinucleolus stage. Hepatic cells accumulated significant amounts of lipid droplets. 5) Resting period (from December to March) : Low values of GSI were kept and the size of oocytes at the perinucleolus stage did not increase. Spermatogenesis was not observed.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.419-431
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• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to increase in the industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle and dietary patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status, dietary patterns and dietary quality of AD patients. AD patients (n=50) and gender age matched healthy control (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Preference and frequencies of consumption for 98 foods were estimated by questionnaires. Dietary pattern, current nutrients intake, and dietary quality were evaluated by the 3-day food records. As a result, anthropometric measurements from HC and AD patients were not significantly different. AD patients had significantly lower preference for buckwheat, some fishes (shellfish, flatfish, salmon), egg yolk, some vegetables (onion, garlic, Chinese-cabbage, radish, pepper, mushroom), coffee, and snack than those of HC had (p<0.05). AD patients had significantly lower frequency for pea, some fishes (shellfish, herring, flatfish, salmon, codfish), egg, some vegetables (spinach, pumpkin, mushroom), margarine/butter, nuts, coffee and apple juice, fried chicken, coke than those of HC had (p<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.05) and vitamin E (p<0.001) of AD patients were significantly lower than those of HC. The intake for Ca and Zn of AD patients were remarkably lower than RDA for each nutrient. Moreover, AD patients' index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin E, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ were lower than those of HC. AD patients' dietary quality including dietary diversity score (DDS), dietary variety score (DVS), DMGFV (dairy, meat, grain, fruit, vegetable), dietary quality index (DQI) was poor. This results indicate that atopic dermatitis patients had significantly different food preference and food frequency when these were compared with those of healthy people. The dietary diversity, dietary variety and dietary quality of atopic dermatitis patients were very limited.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.500-508
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• 2024

Objective: Due to current selection practices for increased egg production and peak persistency, the production profile, age at maturity, and body weight criteria for commercial layers are constantly changing. Body weight and age at the time of photostimulation will thus always be the factors that need to be adequately addressed among various production systems. The current study was carried out to determine the effects of pullets' body weight (low, medium, and heavy) on their performance, welfare, physiological response, and hormonal profile. Methods: With regard to live weight, 150 16-week-old pullets were divided into three groups using a completely randomized design (CRD) and held until the 50th week. One-way analysis of variance was used to evaluate the data under the CRD, and the least significant difference test was used to distinguish between treatment means. Results: In comparison to the medium and light birds, the heavy birds had higher body weight at maturity, an earlier age at maturity, and higher egg weight, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness, egg yolk index, breaking strength, egg surface area, egg shape index, egg volume, and hormonal profile except corticosterone. However, the medium and light birds had lower feed consumption rates per dozen eggs and per kilogram of egg mass than the heavy birds. Light birds showed greater body weight gain, egg production, and egg specific gravity than the other categories. At 20 weeks of age, physiological response, welfare aspects, and catalase were non-significant; however, at 50 weeks of age, all these factors-aside from catalase-were extremely significant. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that layers can function at lower body weights during photostimulation; hence, dietary regimens that result in lighter pullets may be preferable. Additionally, the welfare of the birds was not compromised by the lighter weight group.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1229-1235
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• 1998

To see the correlation between the rate of in vitro starch hydrolysis and the glycemic index, an in vitro digestion was carried out by incubating the cereal samples for 2 hours with ${\alpha}-amylase$ in dialysis tubing. Also the levels of blood glucose were measured over 2 hours after feeding healthy volunteers with 50 g carbohydrate portions. Hydrolysis area, hydrolysis index (HI) and the dialysate content of carbohydrate throughout the digestion time for barley was significantly below those for other cereals (p<0.05), and unpolished glutinous rice was significantly above (p<0.05). The GI-glucose of barley $(57%{\pm}7)$ to glucose as standard was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those of other cereals whereas the GI-glucose of glutinous rice $(110%{\pm}8)$ was significantly higher (p<0.05) than other cereals. The GI-rice values to rice as standard were $122%{\pm}4$ for glutinous sorghum, $116%{\pm}13$ for job's tear, $115%{\pm}13$ for glutinous millet, $106%{\pm}6$ for unpolished glutinous rice, $102%{\pm}7$ for glutinous rice, $100%{\pm}0$ for rice, $90%{\pm}12$ for unpolished rice, $85%{\pm}6$ for foxtail millet, $79%{\pm}5$ for buckwheat and $63%{\pm}6$ for barley. The GI-rice was significantly correlated to hydrolysis area and HI (r=0.75, p<0.01). It suggests that the in vitro starch hydrolysis offers good potential to predict the in vivo glycemic response of starch foods.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.247-256
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• 2015

There are approximately 1,500 broiler farms in Korea, each raising 55,000 birds. Ninety-five percent of the farms are contracted with Integration Company. According to the Korean broiler performance index, broilers in Korea are marketed at 32 days with 1.52 kg of body weight. In contrast, the market age and body weight of broilers are 47 days/2.8 kg in the United States and 42 days/2.5 kg in Europe. Because of the younger market age of the Korean broiler, the pre-starter feed is important. Chicks exhibit poor absorption of dietary nutrients up to 7 days after hatching due to an immature digestive system and low enzyme secretion rate and activity. At the beginning of hatching, chicks obtain their nutrients from the egg yolk sac. It is highly recommended that chicks, after consuming the nutrients in the egg yolk sac, are given supplemented pre-starter feed to increase early growth rates and improve the performance of broiler production. Pre-starter nutrient requirements are not expressed in NRC, so Korean feeding standards for poultry and commercial breeding companies determine the nutrient requirements of pre-starter broiler chickens. Three approaches are followed to formulate specially designed pre-starter feeds for broiler chicks: (i) selective use of raw materials, (ii) proper standards of nutrient supply, and (iii) application of feed additives such as exogenous enzymes. In the selection of raw materials, those with high digestibility can be used. The absorption rate of carbohydrates in grains can be increased through feed processing at high temperature and high pressure. Soy proteins and fish meal can also be added as protein sources. As an energy source, vegetable oils are preferred over animal fats because of the former's high digestibility. It is suggested that the levels of proteins and amino acids are higher in pre-starter feed than in starter feed. With regard to energy, the sources of energy are more important than the levels of energy in feed. Feed additives such as exogenous enzymes can be used to improve nutrient digestibility. In addition, organic acids and plant extracts can be used as alternatives to animal growth promoters to stimulate immunity and prevent diseases. The growth performance of broilers is affected by various factors, such as management and disease control, in addition to the nutritional strategy; however, nutritional strategies play an important role in improving the productivity of broilers. Therefore, nutritional strategies, along with management and disease control, are required for improving the productivity of broilers in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.53-60
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• 2022

This study investigated correlations between egg quality indicators to identify external egg quality traits to predict internal egg quality using non-destructive and convenient measurements. Thirteen indicators, including Haugh unit, albumen height, eggshell breaking strength, eggshell thickness, eggshell color (CIE L^*, CIE a^*, CIE b^*), and reflectivity value, egg weight, egg length, egg width, shape index, and yolk color, were investigated. A total of 180 brown eggs were obtained from one 27-week-old flock of Hy-line brown-laying hens raised in a cage system. Correlations were evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r). The results showed strong correlations between Haugh unit and albumen height, eggshell color CIE L^* and reflectivity, egg weight and width, egg weight and length, eggshell color CIE L^* and CIE a^*, eggshell color CIE a^* and reflectivity, and shape index and egg length (P<0.001). Moderate correlations were observed between eggshell breaking strength and eggshell thickness, eggshell color CIE a^* and CIE b^*, and shape index and egg width (P<0.001). Eggshell color CIE L^* was correlated with eggshell breaking strength (P<0.01), and eggshell color CIE a^* was correlated with Haugh unit, albumen height (P<0.01), and eggshell breaking strength (P<0.001). The present study showed significant correlations between eggshell color and other quality indicators. Thus, this study suggests that eggshell colors based on reflectiveness and the CIE L^*a^*b^* value can be used to estimate the Haugh unit, albumen height, eggshell breaking strength, and thickness.