• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제96권5호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2007

The major objective of this study was to analyze the difference of the chemical characteristics of acid deposition in Quercus forests in Korea and Japan. The pH values of rainfall at the experimental forest of Kangwon National University (KS site) were higher than those at the Foresta Hills in Japan (JP site), and all chemical contents of throughfall and stemflow were much higher than those of rainfall in Quercus forest stands at the KS and JP site. The pH values, $Ca^{2+}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ concentration of throughfall and stemflow at the KS site showed seasonal variation. While at the JP site, the same pattern was shown in the pH values of throughfall and stemflow, however, did not show any difference among seasons. Also, the annual input of all nutrients in these two contrasting forests varied seasonally. These results can be used to predict the amounts of air pollutant that are washed off and leached by the rainfall and Yellow Sand (Asian dust), including NOx and SOx acid pollutants transported easterly from China in the spring. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the inputs of dry and wet deposition throughout a full year to gain a more complete understanding of the effects of acid deposition on the nutrient cycles in these forest ecosystems.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2016

황해 태안반도 남서부 해역 8개 정점에서 해양퇴적물을 채취하여 퇴적물의 지음향 및 물리적 특성을 파악하였다. 전반적으로 사질 퇴적물이 우세하며 연구지역의 사질 퇴적물은 최대빙하기(LGM)이후 해수면 변동의 영향을 받아 연구지역에 퇴적되었다. 이후 금강 및 인근 연안에서 유입된 세립질퇴적물의 영향을 받은 지역은 니질 사 또는 사질 니가 발달했다. 이러한 퇴적 환경의 영향으로 정점별로 퇴적물 조직특성, 물리적 성질, 음파전달속도의 수평 수직적 차이가 나타난다. 음파전달속도, 평균입도 및 물리적 성질간의 상관관계를 보면 비교모델로 사용한 남해 퇴적물과 전반적으로 유사한 경향을 보이나 절대값에서 차이를 보인다. 이러한 차이는 퇴적환경, 광물조성 및 측정 시스템의 차이에 의한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2001

PM 2.5/ samples were measured at two sites, Hadan(suburban site) and Anrak (roadside site) in Busan area. PM 2.5/ sampling was performed for 24-hour intervals by the FH9.5 particulate sampler. Aerosol samples were collected on PTFE filter. A total of 60 particulate samples were collected, dad samples were measured for Particulate mass concentration, metallic elements (Cr, Mn, Ni. Cu. Se, Fe, Pb, and Zn) and waer-soluble elements (C $l^{[-10]}$ , N $O_{3}$$^{[-10]}$ ,S $O_{4}$$^{2-}$, N $H_{4}$$^{+}$, $Ca_{2}$$^{+}$, $Mg_{2}$$^{+}$ and $^{+}$.Mass concentration in Hadan ranged 24.23~57.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ and 60.22~72.12 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥m Yellow Sand Events. Major cations in Hadan and Anrak site is N $H_{4}$$^{+}$and N $a^{+}$ respectively. SO42$^{[-10]}$ was the abundant specie in the PM 2.5 fraction for Hadan site an dAnrak site. Hadan site showed igher concentration in S $O_{4}$$^{2.1}$ and N $H_{4}$ $^{+}$ In Anrak site the concentration of S $O_{4}$/sip 2-/and N $a^{+}$ was higher than other ions Prominent metallic elements were Fe and Pb in two sites. Principal component analysis showed that main source of PM 2.5 aerosol particles was non-metal related source which was resulted in relating elements as Cr, Ni, and Pb at Hadan site, Anrak site also has resulted PM2.5 aerosol paricles source, which was related its element like Zn, and Ni,. The SAS package analysis also showed that long-range transport effect at Hadan area due to Yellow Sand Event by the prevailing weaterlies.ling weaterlies.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.32-45
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• 2016

The anthropogenic aerosols originated from the pollutant emissions in the eastern part of China and dust emitted in northwestern China in Yellow sand regions are subsequently transported via eastward wind to the Korean peninsula and then these aerosols induce high $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Korean peninsula. In order to estimate air quality considering anthropogenic and dust emissions, Comprehensive Air-quality Model with extension (CAMx) was applied to simulate $PM_{10}$ concentration. The predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations without/with dust emissions were compared with observations at ambient air quality monitoring sites in China and Korea for 2008. The predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations with dust emissions could depict the variation of measured $PM_{10}$ especially during Yellow sand events in Korea. The comparisons also showed that predicted $PM_{10}$ concentrations without dust emissions were under-predicted while predictions of $PM_{10}$ concentrations with dust emission were in good agreement with observations. This implied that dust emissions from desert and barren soil in southern Mongolia and northern China minimized the discrepancies in the $PM_{10}$ predictions in East Asia. The effect of dust emission on annual $PM_{10}$ concentrations in Korea Peninsula for year 2008 was $5{\sim}10{\mu}g/m^3$, which were about 20% of observed annual $PM_{10}$ concentrations.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.90-97
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• 1994

PIXE( Proton Induced X- ray Emission ) analysis has been applied to the analysis of aerosol for the Purpose of pollution monitoring. Coarse and fine Particle fractions were sampled selectively, using Nuclepore filter in stacked filter units, once a month from February to September in 1993 at urban and rural sites. Concentration of 9 elements, Si, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb was determined without Pretreatment of Samples. Comparison of data between urban and rural site revealed higher elemental concentration level in urban aerosol. From April to May aerosol sampling was carried out daily to observe the effect of Yellow Sand on the composition of aerosol in the Korean Peninsula. During the Yellow Sand period, Si, Ca, Fe content level in aerosol became more than 5 times higher than normal. The elemental concentration of the aerosol samples of Daejeon City was compared with that of two foreign cities. S and Pb( which are fuel- derived elements) levels in Daejeon City aerosol appeared to be lower than those of foreign cities. And it may be due to the leaded-fuel restriction policy of Korean government since 1987.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.77-88
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• 1992

Distribution patterns of the chemical species, contained or dissolved in the sediments and porewater, were studied from the submarine environments around Deok-Jeok Island, Yellow Sea. The sediments in the study area are predominantly composed of medium to coarse sands, and consequently of very low organic carbon (0.003%) -0.26%o dry weight sediments). As opposed to the strong enrichment of porewater with nutrients and heavy metals in the ordinarily muddy, organic-rich sediillents, the porewater enrichment is not intense in this sandy, organic-poor sediments: porewater phosphate is enriched to the maximum of only seven (average two) times over that in the bottom water. Concentrations of the heavy metals dissolved in porewater show a bit greater enrichment than the nutrient: Zn shows the lowest enrichment (7 times that of the bottom water) and Mn the highest (450 times that of the bottom water). However, these enrichments of the chemical species in porewater are the natural consequences of decomposition of the organic matter in sediments, and still fall short in the magnitude of those in the muddy, organic-rich sediments. Mining of the sands in the study area may pose a threat to the seawater quality as it causes a large scale porewater discharge to the bottom water. The additional supply of the nutrients by this discharge may develop an eutrophic state and, in consequence, an excessive nitrification of the water column. Since the residence times of the nutrients are much longer than those of the heavy metals, a long-term monitoring of the concentration changes in the porewater nutrients is very important to assess the potential deterioration of the seawater associated with the sand mining in the study area.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2004

In this study, the observation data for the yellow sandy dust phenomena from the year 1999 to 2003 at background sites in Korea were collected at Global Atmospheric Observatory at An-Myeon island and its temporal variation were analyzed. The chemical characteristics of the fine particles were also analyzed in order to evaluate sources of the yellow sandy dust particles. The results showed that the monthly average mass concentration of the fine particles was the highest in springtime and the lowest in summertime in general. The magnitude of its variation was also the highest in March in which the occurrence of yellow sandy dust was the most frequent and thus the number of samples was the largest, while the lowest in June through September. The yearly variation of ion components contributions to the total mass concentration of the fine particles was slowly decreasing, showing that $63\%$ in 1999, $59\%$ in 2000 and $56\%$ in 2003. The most prevalent ion components in the fine particles were found to be $NO_3$ and $SO_4^{2-}$, which are known to be source materials of acidic precipitation, and $NH_4^+$, a neutralizing material of the acid precipitation. Relative proportion of metal components in the fine particles was calculated as $14\%$ in average, and their concentrations are in an order of Fe > Al > Na > Ca > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cd > Cr > Co > U. The results indicated that main sources of the metals was soil-originated Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg, and the contribution of anthropogenic air Pollution-originated Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn were also high and keep slightly increasing. Statistical analysis showed that the chemical components could be divided into soil-originated group of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, and Mn and air pollution-originated group of $NO_3$, Zn, Pb, and they are occupying more than $60\%$of all the components in the dusty sand. The results explain that An-Myeon island is more influenced by soil-originated source than ocean-originated one and also the influencing strength of anthropogenic poilution-originated source is less than $50\%$ of that of soil-originated sources. Compared to non-yellow sandy period, the yellow sandy dust period showed that the amounts of soil-originated $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ and ocean-originated $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were increased to more than double and the metals of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe were also highly increased, while micro metal components such as Pb, Cd, Zn, which have a tendency of concentrating in air, were either decreased or maintained at nearly constant level. In the period of yellow sandy dust, a strong positive correlation was observed between water soluble ions and between metals in terms of its concentration, respectively. Factor analysis showed that the first group being comprised of about $43\%$ of the total inorganic components was affected by soil and they are ions of $Na^+,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ and metals of Na, Fe, Mn and Ni. The result also showed that the metals of Mg and Cr were classified as second group and they were also highly affected by soil sources.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.345-352
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• 1999

이 연구는 제주도 함덕연안에 분포하는 구멍연잎성게의 생태 및 번식생활사에 관한 연구보고서이다. 시료는 북제주군 함덕에서 SCUBA를 통하여 채집하였으며, 실험실로 옮긴 뒤, 크기 및 생식소에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 구멍연잎성게의 크기는 각장 80$\~$200mm 이었으며, 각장 140$\~$170mm 의 개체가 주를 이루었다 (N=129). 구멍연잎성게는 세립질 또는 미립질 ($125\~250\mu$m ($2\~3\phi$))의 사질에 주로 분포하였으며, 퇴적물내의 유기물을 섭취하는 퇴적물식자로 확인되었다. 성숙한 암컷의 생식소는 보라색을 띠며, 수컷은 짙은 노란색을 띤다. 암, 수 모두 11$\~$3월 사이 휴지기를 거쳐 6월경에 성숙하며, 주 방란 방정은 7$\~$10월 사이에 이루어진 것으로 추정된다. 암컷의 경우 성숙한 난은 그 직경이 평균 381$\mu$m이었다.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.37-44
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 국내에서 가장 일반적인 유형의 주택으로서 3인 가구가 거주하는 공급면적 $117.69m^2$의 일반형 아파트를 측정 주택으로 선정하여 실증 측정을 진행하였다. 황사 발생이 포함된 3일 측정기간 동안 미세먼지 변화 특성을 관찰하여 분석하였다. 관측된 미세먼지($PM_{10}$)를 상대적으로 큰 먼지($PM_{10-2.5}$)와 초미세먼지($PM_{2.5}$)로 나누어 대기와 실내의 먼지의 농도변화를 분석하였다. 연구 결과로 재실자의 활동이 없는 외출이나 취침 기간에는 주택의 침기 특성을 확인할 수 있었다. 미세먼지 중 상대적으로 큰 $PM_{10-2.5}$ 크기 입자는 외기의 풍속이 5 m/s까지 증가하여 침기량이 증가해도 대기 농도 대비 실내 농도비가 7% 이하인 반면, $PM_{2.5}$의 경우 외기 속도가 5 m/s까지 증가하면 50% 이상으로 증가하였다. 황사가 심한 대기 상태에도 본 연구의 측정 주택의 경우 실내 $PM_{10-2.5}$는 시평균$15{\mu}g/m^3$로 대기 농도의 5% 수준으로 일상 조건과 비슷했다. 재실자의 활동이 있는 경우에는 미세먼지 중 초미세먼지를 제외한 상대적으로 큰 먼지는 자연환기와 실내 사람의 움직임과 같은 행동 영향이 지배적이었다. 실내 $PM_{10-2.5}$ 농도는 대기 농도가 낮은 경우에는 대기 농도의 약 50%를 차지하는 경우도 있었다. 재실자의 활동 중, 초미세먼지의 발생이 클 것으로 예상되는 굽기나 튀기기가 포함된 조리나 실내 흡연이 없었기 때문에, 재실자가 없는 경우와 마찬가지로 초미세먼지는 실내 농도가 실외 농도의 추이에 따라 함께 변동하는 양상을 보였다. 외부공기가 침기에 의해 창틈, 문틈으로 유입되는 과정에서 초미세먼지는 약 30~40% 정도가 제거되고 실내로 많은 비율이 유입되기 때문에 실외 초미세먼지의 실내에 대한 영향이 컸다. 본 연구의 분석 데이터는 측정이 이루어진 대표 주택에 해당하는 것으로, 새로 지어진 기밀 성능이 높은 신축 아파트나 침기가 상대적으로 클 것으로 예상되는 오래된 단독주택에서는 다른 특성이 나타날 것으로 예상되므로, 이에 대한 추가적인 연구가 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.87-100
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• 1974

This paper deals with grain size analysis, heavy mineral analysis and trace element analysis of the recent sediments of Han River basin between Cheongpyong, Gyeonggi province and Seoul. For each location the samples are taken at river shoreline, river berm and river dune. The size analysis discloses that the mean values range from $-1.37{\phi}$ to $-1.60{\phi}$, sorting values range from 0.25 to 1.84, skewness values range from -0.44 to 0.51 and kurtosis values range from -0.1 to 1.75. Based on the textural parameters, the dune sand can be distinguished from the shoreline-berm sand. The content of heavy minerals of each sample ranges from 0.04 to 4.7%. The principal heavy minerals are ilmenite, magnetite, leucoxene, garnet, amphibole, pyroxene, kyanite, zircon, monazite, tourmaline, epidote, limonite, and minor minerals are apatite, sillimanite, andalusite and olivine. In general, dune sand samples contain more heavy minerals than the samples of shoreline or berm sand. This suggests that the heavy mineral concentration is affected by wind action more than by any other causes. The content of ilmenite and leucoxene decreases, whereas the content of zircon and epidote increases as it approaches the downstream region. The differences result from the variance of geological occurrences. The emission spectrochemical analysis and colorimetry analysis revealed that the content of Ni and V in the heavy minerals of the study area are higher than those of other stream sediments in Korea. On the other hand the content of Cu, Ph, Zn, Mo, W, P, Mn, Cr, Ag and Sn are lower in the study area. It has been observed also that the contents of all the elements except for Bi are higher in this area than the samples of marine sediments of Yellow Sea.