• 환경위생공학
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.41-51
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• 2002

This research was carried out using Anderson air sampler which were set up on the roof of the Engineering College of Konkuk University at Hwayang-Dong, Kwangjin-Gu, Seoul from Aug. 1992 to foul. 1999. The results are as follows: The major component of yellow sand is soil particles based upon the observation that particles ranging from $3.3~7.0{\mu}m$ occupy 36~63%. It is certain that the increase of fine particles of respirable dust during yellow sand phenomenon in Seoul area affects the human body. The trace metals from natural sources like Al, Ca, Fe, K, Na, and Si show larger mass median diameter(MMD) values during yellow sand phenomenon than in normal situations while the values of MMD for Mn and Pb rarely changes. Noticeably, the changes in value of MMD of water soluble elements like ${NO_3}^{-}$ and ${SO_4}^{2}$ are 2.3 and 6.6 times higher during the yellow sand phenomenon compared to normal situations, respectively. This fact is regarded as decisive evidence showing that ${NO_3}^{-}$ and ${SO_4}^{2}$ in the air are attached to yellow sand and move together.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.487-497
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• 2000

Spring time is a favorable season to be easily observed the Yellow Sand phenomenon in East Asia. In particular most of the phenomenon tend to occur in April. However, Yellow Sand phenomenon was observed from almost the whole country of Korea in winter of 1966, 1977 and 1999. The features of the synoptic weather pattern in the source regions, air stream flow between the source region and Korea, the measurement of TSP concentration, aerosol size distribution, and chemical composition of snow samples associated with Yellow Sand phenomenon were investigated. The result showed the characteristic evolutionary feature of the synoptic system associated with Yellow Sand phenomena, that is, a strong low level wind mobilized the dust within 2 or 3 days before Yellow Sand phenomenon being observed in Seoul. The wind was remarkably intensified in the source region on January 24, 1999 under the strong pressure gradient, A trajectory analysis showed that the Yellow Sand particle could be reached to Korea within 2 days from the source region, Gobi desert, through Loess plateau and Loess deposition region. The TSP concentration at the top of Kwanak mountain during the Yellow Sand phenomenon is abruptly increasing than the monthly mean concentration. The size resolved number concentration of aerosols ranging from 0.3 to 25${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was analyzed during Yellow Sand episode. It was evident that aerosols were distinguished by particles in the range of 2-3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ to result in the abrupt increase in January 1999, After Yellow Sand phenomenon, there was heavy snow in Seoul. By the analysis of snow collected during that time, it was observed that both the Ca(sup)2+ concentration and pH were increased abnormally compared to those in the other winter season.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.179-192
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• 2001

In order to characterize the distribution patterns of PAHs between Yellow Sand (YS) and non-Yellow Sand(NYS) periods, we collected and analyzed aerosol samples for PAHs for the periods covering 28 March through 24 April 2000. The concentrations of TSP measured during the YS periods were approximately two times higher than the NYS periods. By contrast, the concentrations of PAHs during YS were higher than those of NYS by 140%. In ad-dition, their concentrations in PM 10 were larger than those TSP by 120% . Detailed inspections of our data indi-catd that three species including chrysene. benzo(b)fluoranthene, and benzo(k)fluoranthene were effeciently ad-sorbed by particles less than 10${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ diameter and that there were dominating the distribution characterstics of PAHs during the YS periods. Results of correlation analysis also indicated that PAHs exhibited strong correlations with those pollutants originating from combustion sources. It is thus concluded that pollutants such as toxic PAHs that originate from diverse anthropogenic sources of China should be contributing to the degradation of the ambient air quality in Seoul.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.52-57
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• 1992

The influence of soil particles on TSP transported from China contient to Seoul by the Yellow sand phenomenon was investigated from the analytical results of TSP during three years, April 1988 through May 1991. The TSP was collected by a high volume air sampler abour five times a month, and then analyzed by A.A.S. and UV-Visible spectrophotometry. During the Yellow sand phenomenon, the mean concentration of TSP at Seoul was about 578 $\mug/m^3$ and three times higher than that in the ordinary time which was about 194 $\mug/m^3$. The mean contribution of soil particles calculated by Al content to TSP was 28% in the ordinary time, but the degree of contribution jumped to about 60% during the Yellow sand phenomena. The concentration of soil particles transported from China continent to Seoul was estimated to be 175.1 $\mug/m^3$ on an average(104 $\mug/m^3-231 \mug/m^3$).

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 1998년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.409-414
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• 1998

To examine the detectability of the aerosol and/or Yellow dust from China crossing over the Yellow sea, three works carried out as follows , Firstly, a comparison was made of the visible(VIS), water vapor(WV), and Infrared(IR) images of the GMS-5 and NOAA/AVHRR on the cases of yellow sand event over Korea. Secondly, the spectral radiance and reflectance(%) was observed during the yellow sand phenomena on April, 1998 in Seoul using the GER-2600 spectroradiometer, which observed the reflected radiance from 350 to 2500 nm in the atmosphere. We selected the optimum wavelength for detecting of the yellow sand from this observation, considering the effects of atmospheric absorption. Finally, the atmospheric radiance emerging from the LOWTRAN-7 radiative transfer model was simulated with and without yellow sand, where we used the estimated aerosol column optical depth ($\tau$ 673 nm) in the Meteorological Research Institute and the d'Almeida's statistical atmospheric aerosol radiative characteristics. The image analysis showed that it was very difficult to detect the yellow sand region only by the image processing because the albedo characteristics of the sand vary irregularly according to the density, size, components and depth of the yellow sand clouds. We found that the 670-680 nm band was useful to simulate aerosol characteristics considering the absorption band from the radiance observation. We are now processing the simulation of atmospheric radiance distribution in the range of 400-900 nm. The purpose of this study is to present the preliminary results of the aerosol and/or Yellow dust detectability using the Ocean Scanning Multispectral Imager(OSMI), which will be mounted on KOMPSAT-1 as the ocean color monitoring sensor with the range of 400-900 nm wavelength.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2004

We report the high concentration episodes for PM$_{10}$, SO$_2$, NO$_2$, and $O_3$ in many urban areas Korea during 2002. The high concentration episodes are identified based on the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and the observations obtained from the Regional Air Monitoring Network composed of approximately 160 air pollution monitoring stations located in a number of major or big cities in South Korea including Seoul, Pusan, Daegu, and Incheon cities. The results show that the twenty cases of high concentration episodes in 2002 consists of both ozone warning episodes (6 cases) and high PM$_{10}$ concentration cases (14 cases), and one half of the latter are found to occur in association with the Yellow Sand (Asian Dust) phenomena. The most outstanding characteristics of the reported episodes are the excessively high levels of maximum PM$_{10}$ concentrations during the Yellow Sand period (i.e., exceeding 3,000$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥ in April, 2002) and their variable occurrence frequencies across seasons. The high ozone concentration episode days are mainly resulting from both the high photochemical reactions and poor ventilations. The high PM$_{10}$ concentration days during non Yellow Sand periods, however, mostly occurred under the influence of synoptic meteorological conditions such as stagnant or slowly passing high pressure centers, and consequently prevailing weak wind speeds over the Korean peninsula. The overall results of our study thus suggest the importance of both synoptic and local meteorological factors for high concentration levels in the major and/or big cities in Korea.n Korea.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2004

In this study, the observation data for the yellow sandy dust phenomena from the year 1999 to 2003 at background sites in Korea were collected at Global Atmospheric Observatory at An-Myeon island and its temporal variation were analyzed. The chemical characteristics of the fine particles were also analyzed in order to evaluate sources of the yellow sandy dust particles. The results showed that the monthly average mass concentration of the fine particles was the highest in springtime and the lowest in summertime in general. The magnitude of its variation was also the highest in March in which the occurrence of yellow sandy dust was the most frequent and thus the number of samples was the largest, while the lowest in June through September. The yearly variation of ion components contributions to the total mass concentration of the fine particles was slowly decreasing, showing that $63\%$ in 1999, $59\%$ in 2000 and $56\%$ in 2003. The most prevalent ion components in the fine particles were found to be $NO_3$ and $SO_4^{2-}$, which are known to be source materials of acidic precipitation, and $NH_4^+$, a neutralizing material of the acid precipitation. Relative proportion of metal components in the fine particles was calculated as $14\%$ in average, and their concentrations are in an order of Fe > Al > Na > Ca > Zn > Pb > Cu > Mn > Ni > Cd > Cr > Co > U. The results indicated that main sources of the metals was soil-originated Fe, Al, Ca, and Mg, and the contribution of anthropogenic air Pollution-originated Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn were also high and keep slightly increasing. Statistical analysis showed that the chemical components could be divided into soil-originated group of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe, and Mn and air pollution-originated group of $NO_3$, Zn, Pb, and they are occupying more than $60\%$of all the components in the dusty sand. The results explain that An-Myeon island is more influenced by soil-originated source than ocean-originated one and also the influencing strength of anthropogenic poilution-originated source is less than $50\%$ of that of soil-originated sources. Compared to non-yellow sandy period, the yellow sandy dust period showed that the amounts of soil-originated $Mg^{2+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$ and ocean-originated $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ were increased to more than double and the metals of Mg, Al, Ca, Fe were also highly increased, while micro metal components such as Pb, Cd, Zn, which have a tendency of concentrating in air, were either decreased or maintained at nearly constant level. In the period of yellow sandy dust, a strong positive correlation was observed between water soluble ions and between metals in terms of its concentration, respectively. Factor analysis showed that the first group being comprised of about $43\%$ of the total inorganic components was affected by soil and they are ions of $Na^+,\;Mg^{2+}\;and\;Ca^{2+}$ and metals of Na, Fe, Mn and Ni. The result also showed that the metals of Mg and Cr were classified as second group and they were also highly affected by soil sources.

• 분석과학
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.98-106
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• 1996

대기확산 모델 TCM(Texas Climatological Model)을 이용하여 $SO_2$ 오염도를 예측하였으며 강우분석에 의한 $SO_2$의 침적에 관하여 연구하였다. 원주시의 월별 $SO_2$ 실측치와 모델예측치의 상관계수는 높은 편이었으며 $SO_2$는 강우에 의해 세척되어 제거되는데, $SO_2$ 총배출량에 대한 제거율이 여름철이 가을, 겨울보다 높게 나타났으며, 이는 여름철에 강우량이 많기 때문이 고 강우량과 제거율과의 상관계수는 0.68로 나타났다. 강우량이 많은 달은 $SO_2$ 실측치가 모델예측치보다 상당히 낮아지는 경향을 보였다.

• 대기
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.20-42
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• 2002

한국의 '국가우주개발 중장기계획'에 의거하여 2008년에 첫 번째 정지궤도 통신해양기상위성(COMeS)을 발사하기 위한 사업이 추진되고 있다. 이에, 기상청은 이 위성의 기상분야 임무와 이를 완수하기 위한 요구사항을 작성하고 있다. 좀더 현실적이고 실현 가능한 요구사항을 작성하기 위해 1차적으로 가장 이상적인 위성산출자료에 대한 요구(안)을 작성하여, 실제 센서를 제작할 수 있는 기관에 1차 요구사항에 대한 의견을 요청하였다. 이들 기관에서의 답변과 다른 고려 사항들을 종합하여 2008년 발사에 필요한 수정된 요구사항을 작성하였으며, 본 논문에서는 이 수정(안)에 대해서 간단히 소개한다. 수정된 안은 정지궤도위성의 가장 중요한 임무를 한반도 주변의 악기상 탐지 및 예측성 제고에 두고 있으며, 이를 위해 기존의 정지궤도위성에서 사용하고 있는 탐측기(Sounder)의 핵심 관측파장대를 성능이 향상된 영상기(Imager)에 수용하는 원칠을 두고 작성되었다. 이 경우, 원하는 대부분의 기상요소를 산출하기 위해서는 모두 16 개 정도의 파장대에서 관측이 필요하며, 최소 12개의 파장대 관측이 필요할 것으로 조사되었다. 12개의 최소 파장대는 기존 정지궤도 영상기에서 활용되고 있는 6개의 채널에 2개의 가시채널, 1개의 근적외 채널, 2개의 수증기 채널, 그리고 오존흡수밴드가 포함되어 있다. 이들 관측자료로부터 기존의 정지궤도위성의 산출물과 수증기, 안정도지수, 바람장, 특이기상분석자료(황사, 해무 등) 등의 2차 산출물을 생산하여 활용하고자 한다. 또한, 시간적으로 고해상도의 자료를 얻기 위해서 영상기는 기본적으로 15분 이내에 전구관측이 이루어져야 하며, 필요할 경우에는 제한된 지역을 집중 관측할 수 있는 능력이 확보되도록 요구하고 있다. 요구되는 수평해상도는 가시영역의 경우 1km, 적외영역의 경우에는 2km를 경계값으로 하고, 목표값은 각각 0.5km와 1km로 하였다.