• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.570-578
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• 2003

Background : Ambient particles during Asian dust events are usually sized less than $10{\mu}m$, known to be associated with the adverse effects on the general populations. But, there has been no considerable evidence linking these particles to the adverse effects on airways. The objectives of this study was to investigate the possible adverse effects of Asian dust events on respiratory function and symptoms in subjects with bronchial asthma. Patients and Methods : From march to June 2002, Asthmatic patients who were diagnosed with bronchial challenge test or bronchodilator response were enrolled. We divided them into three groups; mild, moderate, and severe, according to the severity. Subjects with other organ insufficiency such as heart, kidney, liver, and malignancy were excluded. All patients completed twice daily diaries and recorded peak flow rate, respiratory symptom, and daily activity. Daily and hourly mean pollutant levels of particulate matter < $10{\mu}m$ in diameter($PM_{10}$), nitrogen dioxide($NO_2$), sulphur dioxide($SO_2$), ozone($O_3$) and carbon monoxide(CO) were measured at the 10 different monitoring sites. Results : Dust events occured 14 times during the study period. Daily averages of 4 air pollutant were measured with an increased level of $PM_{10}$, decreased level of $NO_2$ and $SO_2$, and no change in CO during dust days compared to those during control days. An increase in $PM_{10}$ concentration was associated with an increase of subjects with PEF variability of >20% (p<0.05), night time symptom(p<0.05), and a decrease in mean PEF (p<0.05), which were calculated by the longitudinal data analysis. Otherwise, there was no association between $PM_{10}$ level and bronchodialtor inhaler, and daytime respiratory symptoms. Conclusion : This study shows evidence that ambient air pollution, especially $PM_{10}$, during Asian dust events, could be one of the many aggravating factors at least in patients with airway diseases. This data can be used as a primary source to set up a new policy on air environmental control and to evaluate the safety of air pollution index. We also expect that this research will help identify precise components of dust, which are more linked to the adverse effects.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.503-509
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• 2007

The major objective of this study was to analyze the difference of the chemical characteristics of acid deposition in Quercus forests in Korea and Japan. The pH values of rainfall at the experimental forest of Kangwon National University (KS site) were higher than those at the Foresta Hills in Japan (JP site), and all chemical contents of throughfall and stemflow were much higher than those of rainfall in Quercus forest stands at the KS and JP site. The pH values, $Ca^{2+}$, $NO_3{^-}$ and $SO{_4}^{2-}$ concentration of throughfall and stemflow at the KS site showed seasonal variation. While at the JP site, the same pattern was shown in the pH values of throughfall and stemflow, however, did not show any difference among seasons. Also, the annual input of all nutrients in these two contrasting forests varied seasonally. These results can be used to predict the amounts of air pollutant that are washed off and leached by the rainfall and Yellow Sand (Asian dust), including NOx and SOx acid pollutants transported easterly from China in the spring. Therefore, it is necessary to quantify the inputs of dry and wet deposition throughout a full year to gain a more complete understanding of the effects of acid deposition on the nutrient cycles in these forest ecosystems.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 2012

The Donggwanwangmyo Shrine was built in the period of Joseon Dynasty in 1602. There are Clay Statues (Gwanwo, Jangbi, Woojanggun, Juchang, Jojaryoung and so on) enshrined in the inside of the main hall. Original color of these Clay Statues are deteriorated by inorganic pollutant like dust. And the origanal forms were damaged during several process of restorations and repaintings. This study carried out XRD, SEM-EDS, P-XRF and chromaticity measurement for characterization of pigments which painted on Clay Statues. As a result, cinnabar, hematite and red lead were used to paint in pigments for the red and brown colors. Light red pigment was made by gypsum with these minerals that make colors. Graphite and gold were used to color of black and gold pigment, respectively. Green pigment is identified of malachite, atacamite and glauconite. Blue pigment which is clearly painted on Clay Statues is interpreted a morden industrial pigment that were painted at repair work. White pigments are detected calcite, gypsum and silver white. Orpiment and litharge were used to color of yellow and light yellow pigment.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.673-697
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• 2005

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the total damage cost (i.e., individual welfare loss) due to dust-sand storm (DSS) in Korea, using contingent valuation method. CV market scenario is designed to elicit individual WTP for reducing the currently 14 days of average DSS per year by 50 percent. Question about the shares of various types of damage costs are directly asked after the respondent answered about his or her WTP in CV questionnaire. The yearly damage cost due to DSS is 29,510 won(95% C.I. 24,565~35,452won) in the case of an individual, therefore amounts to 444.1 billion won(95% C.I. 407.3~481.0 billion won) for the whole nation. The cost of amenity reduction counted as 33.8% is 150.1 billion won(95% C.I. 137.7~162.6 billion won); the cost of increase in morbidity counted as 36.6% amounts to 162.5 billion won(95% C.I. 149.1~176.0 billion won); the cost of averting behaviors counted as 14.5% is 64.4 billion won(95% C.I. 59.1~69.7 billion won); and the cost of car wash, activity restriction and so on, which was counted as 15.1%, amounts to 67.1 billion won(95% C.I. 61.5~72.6 billion won).

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.347-351
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• 2002

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua satellites, launched in 1999 and 2002, is directly received by Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) ground station facility. BURI engineers develop a system to receive direct broadcast downlink from MODIS to provide near-realtime, remotely-sensed, spaceborne data to the user community in Korea. MODIS scans a swath width of 2330 km that is sufficiently wide to cover Korean peninsular, Yellow and East Sea at once. The MODIS has 36 spectral bands between 0.415 fm and 14.235 $\mu$m, i.e. through the visible into the thermal infrared. MODIS has been observed active fires, floods, smoke transport, dust storms, severe storms since February of 2000. The KARI is preparing for distribution of direct broadcasted MODIS data to users in Korea. The MODIS database system will be designed and developed by KARI engineer for data service from year of 2003. MODIS data user group will be organized from $\.{O}$ctober to December 2002.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.83-89
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• 1996

In order to evaluate the air quality, dry and wet deposition samples were collected by deposit containers during four months in Inchon area. The samples were analyzed for its solid composition and trace elements(Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn). The main results are summarized below 1. The amounts of dry and wet deposition in Inchon area were 1.06~3.14 ton/$km^2$/month, and affected by the rainfall and suspended yellow sand. 2. Through the analysis of solid balance, we found that 50% of total solids(TS) was fixed suspend ed solids(FSS), 25% was fixed dissolved solids(FDS), and each of volatile suspended solids(VSS) and volatile dissolved solids(VDS) accounted for 12.5%. 3. The amounts collected by sampler for trace elements were 938 ~ 2,765 $\mu g$ calcium/10days sampler, 0.2 ~ 90.4 $\mu g$ cadmium/10days/sampler, 26 ~ 298 $\mu g$ copper/10days/sampler, 928 ~ 3,939 $\mu g$ iron/10days/sampler, 50 ~ 202 $\mu g$ manganese/10days/sampler, 4 ~ 37 $\mu g$ nickel/10days/sampler, 52 ~ 406 $\mu g$ lead/10days/sampler, and 97 ~ 1,317 $\mu g$ zinc/10days/sampler, respectively. 4. Using the manganese analysis, it was found that 76.1% of TS was from soil.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2011

Sound absorbing materials used for lightweight panels and interior material are mainly made of fibroid material such as glass wool or rock wool. However these fiber type sound absorbing materials have some problems such that sound absorption could be decreased as time goes by because of durability. In addition, dust scattering from fiber type material can cause another problem in health. In this point of view, this study aims to develop environment friendly sound absorbing material using Hwangto(so called loess or yellow soil), a traditional housing material. Hwangto is natural housing material in Korea and generally known for improving indoor air quality. Hwangto panel is made to construct on the floor, wall and ceiling, and expected that there is not enough absorption. Present study tried to develop environment friendly sound absorbing material that has high sound absorption performance with good environment performance in terms of air quality. Pore rate was designed to maximize the absorption in the specific frequency bands, and two kinds of backing space were applied in order to see the effect of backing space. As a result peak frequency that has maximum absorption is going high as the pore rate is increased. The backing space provides more absorption and makes the peak frequency down to low.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1043-1052
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the correlations between the $PM_{10}$ concentration trend and meteorological elements in the Gimhae region and analyze the transportation routes of air pollutants through back-trajectory analysis. Among the air quality measuring stations in the Gimhae regions, the $PM_{10}$ concentration of the Sambangdong station was higher than that of the Dongsangdong station. Also, an examination of the relationships between $PM_{10}$ concentration and meteorological elements showed that the greater the number of yellow dust occurrence days was and the lower the temperature and precipitation were, the higher the $PM_{10}$ concentration appeared. Furthermore, a cluster analysis through the HYSPLIT model showed that there were 4 clusters of trajectories that flowed into the Gimhae region and most of them originated in China. The meteorological characteristics of the four clusters were analyzed and they were similar to those of the air masses that influence South Korea. These analyses found that meteorological conditions affect the $PM_{10}$ concentration.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.159-172
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• 2017

Asthma deaths in Seoul peaked on the third, fifth, and second days after the PM concentration exceeded the daily average concentration standard. We classified the synoptic meteorological conditions, based on the days involving such cases, into three categories. Type 1 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations in the leeward region, the dominant wind direction of which is the northwest. Type 2 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations due to the weak wind velocity under stable atmospheric conditions. Type 3 was when the passage low atmospheric pressure and the expansion of high atmospheric pressure occurred at the rear, indicating a meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution, in certain regions. Type 1 occurred 11 times, with high concentrations of over $100{\mu}g/m^3$ being observed in the southeastern part of Seoul. Type 2 occurred 24 times, often accompanied by a PM concentration of $100{\sim}400{\mu}g/m^3$. Type 3 occurred 11 times, and was accompanied by several days of yellow dust that accounted for the highest concentrations.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.387-392
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• 2007

In this study performance evaluation of filtering system were made on the clean air supply system to show it's ability to eliminate the air contaminants. The evaluation was conducted inside the 3,200CMH scale wind tunnel and under the same environment that is effected by yellow dust and similar particle and gas phase contaminants in semi-conductor and FPDs industries. (1) The result of experimental for particle contaminants, the particle removing efficiency was 40% on condition that the air velocity is 2.5m/s, L/G ratio : 0.05, electrified voltage : (+)5.8kV with electric charger and (-)3.5kV with eliminator. (2) The gas phase removing efficiency for $NH_3$ : 80%, $SO_X$ : 70% and $NO_X$ : 40% on condition that the air velocity is 2.5m/s, L/G ratio : 0.05.