• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.137-148
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• 2014

Large scale anoxic chamber system(volume $28m^3$) was developed and installed at The National Folk Museum of Korea for the first time in Korea. In order to get optimal anoxic treatment condition, we compared the disinfection of adults, larvae and eggs of cigarette beetles using nitrogen and argon. The time for complete disinfection of cigarette beetles in pine wooden blocks exposed to nitrogen at oxygen concentration 0.01% and 50% in relative humidity were 15 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 10 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 7 days $30^{\circ}C$. Time were 10 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 7 days at $25^{\circ}C$, and 5 days $30^{\circ}C$ in argon anoxic atmosphere. From the mortality of cigarette beetles, optimal disinfection condition was oxygen concentration 0.01%, $25^{\circ}C$ in temperature, 50% in relative humidity and exposure time 21 days at nitrogen atmosphere. And when large scale anoxic chamber system was supplied nitrogen by nitrogen generator for anoxic treatment of many collections or large collections, it could be operated stably. To verify optimal disinfection condition, museum insects(adults, larvae, pupae and eggs of cigarette beetles in pine wooden blocks, cotton fabrics and Korean paper book, adults and larvae of drugstore beetles in pine wooden blocks, cotton fabrics and Korean paper book, larvae of varied carpet beetles in pine wooden block and silk fabrics, adults and larvae of hide beetles and adults of rice weevils in breeding boxes) which exposed at optimal disinfection condition, were completely killed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.148-152
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• 2001

This study investigated the role of excitatory amino acid systems in the initiation of organophosphate-induced seizures and brain damages in rats through quantitative in vivo microdialysis. Microdialysates were collected from the hippocampus of rat brain, treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP; 2.67 mg/kg, s.c.) alone, and/or atropine sulfate (15 mg/kg, i.m.) and procyclidine (30 mg/kg, i.m.). The protective effects of atropine, a muscarinic blocker, and/or procyclidine, a N-methyl-D-aspartate and cholinergic antagonist, against DFP were examined. DFP treatment increased the levels of aspartate (Asp) and glutamate (Glu) significantly in the hippocampal persuate with the induction of seizures. Treatment of procyclidine could effectively block the increase of Asp and Glu levels. Atropine treatment showed no significant anticonvulsive effects against DFP-induced seizures. The increases of Asp and Glu levels by DFP were also completely blocked through the combined treatment of atropine and procyclidine. Histopathological findings on the hippocampus confirmed the above results. More effective protection was observed through the treatments of procyclidine alone or of both procyclidine and atropine than atropine alone against DFP-induced brain damage. Procyclidine was shown to be effective in DFP-induced seizures.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

Today's advertisement is dominated by visual images, which deliver messages in the most efficient and engaging way. Vivid and live images, through multimedia, attract the viewer to consume the products being advertised. In this course, the effect of 'Verfremdung' or alienation is often detected. This terminology was at first used in a epic play of Bertolt Brecht to signify a specific effect to block the empathy of the audience by reminding them of their position as the audience separate from the play. 'Verfremdung' helps them to have a sense of objectivity and critical attitude toward the performance. Multimedia commercials nowadays exhibit such a quality together with 'viewer participation:' criticism on reality: and 'speed.' In an advertisement for Shinsegi Communications' mobile system titled <017-I-Touch series, the hand transformed into a web>, the copy, 'my blood type is 'i', ' is accompanied by six unrelated fictitious scenes in which the same ocean appears as a common denominator. Because there is no connection between the scenes, free imagination of the viewer has to be involved and thus plays a significant role in making them into a context. This fact dearly exhibit some characteristics of post- modern advertisement. Momentary 'Gap' and 'Difference' between scenes contribute to 'Verfremdung' or alienation' that makes it hard for the consumers to comprehend the content on the spot. Such an uneasy situation, however, keeps the viewers thinking about the advertisement itself. While repeatedly exposed to the alienated images, the viewers come to get involved in the advertisement, trying to make the fragmented images into a coherent context. In addition, the leaps between the scenes produce a sense of 'speed' in a context, which adds more impact to the way of delivering messages using multimedia. With the help of multimedia, 'Verfremdung: which was originally intended to bring about objective and critical altitude of the audience in a play, plays a crucial role in attracting the viewer's attention and conveying a specific message in a moment in contemporary advertisement.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 1994

The effects of gonadoropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and ovarian steroid hormones on the release of luteinizing hormone (LH) and its subunit mRNA levels were investigated in anterior pituitary cells in culture. LH concentration was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay and mRNA levels of u and $LH{\beta}$ subunits by RNA slot blot hybridization assay. GnRH stimulated LH release in a dose-dependent manner from cultured pituitary cells. However, the basal LH release in the absence of GnRH was not changed during the course of 24h culture, strongly suggesting that release of LH is directly controlled by GnRH. The treatment of the pituitary cells with GnRH increased $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner, reaching the maximum with $2\;{\times}\;10^{-10}M$ GnRH while no significant increase in ${\alpha}$ subunit mRNA levels was observed after GnRH treatment. Estradiol did not augment GnRH-induced LH release while progesterone augmented GnRH-induced LH release in a dose-dependent manner at the level of pituitary. However, estradiol and progesterone increased basal and GnRH-induced $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. The treatment of estrogen antagonist, LYI17018 blocked the effect of estradiol on GnRH-induced $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner while progesterone antagonist, Ru486 tended to block the effect of progesterone on GnRH-induced $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA levels. It is therefore suggested that GnRH Playa a major role in LH release and subunit biosynthesis by influencing the steady state $LH{\beta}$ subunit mRNA loves and ovarian steroid hormones modulate subunit biosynthesis via directly acting on pituitary gonadotropes.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.61-74
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• 1992

Influence of the blockade of the three major pressor systems-sympathetic nervous system (SNS), renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and vasopressin system-on the pressor responsiveness to norepinephrine (NE), angiotensin II (AII), and vasopressin (VP) as well as on basal blood pressure (BP) levels was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. To block the SNS and RAS, chlorisondamine (CS) and pirenzepine (PZ), sympathetic ganglionic blockers, and enalapril (ENAL), an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme, respectively were used. And for suppressing the VP system bremazocine (BREM), a kappa opiate receptor agonist shown to suppress plasma levels of VP, was employed. Each of CS (0.4 mg/kg), ENAL (2 mg/kg), and BREM (0.25 mg/kg) produced almost same levels of steady hypotensive state. The hypotensive effect of BREM was significantly attenuated by desmopressin, a synthetic VP-like analogue, suggesting the hypotension being at least in part due to suppression of plasma levels of VP. CS, ENAL and BREM elicited further fall of the BP which had been lowered by ENAL or BREM, CS or BREM, and CS or ENAL, respectively. The hypotension produced by both CS and PZ together with either of ENAL or BREM was more marked than that produced by the three drugs other than CS. CS potentiated the pressor response not only to NE but to AII and VP. The pressor effect of AII was increased by ENAL and BREM, too. The pressor response to VP was also enhanced by BREM. Blockade of ${\alpha}-adrenergic$ receptors with phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine potentiated the pressor response to AII and that to VP. The results on basal BP levels indicate that the three major pressor systems are all participating in control of BP, but SNS has the greatest potential for supporting BP. The finding that blockade of one of the pressor systems induced enhanced pressor responsiveness to the pressor hormone of that particular system as well as to the pressor hormone(s) of the other systems(s) provides evidence for important interactions among the three major pressor systems.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 2012

Purpose: Unlike the existing linear accelerator with photon, proton therapy produces a number of second radiation due to the kinds of nuclide including neutron that is produced from the interaction with matter, and more attention must be paid on the exposure level of radiation workers for this reason. Therefore, thermoluminescence dosimeter (TLD) that is being widely used to measure radiation was utilized to analyze the exposure level of the radiation workers and propose a basic data about the radiation exposure level during the proton therapy. Materials and Methods: The subjects were radiation workers who worked at the proton therapy center of National Cancer Center and TLD Badge was used to compare the measured data of exposure level. In order to check the dispersion of exposure dose on body parts from the second radiation coming out surrounding the beam line of proton, TLD (width and length: 3 mm each) was attached to on the body spots (lateral canthi, neck, nipples, umbilicus, back, wrists) and retained them for 8 working hours, and the average data was obtained after measuring them for 80 hours. Moreover, in order to look into the dispersion of spatial exposure in the treatment room, TLD was attached on the snout, PPS (Patient Positioning System), Pendant, block closet, DIPS (Digital Image Positioning System), Console, doors and measured its exposure dose level during the working hours per day. Results: As a result of measuring exposure level of TLD Badge of radiation workers, quarterly average was 0.174 mSv, yearly average was 0.543 mSv, and after measuring the exposure level of body spots, it showed that the highest exposed body spot was neck and the lowest exposed body spot was back (the middle point of a line connecting both scapula superior angles). Investigation into the spatial exposure according to the workers' movement revealed that the exposure level was highest near the snout and as the distance becomes distant, it went lower. Conclusion: Even a small amount of exposure will eventually increase cumulative dose and exposure dose on a specific body part can bring health risks if one works in a same location for a long period. Therefore, radiation workers must thoroughly manage exposure dose and try their best to minimize it according to ALARA (As Low As Reasonably Achievable) as the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.311-329
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• 1986

The experimental exposure of animals to sources of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) which emit their energy primarily in the UVB region (280-320nm) is known to result in a number of well-described changes in the recipient's immune competence. Two such changes include a depressed capacity to effectively respond immunologically to transplants of syngeneic UVR tumors and a markedly reduced responsiveness to known inducers of delayedtype (DTH) and contact hypersensitivity (CH) reactions. The results of experiments that were designed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for UVR-induced immunomodulation have implicated: 1) an altered pattern of lymphocyte recirculation, 2) suppressor T cells(Ts), 3) deviations in systemic antigen presenting cell (APC) potential. 4) changes in the production of interleukin-1-like molecules, and 5) the functional inactivation of epidermal Langerhans cells in this process. The exposure of skin to UVR, therefore, causes a number of both local and systemic alterations to the normal host immune system. In spite of this seeming complexity and diversity of responses, our recent studies have established that each of the UVR-mediated changes is probably of equal importance to creating the UVR-induced immunocompromised state. Normal animals were exposed to low dose UVR radiation on their dorsal surfaces under conditions where a $3.0\;cm^2$ area of skin was physically protected from the light energy. Contact sensitization of these animals with DNFB, to either the irradiated or protected back skin, resulted in markedly reduced CH responses. This was observed in spite of a normal responsiveness following the skin sensitization to ventral surfaces of the UVR-exposed animals. Systemic treatment of the low dose UVR recipients with the drug indomethacin (1-3 micrograms/day) during the UVR exposures resulted in a complete reversal of the depressions observed following DNFB sensitization to "protected" dorsal skin while the altered responsiveness found in the group exposed to the skin reactive chemical through directly UVR-exposed sites was maintained. These studies implicate the importance of EC as effective APC in the skin and also suggest that some of the systemic influences caused by UVR exposure involve the production of prostaglandins. This concept was further supported by finding that indomethacin treatment was also capable of totally reversing the systemic depressions in CH responsiveness caused by high dose UVR exposure (30K joules/$m^2$) of mice. Attempts to analyze the cellular mechanisms responsible established that the spleens of all animals which demonstrated altered CH responses, regardless of whether sensitization was through a normal or an irradiated skin site, contained suppressor cells. Interestingly, we also found normal levels of T effector cells in the peripheral lymph nodes of the UVR-exposed mice that were contact sensitized through normal skin. No effector cells were found when skin sensitization took place through irradiated skin sites. In spite of such an apparent paradox, insight into the probable mechanisms responsible for these observations was provided by establishing that UVR exposure of skin results in a striking and dose-dependent blockade of the efferent lymphatic vessels in all peripheral lymph nodes. Therefore, the afferent phases of immune responses can apparently take place normally in UVR exposed animals when antigen is applied to normal skin. The final effector responses, however, appear to be inhibited in the UVR-exposed animals by an apparent block of effector cell mobility. This contrasts with findings in the normal animals. Following contact sensitization, normal animals were also found to simultaneously contain both antigen specific suppressor T cells and lymph node effector cells. However, these normal animals were fully capable of mobilizing their effector cells into the systemic circulation, thereby allowing a localization of these cells to peripheral sites of antigen challenge. Our results suggest that UVR is probably not a significant inducer of suppressor T-cell activity to topically applied antigens. Rather, UVR exposure appears to modify the normal relationship which exists between effector and regulatory immune responses in vivo. It does so by either causing a direct reduction in the skin's APC function, a situation which results in an absence of effector cell generation to antigens applied to UVR-exposed skin sites, inhibiting the capacity of effector cells to gain access to skin sites of antigen challenge or by sequestering the lymphocytes with effector cell potential into the draining peripheral lymph nodes. Each of these situations result in a similar effect on the UVR-exposed host, that being a reduced capacity to elicit a CH response. We hypothesize that altered DTH responses, altered alloresponses, and altered graft-versus-host responses, all of which have been observed in UVR exposed animals, may result from similar mechanisms.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 1988

With a purpose of finding out the effects of magnesium and boron enriched organic-compound fertilizer application on the dry matter yield, yield components and changes in the botanical composition on the hilly pasture, a field experiment was arranged with five different treatments as a randomized block desigh and lasted from September, 1984 to the end of growing season in 1986. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. As a early plant growth and development, winter hardiness, growth vigour and coverate of grasses at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer application were better comparing to single dressing. 2. Average dry matter yields for two years were shown significantly high due to increasing amount of fertilizer. This trend was same both single and organic-compound fertilizer. And dry matter yields with organic-compound fertilizer application of low (8,693.1 kg/ha) and conventional level (12,758.7 kg/ha) were appeared to increase by 10 and 15% than those of single dressing of Low (7,930.6 kg/ha) and conventional level (11,122.6 kg/ha), respectively. But it was not significant difference. 3. Dry matter yield of grasses was significantly gained by increasing amount of fertilizer. The yield of legumes at the plots with organic-compound fertilizer application the yields of grasses were a litle more increased by 8-14%, and legumes were much more gained by 26-29% than those of the same species groups with single dressing, but it was not significant between the differnet kinds of fertilizer in the same fertilizing level. 4. At the grassland management, the rate of legumes tended to dominate at the plot without fertilization gradually. On the other hand, the botanical compositions and the rates of grasses were much better maintained at the plots with fertilization. But the rates of legumes with organic-compound fertilizer application tended to increase a little more than those of single dressing gradually. 5. All of the soil chemical properties after the experiment were much more improved comparing to before the experiment. But the average contents of soil organic matter and available $P_2O_5$ were slightly higher at the plot with organic-compound fertilization, on the other hand, pH and exchangeable cations tended to a little less than those of single dressing.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 1999

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of additives on the quality of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) silage at the forage experimental field, National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suwon in 1996. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments consisted of different additives(control, formic acid, molasses, inoculant A and inoculant B). Crude protein(CP) and Nitrogen free extract(NFE) content of alfalfa silage with additives were higher compared with those obtained control, but Crude ash(CA) and Crude fiber(CF) content of control(11.5 and 39.6%) were higher than those of additive treated plots. ADF and NDF contents of control silage were the highest as 36.2 and 48.6%, respectively, and increased by 4% compared with those obtained before ensiling. The acidity(pH) of control was the highest(5.45), but the lowest in inoculant A(4.32). Inoculant teratment significantly reduced acidity of silage compared with control. DM content of control silage was the lowest but DM loss of control silage was higher than that of additive treated silage. Ammonia-N content was the highest at formic acid treatment and level of Lactobacillus was decreased at control and formic acid treated silage. Total organic acid and lactic acid content of inoculant A and inoculant B were higher than those of other treated plots. The results of this study indicate that the treatment of LAB(Lactic acid bacteria) could be recommended as producing high quality of alfalfa silage.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.325-332
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• 1999

A manure management plan is important for all dairy operations. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different nitrogen(N) application rates of liquid cattle manure on the forage quality, N recovery, and total forage yields of corn-oats cropping system and soil properties at the National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, Suweon in 1997. Eight treatments consisting of no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer $320kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ as urea, the continuous applications of 320, 640 and $960kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ as liquid cattle manure(LCM), the residual effects of 200, 400 and $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ as liquid cattle manure were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Mean plant height of fall sown oats was 70 and 61cm at the continuous application and the residual effect plots, respectively. Mean dry matter percent of fall sown oats at the residual effect plots was higher by 0.9% than that of oats at the continuous application plots, but there were no differences among all treatments. Mean crude protein(CP), acid detergent fiber(ADF), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of fall sown oats at the continuous application plots were higher by 1.0, 1.6, and 3.1%, respectively, than those of the residual effect plots. Also, there were significant differences among treatments (P<0.05). Total forage dry matter yields of corn and oats cropping system were ranged from 11,365 to $25,668kg\;ha^{-1}$ among the treatments. The yield was orderly ranked as LCM $960kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ > LCM $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ > LCM $640kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ > LCM $400kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ (P<0.05). Compared with the control, manurial value(MV) was 158 and 139% for the plot of the LCM $960kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ and that of the LCM $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. N recovery percent of fall sown oats was the highest at the plot of the LCM $200kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ by 50%, and then was higher in order of the LCM $400kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, LCM $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$, and LCM $320kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. Contents of exchangeable cation in the soil of the residual effect plots was higher than that of the continuous application plots. These results suggest that the LCM $600kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ may be the most effective in total forage dry matter yields, manurial value, N recovery, and utilizing liquid manure N under the corn and oats double cropping system.