• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.104-114
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the atmospheric concentration of VOCs and the urinary concentration of t,t-MA, HA, MA in the industrial complex of Yeosu, South Jeolla Province. Methods: In order to study seasonal patterns of air concentration of VOCs, measurements were taken at five sampling sites around Yeosu from June 2013 to June 2014. Urinary metabolite excretionsfrom 671 subjects, exposure and comparison area were analyzed. Results: The average concentration of VOCs in the air was 1.53ppb for benzene, 0.73ppb for toluene, 0.22ppb for ethylbenzene, 0.52ppb for xylene and 0.12ppb for styrene. The concentration of benzene was somewhat higher than the year-average standard ($5{\mu}g/m^3$, about 1.5ppb) of the domestic air-environment criteria newly established in 2010.The metabolic concentration of VOCs in the urine of the entire sample was analyzed at $47.76{\mu}g/g\;cr.$, 213.07mg/g cr., and $290.09{\mu}g/g\;cr.$ for t,t-MA, HA, and MA, respectively. Compared with the average values for Korea as presented in the first basic survey of national environmental conservation ( $49.8{\mu}g/g\;cr.$ for t,t-MA, 0.17g/g cr. for HA, and 0.26mg/g cr. for MA), the metabolic concentrations of HA and MA in urine were higher than the average values. Conclusions: The concentration of VOCs in the air and urinary metabolites of the exposed and control areas showed that the concentrations of all substances were higher in the exposed area than in the control area.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.67-71
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore olfactory sensitivity of odors from injection molding processing. To do this, the experiment was carried out in an injection molding factory, and participants were exposed to the environment where odor-substances (Formaldehyde, Benzene, Toluene, Ethylbenzene, Xylene, Styrene) exist. In addition, we used the subjective scale using semantic adjectives as an olfactory sensitivity. As a result, the assessment structure of olfactory sensitivity was composed of eight factors (irritant, thermal, tense, unique, like-dislike, active, stable, masculine), and the main factor which was irritant characteristics explained 20% of the total olfactory sensibility. These results suggested that odors from injection molding processing would cause more negative emotional responses than the flavor which is mainly used in olfactory sensitivity. This study, as a basic study of the improvement in a factory environment for the efficiency of work, has limits in that it was conducted to the extent of identifying the olfactory sensitivity structure of those who were at a laboratory and who were exposed to the environment of odor substance induced in the injection molding processing. Therefore, for the method of removing malodorous substance, the effect of materials which can neutralize it, and the comparison of a direct performance in the environment where negative sensitivity structure exists, a series of studies which aim to improve the environment of injection molding factories, such as performance assessment in the environment of a factory and an office need to be conducted. It is expected that when these studies are put together, the improvement guidelines will be provided as a type that can maximize the effectiveness of work in the factory environment where injection molding processing is done.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2008

탄화온도별로 제조한 신갈나무(Quercus mongolica Fischer)목탄과 낙엽송(Larix leptoepis)수피탄에 의한 유해가스 흡착성능 평가를 하여 본 결과, 탄화온도가 증가하면 비표면적과 탄소함량이 증가하는 경향이 있으나, $600^{\circ}C$이상의 온도에서는 상승폭이 둔화하였다. 또한 신갈나무탄과 낙엽송수피탄에 의한 유해가스 제거율 차이는 뚜렷하지는 않았으나, 탄화온도는 가스흡착성능에 큰 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, $300^{\circ}C$에서 탄화한 저온 목질탄화물은 목탄 또는 수피탄의 종류에 관계없이 50% 이하의 매우 낮은 악취가스 및 VOC 물질 제거율을 나타낸 반면, $600^{\circ}C$이상의 고온 탄화물은 목질의 종류에 관계없이 악취물질인 트리메틸아민, 메틸메르캅탄, 황화수소의 제거율과 VOC물질인 벤젠, 톨루엔, 자일렌 제거율이 거의 100%를 나타낼 정도로 높았으며, 흡착 10분 이내에 흡착평형에 이를 정도로 빠른 흡착성을 나타내었다. 한편 아세틸렌이나 $SO_2$, $NO_2$ 가스 제거율은 고온탄화물이라도 흡착 4시간 후인 흡착평형이 이루어지더라도 40% 이하로 매우 낮아 가스 종류에 따라서 흡착거동에 차이가 있었다. 이와 같이 탄화온도와 가스 종류에 따라 흡착성능이 달라지는 것은 비표면적과 같은 물리적인 요인뿐만 아니라 목탄의 관능기 종류 및 양에 의한 화학적 변화가 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되며, 화학적 요인에 대한 구명이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2001

Objective: Recently, microdissection of tissue sections has been used increasingly for the isolation of morphologically identified homogeneous cell populations, thus overcoming the obstacle of tissue complexity for the analysis cell-specific expression of macromolecules. The aim of the present study was to establish the minimal conditions required for the RNA extraction and amplification from the cells captured by the laser captured microdissection. Methods : Mouse ovaries were fixed and cut into serial sections (7 im thickness). Oocytes were captured by laser captured microdissection (LCM) method by using PixCell $II^{TM}$ system. The frozen sections were fixed in 70% ethanol and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, while the paraffin sections were stained with Multiple stain. Sections were dehydrated in graded alcohols followed by xylene and air-dried for 20 min prior to LCM. All reactions were performed in ribonuclease free solutions to prevent RNA degradation. After LCM, total RNA extraction from the captured oocytes was performed using the guanidinium isothiocyanate (GITC) solution, and subsequently evaluated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH). Results: With the frozen sections, detection of the GAPDH mRNA expression in the number of captured 25 oocytes were not repeatable, but the expression was always detectable from 50 oocytes. With 25 oocytes, at least 27 PCR cycles were required, whereas with 50 oocytes, 21 cycles were enough to detect GA PDH expression. Amount of the primary cDNA required for RT-PCR was reduced down to at least 0.25 $\grave{i}$ l with 50 oocytes, thus the resting 19.75 il cDNA can be used for the testing other interested gene expression. Tissue-to-slide, tissue-to-tissue forces were very high in the paraffin sections, thus the greater number of cell procurement was required than the frozen sections. Conclusion: We have described a method for analyzing gene expression at the RNA level with the homogeneously microdissected cells from the small amount of tissues with complexity. We found that LCM coupled with RT-PCR could detect housekeeping gene expression in 50 oocytes captured. This technique can be easily applied for the study of gene expression with the small amount of tissues.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.425-444
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• 2013

이 연구는 공기주입법(in-situ air sparging; IAS)이 결합된 증기추출법(vapor extraction; VE)을 이용한 실내 실험 연구로 비수용성액체 유기물(non-aqueous phase liquids; NAPLs)의 총유류계탄화수소(total petroleum hydrocarbons; TPHs), 트리클로에틸렌(trichloroethylene; TCE), 퍼클로로에틸렌(perchloroethylene; PCE), 벤젠(benzene), 톨루엔(toluene), 에틸벤젠(ethylbenzene) 및 크실렌(xylenes)을 제거하기 위한 목적으로 국내 만돌, 하전, 상암, 부산만내 해양 퇴적물들을 대상으로 실험 하였다. 만돌 퇴적물은 사질(sand; S) 특성(평균입도 1.789 ${\Phi}$), 하전은 모래실트(sandy Silt; sZ) 특성(평균입도 5.503 ${\Phi}$) 및 상암은 실트(Silt; Z) 특성(평균입도 5.835 ${\Phi}$)을 나타내었다. 그리고 부산지역 퇴적물은 점토(Clay; C) 특성(평균입도 8.528 ${\Phi}$)을 나타내었다. 48시간 동안 공기를 주입하지 않은 B1 (0 L/min) 컬럼에서 남아있는 TPHs는 만돌, 하전, 상암지역 및 부산지역 샘플퇴적물에서 각각 약 2,459, 6,712, 4,348, 14,279 ppm으로 분석 되었다. 그리고 만돌, 하전, 상암지역 및 부산지역 샘플퇴적물의 B2 (3 L/min)-B5 (5 L/min) 컬럼에서 TCE는 99.5-100.0% 제거되었으며, PCE는 93.2-100.0%까지 제거된 결과를 보였다. 입자크기에 따른 각 성분의 제거량과의 상관관계는 TCE, PCE, toluene, etylbenzene, xylene, BTEX에서 모두 0.90-0.99의 밀접한 상관계수를 보였다. 그러나 TPHs에서는 0.76, Benzene에서는 0.71의 낮은 상관계수를 보였다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.26-36
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• 2018

Total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) is a mixture of various oil substances composed of alkane, alkene, cycloalkane, and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, etc.). In this study, we investigated 92 groundwater wells around 36 gas stations to evaluate distribution characteristics of petroleum hydrocarbons. Groundwater in the wells was sampled and monitored twice a year. The fraction analysis method of TPH was developed based on TNRCC 1006. The test results indicated aliphatic and aromatic fractions accounted for 28.6 and 73.8%, respectively. The detection frequencies of TPH in the monitoring wells ranged in 21.6 - 24.2%. The average concentration of TPH was 0.11 mg/L with the concentration range of 0.25~0.99 mg/L. In the result of TPH fraction analysis, in aliphatic fractions were 19% (C6-C8 : 0.2%, C8-C10 : 0.4%, C10-C12 : 0.4%, C12-C16 : 0.5%, C16-C22 : 1.0%, C22-C36 : 16.6%), and aromatic fractions were 81% (C6-C8 : 1.1%, C8-C10 : 0%, C10-C12 : 2.9%, C12-C16 : 0.3%, C16-C22 : 4%, C22-C36 : 66.8%). Fractions of C22-C36 were detected in about 83% of the monitoring wells, suggesting non-degradable characteristics of hydrocarbons with high carbon content.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.547-555
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• 1999

연안표사이동경로를 Lagrangian 관점에서 파악하는데 이용되는 형광사를 저렴한 비용으로 제작하는 방법을 제안하였다. 형광도료는 형광안료, 아세톤, 크실렌 등을 배합하여 제작하였다. 모래는 가마미 해수욕장에서 채취한 후, 염분을 제거하기 위하여 감수로 세척하였으며, 미세입자의 비산을 방지하기 위하여 실내에서 건조하였다. 건조된 표사는 체분석하여 원하는 크기로 분류하여 준비된 형광도료와 배합하여 7가지 색상의 형광사를 제작하였다. 제작된 형광사는 영광 원자력발전소 취수로 내로 유입되는 표사공급경로를 파악하기 위하여 사용되었다. 형광사를 이용한 현장실험 결과, 강한 북서계절풍 및 조류에 의하여 부유·확산되고 있는 표사가 창조시 취수로의 강한 흡입유속에 의하여 취수로 내부로 유입되는 양상을 보였다. 또한, 모든 형광사 투입지점에서 표사유입이 확산된 점으로 미루어 보아 표사가 취수로 내부로 인근해역의 모든 방향에서 공급되고 있는 것으로 파악되었다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.441-451
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• 2013

인천연안 8개 지역 갯벌의 72개 지점의 표층퇴적물과 24개 지점의 주상퇴적물 시료를 2011년 봄 가을 2회에 걸쳐 채취하여, 다환방향족탄화수소(PAHs), 석유계총탄화수소(TPHs) 및 벤젠-톨루엔-에틸벤젠-자일렌(BTEX)의 시 공간적 농도분포 특성을 조사하였다. 또한 PAHs 화합물 구성비에 의한 오염발생기원을 평가하였다. 갯벌 전체의 PAHs 평균농도는 $95.62{\mu}g/kg$으로 조사되었고, 계절별 PAHs 농도분포는 가을철이 봄철보다 낮은 특징을 보였다. 주상퇴적물의 PAHs 농도가 표층퇴적물보다 높았으며, 주상퇴적물의 상부가 하부보다 높은 농도분포를 보였다. 전체 갯벌의 TPHs 평균농도는 46 mg/kg으로 조사되었고, TPHs 평균농도 분포 양상은 봄철보다 가을철이 현저하게 높고, 표층퇴적물이 주상퇴적물보다 높게 나타났다. 갯벌 퇴적물내 PAHs의 오염발생 기원을 평가한 결과, 장화리 갯벌의 표층퇴적물과 소래 및 옥련 갯벌의 주상퇴적물의 PAHs 배출원은 연소와 석유류기원으로 조사되었고, 나머지 모든 갯벌은 연소기원으로 나타났다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.431-439
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• 2006

산업폐기물소각로에서 폐기물을 처리 시 폐기물 투입공정이나 전처리공정에서 많이 발생하는 오염물질인 입자상물질과 악취 등은 작업자의 작업능률의 저하를 초래하므로, 본 연구에서는 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 새로운 형태의 오염물질 저감설비를 설치하여 작업환경을 개선하고자 하였다. 전산유체역학을 이용하여 산업폐기물소각로에서 발생하는 오염물질의 확산경로를 예측하였으며, 이 결과를 이용하여 오염물질 저감설비의 형태와 설치 위치를 결정하였다. 오염물질 저감설비를 설치한 후, 드럼폐기물 보관장(사이트 1)과 폐합성수지 보관장(사이트 2)에서 톨루엔 83-97%, 스티렌 48-72%, 크실렌 75-87%, 암모니아 23-36%의 저감효과를 보였으며, 또한 PM-10과 TSP는 폐기물 투입구 하단부(사이트 3)에서 각각 87%와 86%, 폐기물 투입구 옆부분(사이트 4)에서 각각 87%와 85%의 저감효과를 보였다. 본 연구에서 설계한 새로운 형태의 오염물질 저감설비는 입자상물질과 악취의 제거에 뛰어난 성능을 보여 산업페기물소각로를 운용하는 다른 페기물처리업체에 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.191-204
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• 2005

Building and furnishing materials and consumer product are important sources of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and other aldehydes in the indoor environment. Some available evidence indicates that VOCs can cause adverse health effects to the building occupants and contribute to some of the symptoms of what we call, 'Sick House Syndrome' in Korea. The aims of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of emission system and to investigate comparison of the emission characteristics of different building materials such as wall-papers, paints, and adhesives. The emission of VOCs from building materials were determined in the small chambers defining the temperature, relative humidity, and ventilation rate in this study. VOCs were sampled for 20 minutes using Tenax-TA tubes and analysed by GC-MS with thermal desorption. The stability of conditions for temperature and relative humidity in this small chamber system showed that the fluctuation of temperature was between 25.4$\pm$0.3$^{\circ}C$ and that of relative humidity was 50.2$\pm$0.6$\%$ under the airflow rate of 167 mL/min. The emission tests from building materials resulted in TVOC emission rates of 0.011 $\~$ 3.108 mg/m$^{2}$h after 7 days. The general wall-papers emitted toluene abundantly and the natural wall-papers mainly emitted n-butanol and a minor amount of alkanes compound such as n -tetradecane. The remainder consisted of toluene, m,p -xylene, and styrene. The paints mainly emitted toluene and the adhesives mainly emitted chloroform as well as toluene. As a result, this study is expected to suggest meaningful data for future studies in exposure control through selecting healthy building materials and for the establishment of guidelines for various building materials in Korea.