• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.104-114
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• 2024

Sheet Music of the National Anthem of Korea with Lyrics in Korean, Chinese, and English is a four-sided sheet of paper folded in half. It was first introduced to Korea on November 12, 1945, by Kim Ku, the president of the Provisional Government. The sheet music was published in three languages and is a valuable document for researching the evolution of the anthem and its history. Although it was published in large quantities at the time, it is currently known as the only in Korea and has been designated and managed as a national registered heritage. The sheet music was not significantly damaged, but discoloration and physical damage suggested raised the need for conservation treatment. A pre-treatment examination of the conservation condition revealed that the artifact was received on archival film and had been folded in half for many years, leaving it vulnerable to tears at the top and bottom of the folds and partial wear and tear at the edges. In addition, the pigments used on both sides of the sheet had discolored and transferred to the opposite side. Portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis was conducted to investigate the pigments used in the sheet music cover, specifically focusing on red, black, and light blue pigments. Titanium (Ti) was detected in the light blue pigment, characterized by a powdery coloring layer. The remaining colors in the printed form were difficult to sample and could not be analyzed further. The light blue sample underwent additional analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy. Cross-validation of the results with the artifact's historical context suggested that the bright blue color observed in the 1945 sheet music is likely due to the use of anatase white pigment, rather than rutile. Furthermore, the bright blue pigment is believed to be a blend of phthalocyanine blue, a synthetic pigment introduced in 1936. Fiber analysis revealed longitudinal striations in the hemp fibers and twists in the cotton fibers, suggesting that the paper was made from a mixture of cotton and hemp fibers. Based on the findings of the condition survey, the conservation treatment for the artifact focused on minimizing moisture to avoid stressing the paper and reinforcing the physically vulnerable areas. The reinforcement paper was dyed to match the base of the artifacts, pre-coated repair paper was used for conservation, and appropriate folders and boxes were made for storage after treatment. This study is expected to serve as an important foundational resource on the materials used in modern and contemporary records.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.13-28
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• 2019

This study analyzed precipitation environment, heavy metal contamination, and mineral composition of white, reddish brown and mixed precipitates occurring at the Osip stream drainage, Gangwondo. Furthermore, spectral characteristics of the precipitates associated with heavy metal contamination and mineral composition was investigated based on spectroscopic analysis. The pH range of the precipitates was 4.43-6.91 for white precipitates, 7.74-7.94 for reddish brown precipitates, and 7.59-7.9 for the mixed precipitates, respectively. XRF analysis revealed that these precipitates were contaminated with Ni, Cu, Zn, and As. The white precipitates showed high Al concentration compared to reddish brown precipitates as much as 3.3 times, and the reddish brown precipitates showed high Fe concentration compared to white precipitates as much as 15 times. XRD analysis identified that the mineral composition of the white participates was aluminocoquimbite, gibbsite, quartz, saponite, and illite, and that of reddish brown precipitates was aluminum isopropoxide, kaolinite, goethite, dolomite, pyrophyllite, magnetite, quartz, calcite, pyrope. The mineral composition of the mixed precipitates was quartz, albite, and calcite. The spectral characteristics of the precipitates was manifested by gibbsite, saponite, illite for white precipitates, goethite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite for reddish brown precipitates, and albite for the mixed precipitates, respectively. The spectral reflectance of the precipitates decreased with increase in heavy metal contamination, and absorption depth of the precipitates indicated that the heavy metal ions were adsorbed to saponite and illite for white precipitates, and goethite and magnetite for reddish brown precipitates.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.3 s.178
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• pp.329-342
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to determine the geochemical characteristics for the stream sediments in the Konyang area. So we can estimate the environment contamination and understand geochemical disaster. We collect the stream sediments samples by wet sieving along the primary channels and slowly dry the collected samples in the laboratory and grind to pass a 200mesh using an alumina mortar and pestle for chemical analysis. Mineralogy, major, trace and rare earth elements are determined by XRD, XRE, ICP-AES and NAA analysis methods. For geochemical characteristics on the geological groups of stream sediments, the studied area was grouped into quartz porphyry area, sedimentary rock area, anorthosite area and gneiss area. Contents of major elements for the stream sediments in the Konyang area were $SiO_2\;41.86{\sim}76.74\;wt.%,\;Al_{2}O_{3}\;9.92{\sim}30.00\;wt.%,\;Fe_{2}O_{3}\;2.74{\sim}12.68\;wt.%,\;CaO\;0.22{\sim}3.31\;wt.%,\;MgO\;0.34{\sim}3.97\;wt.%,\;K_{2}O\;0.75{\sim}0.93\;wt.%,\;Na_{2}O\;0.25{\sim}1.92\;wt.%,\;TiO_{2}\;0.40{\sim}3.00\;wt.%,\;MnO\;0.03{\sim}0.21\;wt.%,\;P_{2}O_{5}\;0.05{\sim}0.38\;wt.%$. The contents of trace and rare earth elements for the stream sediments were $Cu\;7{\sim}102\;ppm,\;Pb\;15{\sim}47\;ppm,\;Sr\;48{\sim}513\;ppm,\;V\;29{\sim}129\;ppm,\;Zr\;31{\sim}217\;ppm,\;Li\;14{\sim}94\;ppm,\;Co\;5.6{\sim}32.1\;ppm,\;Cr\;23{\sim}259\;ppm,\;Cs\;1.7{\sim}8.7\;ppm,\;Hf\;2.1{\sim}109.0\;ppm,\;Rb\;34{\sim}247\;ppm,\;Sc\;4.5{\sim}21.9\;ppm,\;Zn\;24{\sim}609\;ppm,\;Sb\;0.8{\sim}2.6\;ppm,\;Th\;3{\sim}213\;ppm,\;Ce\;22{\sim}1000\;ppm,\;Eu\;0.7{\sim}5.3\;ppm,\;Yb\;0.6{\sim}6.4\;ppm$. Generally, the contents of $Al_{2}O_{3}\;and\;SiO_2$ had a good relationships with each other in rocks but it had a bad relationships in stream sediments for this study area. The contents of $Fe_{2}O_3$, CaO, MnO and $P_{2}O_{5}$ had a good relationships with major and minor elements in stream sediments of this study area. The contents of Co and V in the stream sediments had a good relationships with other toxic elements.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2017

Foreign materials with a variety of types and sizes are found in food; thus, extraordinary efforts and various analytical methods are required to identify the types of foreign materials and to find out accurate causes of how they unintentionally enter food. In this study, human, cow, pig, mouse, duck, goose, dog, and cat were chosen as various types of animal hairs because they can be frequently incorporated into food during its production or consumption step. We morphologically analyzed them using stereoscopic, optical, SUMP method, and scanning electron microscopes, showing differences in each type. In addition, X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF) was used to analysis chemical compositions ($^{11}Na{\sim}^{92}U$, Mass%) of samples. As a result, we observed that mammalian hairs were mainly composed of sulfur. Organic compounds of samples were further analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) that can compare spectra of given materials; however, this method did not show significant differences in each sample. In this study, we suggest a rapid method for the identification of the causes and types of foreign materials in food.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.18 no.5 s.95
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• pp.687-693
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• 2006

The Stone Powder Sludge(below SPS) is the by-product from the process that translates stone power of 8mm under as crushed fine aggregate. It is the sludge as like cake that has average particle size of $7{\mu}m$, absorbing water content of 20 to 60%, and $SiO_2$ content of 60% over. Because of high water content of SPS, it is not only difficult to handle, transport, and recycle, but also makes worse the economical efficiency due to high energy consuming to drying. This study is aim to recycle SPS as it is without drying. Target product is the lightweight foamed concrete that is made from the slurry mixed with pulverized mineral compounds and foams through hydro-thermal reaction of CaO and $SiO_2$. Although in the commercial lightweight foamed concrete CaO source is the cement and $SiO_2$ source is high purity silica powder with $SiO_2$ of 90%, we tried to use the SPS as $SiO_2$ source. From the experiments with factors such as foam addition rate and replacement proportion of SPS, we find that the lightweight foamed concrete with SPS shows the same trends as the density and strength of lightweight foamed concrete increases according to decrease of foam addition rate. But in the same condition, the lightweight foamed concrete with SPS is superior strength and density to that with high purity silica. This trends is distinguished according to increase of replacement proportion of SPS, also the analysis of XRF shows that the hydro thermal reaction translates SPS to tobermorite. Although SPS has low $SiO_2$ contents, the lightweight foamed concrete with SPS has superior strength and density, because it reacts well with CaO due to extremely fine particles. We conclude that it is possible to replace the high purity silica as SPS in the lightweight foamed concrete experimentally.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.259-273
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• 1992

The Seongsan mine is one of the largest dickite deposits in the southwestern part of the Korean Peninsula. The main constithent minerals of the ore are dickite and quartz with accessory alunite, kaolinite and sericite. The geology around the Seongsan mine consists mainly of the late Cretaceous felsic volcanic rocks. In the studied area, these rocks make a synclinal structure with an axis of E-W direction plunging to the east. Most of the felsic volcanic rocks have undergone extensive hydrothermal alteration. The hydrothermally altered rocks can be classified into the following zones: Dickite, Dickite-Quartz, Quartz, Sericite, Albite and Chlorite zones, from the center to the margin of the alteration mass. Such zonal arrangement of altered rocks suggests that the country rocks, most of which are upper part of the rhyolite and welded tuff, were altered by strongly acid hydrothermal solutions. It is reasonable to consider that initial gas and solution containing $H_2S$ and other compounds were oxidized near the surface, and formed hydrothermal sulfuric acid solutions. The mineralogical and chemical changes of the altered rocks were investigated using various methods, and chemical composition of fifty-six samples of the altered rocks were obtained by wet chemical analysis and X.R.F. methods. On the basis of these analyses, it was found that some components such as $SiO_2$, $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, CaO, MgO, $K_2O$, $Na_2O$ and $TiO_2$ were mobilized considerably from the original rocks. The formation temperature of the deposits was estimated as higher than $200^{\circ}C$ from fluid inclusion study of samples taken from the Quartz zone. On the basis of the chemical composition data on rocks and minerals and estimated temperatures, the hydrothermal solutions responsible for the formation of the Seongsan dickite deposits were estimated to have the composition: $m_{K^+}=0.003$, $m_{Na^+}=0.097$, $m_{SiO_2(aq.)}=0.008$ and pH=5.0, here "m" represents the molality (mole/kg $H_2O$).

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.87-109
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• 2024

Two kinds of basaltic outcrop consisting of vesicular gas-pipe and the host massive basalt were observed in the Taeheung-ri area of Namwon-eup, Jeju Island. This is clear evidence of the magmatic differentiation of lava flows after an eruption. Although the petrographic study revealed that both parts contained the same mineral phases such as olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclases with accessory alkaline feldspar, and titanite, their contents and compositions are more evolved in the vesicular gas-pipe. Its anorthite and wollastonite contents in plagioclase and clinopyroxene, respectively, are lower than those of the host massive basalt. The whole-rock XRF analysis indicates that vesicular gas-pipe had lower MgO content and higher CaO, Al₂O₃, P₂O₅, Fe₂O₃, Na₂O, TiO₂, SiO₂, and K₂O contents than those of the host massive basalt. Both parts of basalt are classified as tholeiite in the TAS diagram, but the former is plotted in a more differentiated area with higher SiO₂ content than the latter. Large ion lithophile elements are enriched in both types of basalt, but the enrichment is more conspicuous in the former. Rare earth elements are more abundant n porous gas-pipe than in the host massive basalt. In particualr light rare earth elements are highly enriched in both types of basalt ralative to those of chondrite, indicating typical ocean island basalts (OIBs). These findings indicate that the magma differentiation possibly occurred after an eruption, which can be explained by the gas-driven filter-pressing.