• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2020

For developing a canopy photosynthesis model, an efficient method to measure the photosynthetic rate in a growth chamber is required. The objective of this study was to develop a method for establishing canopy photosynthetic rate curves of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with light intensity and CO₂ concentration variables using controlled growth chamber. The plants were grown in plant factory modules, and the canopy photosynthesis rates were measured in sealed growth chambers made of acrylic (1.0 × 0.8 × 0.5 m). First, the canopy photosynthetic rates of the plants were measured, and then the time constants were compared between two application methods: 1) changing light intensity (340, 270, 200, and 130 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) at a fixed CO₂ concentration (1,000 μmol·mol^-1) and 2) changing CO₂ concentration (600, 1,000, 1,400, and 1,800 μmol·mol^-1) at a fixed light intensity (200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). Second, the canopy photosynthetic rates were measured by changing the light intensity at a CO₂ concentration of 1,000 μmol·mol^-1 and compared with those measured by changing the CO₂ concentration at a light intensity of 200 μmol·m^-2·s^-1. The time constant when changing the CO₂ concentration at the fixed light intensity was 3.2 times longer, and the deviation in photosynthetic rate was larger than when changing the light intensity. The canopy photosynthetic rate was obtained stably with a time lag of one min when changing the light intensity, while a time lag of six min or longer was required when changing the CO₂ concentration. Therefore, changing the light intensity at a fixed CO₂ concentration is more appropriate for short-term measurement of canopy photosynthesis using a growth chamber.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

Purpose: We have performed SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery) for avm (arterry vein malformation) and brain cancer. In order to verify dose and localization of SRS, dose distributions from TPS ($X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0, Radionics, USA) and GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film in a head phantom were compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, head and neck region of conventional humanoid phantom was modified by substituting one of 2.5 cm slap with five 0.5 cm acrylic plates to stack the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film slice by slice with 5 mm intervals. Four films and five acrylic plates were cut along the contour of head phantom in axial plane. The head phantom was fixed with SRS head ring and adapted SRS localizer as same as real SRS procedure. CT images of the head phantom were acquired in 5 mm slice intervals as film interval. Five arc 6 MV photon beams using the SRS cone with 2 cm diameter were delivered 300 cGy to the target in the phantom. Ten small pieces of the film were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 cGy, respectively to calibrate the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film. The films in the phantom were digitized after 24 hours and its linearity was calibrated. The pixel values of the film were converted to the dose and compared with the dose distribution from the TPS calculation. Results: Calibration curve for the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film was linear up to 900 cGy. The R2 value was better than 0.992. Discrepancy between calculated from $X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0 and measured dose distributions with the film was less than 5% through all slices. Conclusion: It was possible to evaluate every slice of humanoid phantom by stacking the GafChromic EBT film which is suitable for 2 dimensional dosimetry, It was found that film dosimetry using the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film is feasible for routine dosimetric QA of stereotactic radiosurgery.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.5_3
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• pp.809-820
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• 2017

Efficient management of large-size wastes generated from disasters etc. is always in demand. Large-size wastes are closely connected to the environment, producing adverse effects on the air quality, water quality, living environment and so on. When large-size wastes are generated, we must be able to estimate the generated amount in order to transfer them to a temporary trans-shipment site, or to properly treat them. Currently, we estimate the amount of generated large-size wastes by using satellite images or unit measure for wastes; however, the accuracy of such estimations have been constantly questioned. Therefore, the present study was performed to establish three-dimensional spatial information based on UAS, to measure the amount of waste, and to evaluate the accuracy of the measurement. A measurement was made at a waste site by using UAS, and the X, Y, Z RMSE values of the three-dimensional spatial information were found to be 0.022 m, 0.023 m, and 0.14 m, all of which show relatively high accuracy. The amount of waste measured using these values was computed to be approximately $4,273,400m^3$. In addition, the amount of waste at the same site was measured by using Terrestrial LiDAR, which is used for the precise measurement of geographical features, cultural properties and the like. The resulting value was $4,274,188m^3$, which is not significantly different from the amount of waste computed by using UAS. Thus, the possibility of measuring the amount of waste using UAS was confirmed, and UAS-based measurement is believed to be useful for environmental control with respect to disaster wastes, large-size wastes, and the like.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine the distribution of cat follicles among varying ages and produce oocytes from preantral follicles cultured in vitro. We used ovaries from 41 cats ranging in age from 0.3 to 5 years. Ovaries were obtained from cats undergoing routine ovariectomy at local veterinary clinics. As a prelude to in vitro culture of preantral follicles, the length and the width and the weight of ovaries among cats of varying ages were measured. Ovaries were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, cut into $3{\mu}m$-sections, mounted on slides and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Follicles were evaluated at 200X and 400X magnification. Distribution of follicles among cats of varying ages were evaluated according to follicle classification: primordial, primary, transitional, preantral and antral follicles. Preantral follicles were isolated by the simple mechanical procedure. Each follicle was cultured in a well containing $100{\mu}l$ of medium 199 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or polyvinylalcohol (PVA) for 16 days. Follicle diameters were measured under inverted microscope every 4 days. The length, the width and the weight of ovaries were increased gradually according to ages but there was not significant difference among cats of varying ages. Majority of follicles were primordial follicles (84%) regardless of cat ages (p<0.05). Follicle diameter increased until 4 days of culture. However, period longer than 4 days of culture in vitro had a deleterious effect on follicle survival regardless of supplement (FBS or PVA). A few oocytes were collected from preantral follicles cultured in vitro. These basic reproductive techniques in domestic cats can be a useful tool to save endangered feline species.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.189-195
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• 1991

Two crystal structures of dehydrated $Ag_{2.8}ZN_{4.6}-A$ and of its ethylene sorption complex have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structures were solved and refined in the cubic space group Pm3m at 23(1)$^{\circ}$C. Dehydration of two crystals studied were achieved at 400$^{\circ}$C and $2{\times}10^{-6}$ Torr for 2 days and one crystal was treated with 250 Torr of ethylene at 25(1)$^{\circ}$C. The structures of dehydrated $Ag_{2.8}ZN_{4.6}-A$ (a = 12.137(2) ${\AA}$ and of its ethylene sorption complex (a = 12.106(2)${\AA}$) were refined to final error indices, R(weighted) = 0.044 with 237 reflections and R(weighted) = 0.050 with 301 reflections, respectively, for which I > 3${sigma}$(I). 2.8 $Ag^+$ ions are recessed 0.922(2) ${\AA}$ from (111) plane of three 6-ring oxygens into the large cavity where each forms a lateral ${\pi}$ complex with an ethylene molecule. These $Ag^+$ ions are in 2.240(5)${\AA}$ from three framework oxide ions and 2.290(5) ${\AA}$ from each carbon atom of an ethylene molecule. The $Zn^{2+}$ ions occupy two different threefold axis positions of the unit cell. 2.8 $Zn^{2+}$ ions are recessed 0.408(2) ${\AA}$ from (111) plane of the 6-ring oxygens and each $Zn^{2+}$ ion forms a $\pi$ complex with an $C_2H_4$ molecule. The distances between $Zn^{2+}$ ions and carbon atom of ethylene molecule, Zn(2)-C = 2.78(4) ${\AA}$ are long. This indicates that this bond is relatively weak.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.24-31
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• 2006

Automated analysis software was developed to measure the magnitude of the intrafractional and interfractional errors during breast radiation treatments. Error analysis results are important for determining suitable planning target volumes (PTV) prior to Implementing breast-conserving 3-D conformal radiation treatment (CRT). The electrical portal imaging device (EPID) used for this study was a Portal Vision LC250 liquid-filled ionization detector (fast frame-averaging mode, 1.4 frames per second, 256X256 pixels). Twelve patients were imaged for a minimum of 7 treatment days. During each treatment day, an average of 8 to 9 images per field were acquired (dose rate of 400 MU/minute). We developed automated image analysis software to quantitatively analyze 2,931 images (encompassing 720 measurements). Standard deviations ($\sigma$) of intrafractional (breathing motion) and intefractional (setup uncertainty) errors were calculated. The PTV margin to include the clinical target volume (CTV) with 95% confidence level was calculated as $2\;(1.96\;{\sigma})$. To compensate for intra-fractional error (mainly due to breathing motion) the required PTV margin ranged from 2 mm to 4 mm. However, PTV margins compensating for intefractional error ranged from 7 mm to 31 mm. The total average error observed for 12 patients was 17 mm. The intefractional setup error ranged from 2 to 15 times larger than intrafractional errors associated with breathing motion. Prior to 3-D conformal radiation treatment or IMRT breast treatment, the magnitude of setup errors must be measured and properly incorporated into the PTV. To reduce large PTVs for breast IMRT or 3-D CRT, an image-guided system would be extremely valuable, if not required. EPID systems should incorporate automated analysis software as described in this report to process and take advantage of the large numbers of EPID images available for error analysis which will help Individual clinics arrive at an appropriate PTV for their practice. Such systems can also provide valuable patient monitoring information with minimal effort.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.sup
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• pp.81-90
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• 2012

This study was evaluated high end research grade Near infrared spectrophotometer (NIRS) to low end popular field grade multiple Near infrared spectrophotometer (NIRS) for rapid analysis at forage quality at sight with 241 samples of Italian ryegrass silage during 3 years collected whole country for evaluate accuracy and precision between instruments. Firstly collected and build database high end research grade NIRS using with Unity Scientific Model 2500X (650 nm~2,500 nm) then trim and fit to low end popular field grade NIRS with Unity Scientific Model 1400 (1,400 nm~2,400 nm) then build and create calibration, transfer calibration with special transfer algorithm. The result between instruments was 0.000%~0.343% differences, rapidly analysis for chemical constituents, NDF, ADF, and crude protein, crude ash and fermentation parameter such as moisture, pH and lactic acid, finally forage quality parameter, TDN, DMI, RFV within 5 minutes at sight and the result equivalent with laboratory data. Nevertheless during 3 years collected samples for build calibration was organic samples that make differentiate by local or yearly bases etc. This strongly suggest population evaluation technique needed and constantly update calibration and maintenance calibration to proper handling database accumulation and spread out by knowledgable control laboratory analysis and reflect calibration update such as powerful control center needed for long lasting usage of forage analysis with NIRS at sight. Especially the agriculture products such as forage will continuously changes that made easily find out the changes and update routinely, if not near future NIRS was worthless due to those changes. Many research related NIRS was shortly study not long term study that made not well using NIRS, so the system needed check simple and instantly using with local language supported signal methods Global Distance (GD) and Neighbour Distance (ND) algorithm. Finally the multiple popular field grades instruments should be the same results not only between research grade instruments but also between multiple popular field grade instruments that needed easily transfer calibration and maintenance between instruments via internet networking techniques.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2022

The potassium cream soap with fatty acid called cleaning foam has a crystal gel structure, and unlike an emulsion system, it is weak to shear stress and shows characteristics that are easily separated under high temperature storage conditions. The crystal gel structure of cleansing foams is significantly influenced by the nature and proportion of fatty acids, degree of neutralization, and the nature and proportion of polyols. In order to investigate the effect of these parameters on the crystal gel structure, a ternary system consisting of water/KOH/fatty acid was investigated in this study. The investigation of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) revealed that the eutectic point was found at the ratio of myristic acid (MA) : stearic acid (SA) = 3 : 1 and ternary systems were the most stable at the eutectic point. However, the increase in fatty acid content had little effect on stability. On the basis of viscosity and polarized optical microscopy (POM) measurements, the optimum degree of neutralization was found to be about 75%. The system was stable when the melting point (T_m) of the ternary system was higher than the storage temperature and the crystal phase was transferred to lamellar gel phase, but the increase in fatty acid content had little effect on stability. The addition of polyols to the ternary system played an important role in changing the T_m and causing phase transition. The structure of the cleansing foams were confirmed through cryogenic scanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM), small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) analysis. Since butylene glycol (BG), propylene glycol (PG), and dipropylene glycol (DPG) lowered the T_m and hindered the lamellar gel formation, they were unsuitable for the formation of stable cleansing foam. In contrast, glycerin, PEG-400, and sorbitol increased the T_m, and facilitated the formation of lamellar gel phase, which led to a stable ternary system. Glycerin was found to be the most optimal agent to prepare a cleansing foam with enhanced stability.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.111-124
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• 2019

Objectives: Healthy sleep is important and can have a positive effect on resilience. The aim of the present study was to compare the differences in resilience between two group nurses in rotating shift and daytime fixed work schedules and to investigate stress perception, coping factors, social and psychological health, and sleep factors that may affect resilience. Methods: A total of 400 female nurses having rotating shift and daytime fixed work schedules at two hospitals was surveyed from June 12, 2017 to June 12, 2018. All participants completed perceived stress scale (PSS), stress coping short form (Brief COPE), psycho-social wellbeing Index short form (PWI-SF) or general health questionnaire-18 (GHQ-18), center for epidemiologic studies depression scale (CES-D), STAI-X-1 in state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI), Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI), Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), insomnia severity index (ISI), Conner Davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC). Independent t-test, paired t-test, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis were applied to the results of the final 373 questionnaires of 400 nurses in two general hospitals. Results: Comparing the variable statistics between the two groups of rotating shift and daytime fixed work nurses, showed statistically significant differences in all variables except perceived stress, sleep quality, and daytime sleepiness. Factors that had a significant correlation with resilience were stress coping strategies, depression, and insomnia severity (p < 0.001). In multiple regression analysis, larger positive reframing1 (β = 0.206, p < 0.001), severe less depression (β = -3.45, p < 0.001), and higher psychosocial health (β = 0.193, p < 0.001). As acceptance coping2 increased (β = 0.129, p < 0.05), as daytime sleepiness decreased (β = -1.17, p < 0.05), and as active coping2 increased (β = 0.118, p < 0.05), as the positive reframing2 increases (β = 0.110, p < 0.05), the resilience increased. Conclusion: This study, it was found that resilience was higher in daytime fixed workers than in shift workers. In addition, specific stress coping strategies, psycho-social health, sleep, and depression factors were associated with resilience.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.90-96
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• 1997

We have studied crystallographic and magnetic properties of $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_ {1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ by Mossbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The alloys were prepared by arc-melting under an argon atmosphere. The $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ has pure a single phase, whereas $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.3}$ contains some $\alpha$-Fe, conformed with X-ray diffractometry and Mossbauer measurements. The $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_ {1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ has a $ThMn_{12}-type$ tetragonal structure with $a_0=8.637{\AA}$ and $c_0=4.807{\AA}$. The Curie temperature ($T_c$) is 600 K from the result of Mossbauer measurement performed at various temperatures ranging from 13 to 800 K. Each spectrum of below $T_c$ is fitted with five subspectra of Fe sites in the structure ($8i_1, 8i_2, 8j_2, 8j_1, 8f$). The area fractions of the subspectra at room temperature are 12.3%, 14.0%, 21.0% 11.8%, 40.9%, respectively. Magnetic hyperfine fields for the Fe sites decrease in the order, $H_{hf}(8i)>H_{hf}(8j)>H_{hf}(8f)$. The abrupt changes in the magnetic hyperfine field, an magnetic moment observed at about 160 K in $NdFe_ {10.7} Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ are attributed to spin reorientations. The average hyperfine field of the $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ shows a temperature dependence of $[H_{hf}(T)-H_{hf}(0)]/H_{hf}(0)=-0.34(T/T_C)^{3/2}-0.14(T/T_C)^{5/2}$ for $T/T_c<0.7$, indicative of spin wave excitation. The Debye temperatures of $NdFe_{10.7}Ti_{1.2}Mo_{0.1}$ is found to be Θ=340$\pm$5 K.