• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.301-308
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• 2024

Ceramic materials are being explored as alternatives to toxic lead sheets for radiation shielding due to their favorable properties like durability, thermal stability, and aesthetic appeal. However, crafting effective ceramics for radiation shielding entails complex processes, raising production costs. To investigate local viability, this study evaluated Malaysian ceramic tiles for shielding in diagnostic X-ray rooms. Different ceramics in terms of density and thickness were selected from local manufacturers. Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) characterized ceramic compositions, while Monte Carlo Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (MC PHITS) simulations determined Linear Attenuation Coefficient (LAC), Half-value Layer (HVL), Mass Attenuation Coefficient (MAC), and Mean Free Path (MFP) within the 40-150 kV energy range. Comparative analysis between MC PHITS simulations and real setups was conducted. The C3-S9 ceramic sample, known for homogeneous full-color structure, showcased superior shielding attributes, attributed to its high density and iron content. Notably, energy levels considerably impacted radiation penetration. Overall, C3-S9 demonstrated strong shielding performance, underlining Malaysia's potential ceramic tile resources for X-ray room radiation shielding.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 1992

The cement pastes, mortar and concrete specimens were immersed in artificial seawater and five kinds of chemical solution and tested the change of compressive strength and weight. The reaction products and microstructure were looked over by using X-ray, SEM and EDS. The results show that the formation of ettingite and gypsum because of penetration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ ion are the reason for deterioration in sulfuric acid and sulphate solution. In the chlorid solution, it is found that the attack of $Cl^-$ ion on the concrete plays an important role of the deterioration of concrete.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.19-26
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• 2002

In order to study the toughening mechanism of rubber modified polycarbonate, the sequence of development of micro-voids was investigated by real-time small angle X-ray scattering with Synchrotron radiation (SR-SAXS). The used test method was wedge test. The scattering intensity increases with increasing penetration depth of wedge, i.e. applied strain. The increase is due to the micro-void formation during deformation. This micro-void was uniformly developed in matrix and was different from large-void due to internal cavitation of rubber particle and/or debonding between rubber particle and polycarbonate matrix. The micro-void was developed at the critical strain and the radius of micro-void is around $600{\AA}$. Above the critical strain the size of micro-void remains almost constant with increasing applied strain. However, the population of micro-void increased with applied strain.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.82-88
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• 2015

Objectives: This study is designed to analyze the penetration performance into ceiling materials containing asbestos of scattering prevention agents and investigate the change in penetration depth and viscosity according to the dilution rate of anti-scattering agents diluted with distilled water. Methods: Five different types of scattering prevention agents were spread on plate-type asbestos ceiling materials. The penetration depth of each coated ceiling material was measured by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, based on X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results of the non-coated ceiling materials. Test equipment installed the ceiling materials and 60 minutes were collected at a flow rate of $10{\ell}/min$ at a filter of 25 mm. Results: An EDS analysis of the cross-section of ceiling materials constructed with a scattering prevention agent revealed that potassium is detected in the process of penetrating hardener solidification and this element could be an indicator for infiltration. When anti-scattering agents with different viscosities were constructed and the penetration depth was analyzed by potassium detection assessment using EDS, the depth results with viscosities of 5.0, 2.5, and 1.9 cP were 98.5, 103, and $147{\mu}m$, respectively. Penetration performance improved with decrease in viscosity. Conclusions: For asbestos ceiling materials, it is concluded that a higher dilution rate of the scattering prevention agent leads to lower viscosity, and hence a deeper penetration depth from $156{\mu}m$ to 3 mm. The asbestos anti-scattering properties according to the penetration depth will be confirmed through further study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.282-293
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• 2021

This paper examines gamma-ray shielding properties of SBC-Bx glass system with the chemical composition of 40SiO₂-10B₂O₃-xBaO-(45-x)CaO- yZnO- zMgO (where x = 0, 10, 20, 30, and 35 mol% and y = z = 6 mol%). Mass attenuation coefficient (µ/ρ) which is an essential parameter to study gamma-ray shielding properties was obtained in the photon energy range of 0.015-15 MeV using PHITS Monte Carlo code for the proposed glasses. The obtained results were compared with those calculated by WinXCOM program. Both the values of PHITS code and WinXCOM program were observed in very good agreement. The (µ/ρ values were then used to derive mean free path (MFP), electron density (N_eff), effective atomic number (Z_eff), and half value layer (HVL) for all the glasses involved. Additionally, G-P method was employed to estimate exposure buildup factor (EBF) for each glass in the energy range of 0.015-15 MeV up to penetration depths of 40 mfp. The results reveal that gamma-ray shielding effectiveness of the SBC-Bx glasses evolves with increasing BaO content in the glass sample. Such that SBC-B35 glass has superior shielding capacity against gamma-rays among the studied glasses. Gamma-ray shielding properties of SBC-B35 glass were compared with different conventional shielding materials, commercial glasses, and newly developed HMO glasse. Therefore, the investigated glasses have potential uses in gamma shielding applications.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.167-174
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• 2023

Background: A nondestructive test is commonly used to inspect the surface defects and internal structure of an object without any physical damage. X-rays generated from an electron accelerator or a tube are one of the methods used for nondestructive testing. The high penetration of X-rays through materials with low atomic numbers makes it difficult to discriminate between these materials using X-ray imaging. The interaction characteristics of neutrons with materials can supplement the limitations of X-ray imaging in material discrimination. Materials and Methods: The radiation image acquisition process for air-cargo security inspection equipment using X-rays and neutrons was simulated using a GEometry ANd Tracking (Geant4) simulation toolkit. Radiation images of phantoms composed of 13 materials were obtained, and the R-value, representing the attenuation ratio of neutrons and gamma rays in a material, was calculated from these images. Results and Discussion: The R-values were calculated from the simulated X-ray and neutron images for each phantom and compared with those obtained in the experiments. The R-values obtained from the experiments were higher than those obtained from the simulations. The difference can be due to the following two causes. The first reason is that there are various facilities or equipment in the experimental environment that scatter neutrons, unlike the simulation. The other is the difference in the neutron signal processing. In the simulation, the neutron signal is the sum of the number of neutrons entering the detector. However, in the experiment, the neutron signal was obtained by superimposing the intensities of the neutron signals. Neutron detectors also detect gamma rays, and the neutron signal cannot be clearly distinguished in the process of separating the two types of radiation. Despite these differences, the two results showed similar trends and the viability of using simulation-based radiation images, particularly in the field of security screening. With further research, the simulation-based radiation images can replace ones from experiments and be used in the related fields. Conclusion: The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute has developed air-cargo security inspection equipment using neutrons and X-rays. Using this equipment, radiation images and R-values for various materials were obtained. The equipment was reconstructed, and the R-values were obtained for 13 materials using the Geant4 simulation toolkit. The R-values calculated by experiment and simulation show similar trends. Therefore, we confirmed the feasibility of using the simulation-based radiation image.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.83-90
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of AFm formation on the stiffening process of cement paste. High and low alkali sulfate clinkers were used for the experiments. The flow and stiffening behavior of cement paste was investigated using modified ASTM C403 penetration resistance test and oscillatory shear rheology. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for phase identification associated with stiffening of the paste. It was found from the results that low alkali clinker mixture produced very strong premature stiffening whereas high alkali clinker mixture did not cause premature stiffening. This is because of the large amount of alkali sulfate present in the clinker. Addition of calcium and sodium chloride to the high alkali clinker mixture caused faster stiffening and set.

• Architectural research
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of specific hydration reaction on the stiffening process of cement paste. The cement compositions are manipulated to cause specific hydration reactions (secondary gypsum and syngenite formation) responsible for false set, and the relationship between specific hydration reactions and the flow and stiffening behavior of cement paste were investigated using modified ASTM C 403 penetration resistance measurement and oscillatory shear rheology. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) was used for the phase identification associated with premature stiffening of cement paste. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used for verification of syngenite formation. From the results, both secondary gypsum and syngenite formation caused faster stiffening and set. The amount of syngenite produced during 1 hour hydration was approximately 1 % of total mass of the cement paste, but cement paste with syngenite formation showed significantly accelerated stiffening behavior compared to normal cement paste.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2008

오래전부터, 많은 여성들은 자신들의 젊음을 연장하고, 외모를 더 아름답게 가꾸고, 이를 죽을 때까지 유지하는 것을 바래왔다. 이에 의사와 약사들뿐만 아니라, 많은 화장품 연구자들도 노화와 관련된 기술개발에 총력을 기울여 왔다. 따라서, 이들 연구자들은 노화방지를 위한 새로운 원료를 찾고, 이를 안정화하고, 피부로 전달하는 기술개발에 항상 관심을 쏟아왔다. 뛰어난 노화방지 화장품 개발을 위해서, Ubiquinone의 일종인 ldebenone에 대해 연구하였고, 이를 비수계 피부유사막 기술을 가지고 캡슐화하고 약물전달하는 연구를 진행하였다. 먼저, 편광현미경(PM, Polarized Microscope), X-선 회절분석(XRD, X-ray Diffractions) 및 시차주사열량계 (DSC, Differential Scanning Calorimetry)를 이용하여 Idebenone을 담지한 피부유사막 액정을 비수계 조건에서 구조 및 열적특성을 조사하였다. 그 결과 비수계 조건에서도 규칙적으로 패킹(Packing)된 지질이중층(Lipid bilayer)과 용매의 연속층으로 이루어진 고밀집된 라멜라(Lamella) 구조의 형성유무와 이때의 상거동을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 높은 극성도로인해 물분자와 접촉하면 불안정해지는 경향이 있는 Idebenone을 비수계 조건에서 각질층(SC, Stratum Corneum)과 구조 및 조성이 유사한 피부유사막을 디자인하여 안정하게 캡슐화 하였다. 이를 적용한 화장품은 모든 보관조건에서 유화입자의 안정성을 유지함을 확인하였고, Idebenone의 활성역가 또한 $40^{\circ}C$에서 6개월 동안 약 90%이상을 유지하는 우수한 결과를 나타냈다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 2015

New lasers such as high power, high brightness and short wavelength laser are using diverse industry. Also new technologies are developing actively to solve various issues such as spattering, process monitoring, deep penetration and key-hole stability. ICALEO is the international congress where recent technology for laser material processing and laser system are present. At 2014, it was held at San Diego in USA and more than 260 papers were presented from 28 country. The effect of the laser beam shape such as Gaussian like and top-hat was investigated on acoustic emission signal and pore formation in welding. Inline penetration depth was measured with ICI(Inline Coherent Imaging) technique and the data was verified with real time X-ray image on laser welding. The laser welding performance at low pressure environment was evaluated for the thick plate alloy steel. UV laser was used to weld various metals such as Cu, Aluminum, steel and stainless steel. The effect of the wavelength of the laser on the formation of the wave at the wall of the key-hole front and the absorptivity was investigated.