• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.257-261
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• 2004

The pottery stones from the Taebek area consist of abundant quartz with kaolinite. In this study, the characteristics of pottery stones were examined by XRD (X-ray diffractometer), XRF (X-ray fluorescence spectrometer), TG-DTA and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The chemical compositions of the raw ore showed 71.75 wt%$SiO_2$, 22.10 wt%$Al_2O_3$, 1.86 wt%CaO, 2.97 wt%$K_2O$, 0.62 wt%$Fe_2O_3$. When pottery stone of 3 mm size was leached at $80^{\circ}C$ with 10 % oxalic acid, the content of $Fe_2O_3$ was reduced from 0.62 wt% to 0.24 wt% and the whiteness was enhanced. Grinding of pottery stone was conducted by a planetary ball mill using media of zirconia, the average particle size was 2～5 $\mu\textrm{m}$.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-59
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• 2020

Scientific analysis was conducted to identify the paint pigments used in the Buseoksa Josadang murals. optical microscopy(OM), X-ray fluorescence(XRF), XRF mapping, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(SEM-EDS), and Raman spectroscopy were performed to examine the pigments. The results confirmed that the Josadang murals consist of two paint layers wherein the pigments were distinct for most colors. It was estimated that celadonite, white clay, red ochre, cinnabar and minium, synthetic green pigment containing tin and zinc paratacamite, or botallackite were used in the upper layer. In addition, bone white, celadonite, red ochre, azurite, cinnabar or vermilion, and gold were identified in the lower layer. In addition, as Zn and Sn were detected in the green pigments extracted from the top layer of the paint, it is believed that Josadang murals were repainted over the original paint layer at some point after the 17th century. In addition, white pigments containing calcium phosphate were found in all the colors in the bottom layer, which is the original paint layer. These results are significant because this is the first time that white pigments are found in Korean traditional paintings. Additionally, the information revealed about the pigments in this study will serve as areference for the pigments used in the Goryeo period.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2012

This paper is focused on the comprehensive and detailed interpretation for the chemical transformation of individual Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") particles during long-range transport from source regions to receptor area. A multi-stage particle sampler was operated at a ground-based site in Taean, Korea directly exposed to the outflow of air masses from China during AD period in April 2003. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses for size-classified individual particles were carried out by a microbeam X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method and a microbeam Particle Induced X-ray Emission (micro-PIXE), respectively. Among major characteristic elements, the elemental masses of soil derived components, sulfur, and chloride varied as a function of particle size showing the monomodal maximum with a steeply increasing at 3.3-4.7 ${\mu}m$ particle size. Although the details on chemical composition of AD particle collected on a straight line from source area to our ground-based site are needed, a large amount of Cl coexisted in and/or on AD particles suggests that AD particles collected in the present study might be actively engaged in chemical transformation by sea-salt and other Cl containing pollutants emitted from the China's domestic sources. Through the statistical analyses it was possible to classify individual AD particles into six distinct groups. The internally mixed AD particles with Cl, which has various sources (e.g., sea-salt, coal combustion origin HCl, gaseous HCl derived from the adsorption of acids to sea-salt, and Cl containing man-made particles) were thoroughly fractionated by the elemental spectra drivened by the double detector system of micro-PIXE.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.313-317
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• 2023

In this study, the physicochemical characterization and adsorption performance of air pollutants (VOCs, SO₂, and CO₂) were evaluated for the recycling of zeolite used in the ion exchange process. The surface characteristics of the zeolite used were confirmed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, and the composition and specific surface area were measured through X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). There was no change in the surface properties of the used zeolite, but the content of potassium and calcium increased and the specific surface area decreased. The toluene, sulfur oxides, and carbon dioxide adsorption performance of the used zeolite was evaluated, and it was confirmed that the performance was improved compared to the fresh zeolite. In particular, for toluene and sulfur oxides, the adsorption amount increased by 2.6 times and 2.3 times, respectively, which might be due to the enhancement of the polymerization reaction and the increase of the base point, according to the composition of the used zeolite.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.18-24
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• 2023

This study undertook initial investigations into the carbonation of chlorine bypass dust, aiming to apply it as a raw material for cement and as an admixture for concrete. Various experimental methods, including XRD(X-ray diffraction), XRF(X-ray fluorescence), and particle size distribution analyses, were employed to verify the physical and chemical properties of chlorine bypass dust, with and without water washing. The mineral carbonation extent of chlorine bypass dust was examined by considering the dust type, stirring temperature, and experiment duration. Notably, a higher degree of mineral carbonation was observed in water-washed bypass dust than its non-water-washed counterpart, indicating an elevated calcium content in the former. Furthermore, an augmented stirring temperature positively impacted the initial stages of mineral carbonation. However, divergent outcomes were observed over time, contingent upon the specific characteristics of dust types under consideration.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.484-487
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• 2012

A discrimination technique for domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis was developed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (ED-XRF). Mineral content ratios, of a total of 43 species, including P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn, were measured among 204 samples. Macro element content ratios and trace element content ratios were determined using the standardless fundamental parameters (SLFP) analysis. Inorganic element ratios of P, S, K, Ca, Cl, Mn, and Fe were significantly different between domestic and imported samples. The result from the canonical discriminant analysis showed that the accuracy of geographical origin discrimination was 95.15%; the correlation coefficient was 0.888. It was concluded that this technique could be used as a useful method in discriminating the geographical origins between domestic and imported Scutellaria baicalensis.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.15
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• pp.78-95
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• 2014

To examine the materials, production techniques, and key features of Goryeo wooden lacquerwares, scientific analysis was conducted on six relevant lacquerware items. All of the items, except for a lacquered bowl ^{duksu 4123}, were found to have been made by first covering the surface of the wood with cloth and then varnishing with lacquer. The wooden frames of flower-shaped lacquered case and pine leaves shape lacquered case were made by wrapping thin wood around either the lid or bottom panel. In most cases, microscopic analysis revealed a lower layer of lacquer mixed with bone ash and bone dust, followed by an upper varnish layer of lacquer. SEM-EDS analysis and μ-XRF ^{Micro-X-ray Fluorescence} analysis showed that vermilion lacquer mixed with cinnabar was used on the surface. A lid decorated with a dot pattern was made by first varnishing the surface with yellow lacquer mixed with orpiment, and then irregular dot pattern with a mixture of black lacquer and soot. The vermilion lacquer used to varnish the side of the lacquered bowls was composed of lacquer mixed with cinnabar and minium ^{Red Lead}.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.227-234
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• 2014

Purpose: The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate natural hydroxyapatite (HA) ceramics produced from the heat treatment of pig bones. Methods: The properties of natural HA ceramics produced from pig bones were assessed in two parts. Firstly, the raw materials were characterized. A temperature of $1,200^{\circ}C$ was chosen as the calcination temperature. Fine bone powders (BPs) were produced via calcinations and a milling process. Sintered BPs were then characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and a 2-year in vitro degradability test. Secondly, an indirect cytotoxicity test was conducted on human osteoblast-like cells, MG63, treated with the BPs. Results: The average particle size of the BPs was $20{\pm}5{\mu}m$. FE-SEM showed a non-uniform distribution of the particle size. The phase obtained from XRD analysis confirmed the structure of HA. Elemental analysis using XRF detected phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) with the Ca/P ratio of 1.6. Functional groups examined by FTIR detected phosphate ($PO{_4}^{3-}$), hydroxyl ($OH^-$), and carbonate ($CO{_3}^{2-}$). The EDX, XRF, and FTIR analysis of BPs indicated the absence of organic compounds, which were completely removed after annealing at $1,200^{\circ}C$. The BPs were mostly stable in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 2 years. An indirect cytotoxicity test on natural HA ceramics showed no threat to the cells. Conclusions: In conclusion, the sintering temperature of $1,200^{\circ}C$ affected the microstructure, phase, and biological characteristics of natural HA ceramics consisting of calcium phosphate. The Ca-P-based natural ceramics are bioactive materials with good biocompatibility; our results indicate that the prepared HA ceramics have great potential for agricultural and biological applications.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.114-119
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• 2010

Fe compounds of volcanic rock samples distributed in the seaside area of Ulleung island were investigated by means of X-ray diffractometry (XRD), X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectroscopy. We found that samples were typical basic rock which had the total amount of iron compounds including hematite ($\alpha-Fe_2O_3$) varies from 10.6 w% to 14.5 w% depending on the different regions by XRF. The M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectra of the samples were consisted of one sextet due to hemitite and doublets due to $Fe^{3+}$ in various clay mineral and $Fe^{2+}$ in pyroxene $(Ca,Fe,Mg)_2(SiO_4)_2$, ilmenite ($FeTiO_3$) and olivine $(Mg,Fe)_2SiO_4$. The balance state of Fe ions of all samples was chiefly $Fe^{3+}$, so we could find that the volcanic rocks distributed in the seaside area of Ulleung island were made in inland.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.427-437
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• 2013

Generation rate of construction wastes in Korea has occupied preponderantly in recent years. To understand chemical properties of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), RCA samples were tested for their leaching characteristics. Leaching tests were conducted according to Korean Standard Leaching Test (KLT) and Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP) respectively. The RCA samples were characterized using X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Alkalinity of the leachate was determined using a pH meter titration method. The XRF analysis result shows that the calcium oxide (CaO) content in the RCA sample is 25.3~50.4 %. When the RCA sample was mixed with water in a batch reactor, pH in the solution was rapidly increased, and 70% of the total pH change was found in 1 hour. The TCLP showed slightly higher efficiency for leaching heavy metals than the KLT. The leaching efficiency was also higher as the particle size of RCA sample was smaller. The leaching test results suggest that RCA can be generally classified as nonhazardous waste.