• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.439-452
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• 1997

Mothers of handicapped children experience many problems and difficulties related to the child's prolonged dependency and demands for special care. Social support can be identified as stress-relieving factor, social support is considered to decrease the amount of negativeness in an individual or family. This study attempted to identify the level of burden and social support in mothers of children who are handicapped, and to determine whether social support is an effective strategy for burden relief in these mothers. The method used in the study was a correlational descriptive survey using a questionnaire. The subjects for the study were 42 mothers who have the handicapped children, between two to twelve years of age, being treated at S General Welfare House for Handicapped and S Rehabilitation Center in Seoul. The data were collected during 1 month from March 20 to April 20, 1996. The instruments used for this study was a structured questionnaire which was the Burden scale developed by Suh Mihae and Oh Kasil(1993) and the PRQ(Personal Resource Questionnaire) scale developed by Brandt & Weinert(1981). The collected data were analyzed using the SPSS computer program, yielding frequencies, percentiles, means, standard deviations, $x^{2}$-test, Pearson's correlation coefficienct, t-test and ANOVA. The results of this study are as follows ; 1)The range of age in the subjects was $29{\sim}44$ years, the range age in the handicapped children was $2{\sim}12$ years. 2) The mean score of burden, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 2.75(standard deviation was 0.47) of a possible total of 5. 3) The mean score of social support, for the mothers of the handicapped children was 4.99 (standard deviation was 0.59) of a possible total of 7. 4) There was an negative correlations hip between burden level and the social support, but there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support(r = -.2252, p = .076) 5) In the general characteristics influencing on the burden level was significantly related with the sex(t = - 2.87, p = .007) and the degree of child's handicap level(F = 11.8680, p = .000l). In the general characteristics influencing on the social support was significantly related with the family(husband) support(F = 3.5199, p = .0240). There were significant differences in the mother's levels of burden depending upon the severity of child's handicap. In other words, the degree of mother's burden was directly proportionate to the degree of child's handicap level. There were significant differences in the mother's levels of social support depending upon the family(husband) support. In conclusion, on the basis of the results of this study, there was no statistically significant correlationship between burden level and the social support. Above results suggest that strategies for the intervention programs in diminishing the mother's burden and reinforcing the social support.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.211-216
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• 1983

The physicochemical properties of starches isolated from three kinds of waxy ricer were investigated. The average diammeter of Orchal starch granule was 3.6u, and those of Hangang and Baegoon starch granules were 4.8u and 5.6u, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns of all samples were A types. Optical transmittance of starch suspensions was increased rapidly $60{\sim}62^{\circ}C$, $50{\sim}55^{\circ}C$ and $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ in Olchal, Hangang and Baegoon, respectively, and all of them exhibited maximum transmittance $75{\sim}80^{\circ}C$ in range. Initial gelationization temperature by means of amylogram pattern was $60{\sim}61^{\circ}C$, then, Olchal starch had a little higher temperature than others. Raising power of them was $260\sim220$, and then, Olchal starch has a little higher raising power. But, water binding capacity of Baegoon and Hangang were somewhat higher than that of Olchal. Blue values of Olchal and Hangang were similar with 0.13, and that of Baegoon was 0. 14. Alkari numbers of Olchal, Hangang and Baegoon were 4.2, 4.9 and 5.1. The degree of retrogradation of Hangang and Baegoon starch gels were somewhat higher than that of Olchal starch gel.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.247-254
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• 2014

For the purpose of early diagnosis of the breast cancer, the attention on the screening mammography has been increasing-with supply of digital mammography day by day. Image quality is decided by target materials and filter combinations. Optimized selection by a glandular density and a thickness is needed, because these combinations change x-ray spectrum and effect to image quality. The purpose of this study is to find out optimized target and filter combinations through the evaluation of quantitative image quality and to suggest means which minimize patient dose through MCNPX. In results, spatial frequency resolution evaluation which is quantitative image quality evaluation method, MTF, NPS, DQE shows that we have to select Mo/Mo combinations or Mo/Rh combinations when compressed breast is thin. but in case of that when compressed breast is thick, we have to select Rh/Rh combinations or W /Rh combinations. In a comprehensive evaluation, W!Rh combinations which are not used in thin breasts in practice was superior to all image quality evaluation. This result is somewhat different-with clinical examination results. Secondary end point was organ dose evaluation, radiation dose of opposite breast was approximately 47 ~73% effectiveness when selecting standard breast. In conculsion, the most important point is that we have to select the optimal combinations-with considering dose evaluation and various thickness.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.37-44
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• 1970

Human body volumes were calculated from the measurments of body height and body weight. Equations Suited to express the relations of height, weight, and surface area to show the body volume were derived from the body volume measurements by means of underwater. weighing method. Underwater body weights were corrected for the residual volume of long obtained by the Rahn's three breath method. Underwater weighing was performed on 173 male subjects aged between 13 and 51 years. Subjects were divided into 4 age groups, namely, 13-16 years group of 47 subjects, 16-19 years group of 46 subjects, adult group aged between 22 and 38 years comprising 45 subjects, and middle-aged group (40-51 years) of 35 subjects. The group division was made on .the basis of physical growth and development. The following results were obtained. 1. Body height (H, cm), body weight (W, kg), body surface area $S,\; m^{2})$, and body volume (V, liter.) interrelated closely. V/S showed a high correlation with W/H and the coefficient of correlation was r=0.97 irrespective of age group differences of the subjects. The coefficients of correlation between V/S and W/H in the total mate subjects as a single group was r=1.983. Subsequently the following regression equation was obtained. V = S X (54.84 W/H + 14.08) The agreement of body volume values obtained by the calculation and underwater weighing in the total subject group was better than that of the separate age group division. 2. The calculated values of body volume were: 40.4 l (euiqvalent to the body density value of 1.0562 kg/1) in 13-16 years group; 52.0 l (equivalent to density value of 1.0723 kg/l) in 16-19 years group; 55.3 l (equivalent to density value of 1.0570 kg/l) In the adult group; and 54. 0 l (equivalent to density value of 1.074 kg/l) in the middle-age group. The mean deviation of calculated from the measured volume value ranged between ${\pm}0.55$ and ${\pm}0.81$ liters. 3. The correlation between V/S and mean skinfold thickness of 4 sites (arm, back, iliac and chest) was high, namely, the coefficient of correlation was r=0.656. The coefficients of correlation between V./S and the $R\"{o}hrer$ index ranged between r=0.668 and r=0.810 affected by the difference in group age of the subject. The body volume (V) alone correlated poorly than V/S with mean skinfold thickness (r=0.606) and the $R\"{o}hrer$ index (r ranged between 0.274 and 0.588).

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.65-80
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• 2008

Objectives: To identify the relationship between the internet addition of elementary school students, and their health behavior and VDT syndrome, and thereby to detect the impact of internet addiction on the health behavior of elementary school students, to get the basic information necessary to develop a prevention program for internet addiction and to plan for VDT syndrome prevention program. Methods: We conducted this study during the period from jun 27, 2007 through July 8, 2007. The subjects of this study were 416 children whose grades were in 4th through 6th grades of elementary schools located in the city A in Kyung Pook Providence. Data were obtained from self-rating questionnaires. The questionnaires were composed of Korean Internet Addiction Self-examination on Internet Use Patterns (K-scale), Health Behavior Profile, VDT Syndrome, and general characteristics. We used t-test, AVOVA with Ducan method for Post-hoc comparison in means comparison between groups, $X^2$-test for frequency analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient. We used SPSS/PC(12.0 ver) program and the LISREL 8.53 Win program for covariance structural analysis. Results: Major results were as follows. 1. The internet addiction propensity distribution based on the distribution of scores were investigated according to the self diagnosis scale on internet addiction. 6.5% of them were high risk user group, 14.4% were potential risk users and 79.1% of them were common user groups. 2. Internet addictions by sex, internet use duration, frequency (days/week), time(hours/day), purpose, position, brightness of internet, attitude of parents and frequency of conversation of family members were statistically significant(p<0.01). 3. There was a statistically significant difference in VDT syndrome according to internet addiction groups(p<0.001) besides ocular symptoms, dry mouth and GI troubles. 4. The health behavior score was the lowest in high risk user group(p<0.001). There were significant differences between internet addiction groups in personal hygiene and habits of daily living(p<.002), the prevention of accidents(p<.002), the practice concerned with the prevention of infectious disease(p=.002), and mental health(p<.001). 5. There was also a significant negative correlation between internal addiction and health profile(r=-0.365, p<0.01) and a significant positive correlation between internal addiction and VDT syndrome(r=0.331, p<0.01). 6. As the result of structural model analysis, internet use time(/day), days of internet use(/1week), conversation frequency among family members, degree of brightness of internet use had significant direct effects on internet addiction. Conclusions: The results will help the development of an effective intervention program for the prevention and treatment of internal addiction by clarifying the effect of the internal addiction upon elementary school students' VDT syndrome and health behavior.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.153-167
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• 2018

Despite many criticisms that topographic survey data for the official land price appraising collected annually using field survey method might be inaccurate, there is only few concrete research on it. This paper investigated whether the topographic survey data collected by a local government using field survey method is consistent with the data analyzed using the digital elevation model to examine its accuracy. The accuracy analysis indicated that 324 out of 1537 lots of land have inconsistent results which means the ratio of inconsistency is 17.36%. Among 11 areas studied, five had the inconsistency ratio above 20% while the worst one had 38.71%. The inconsistency ratio is generally higher for the rough terrain with irregular slope and high altitude while it is relatively lower for the terrain with smooth landform. The analysis results imply that there are limitations in investigating the topology by field survey method. Therefore, the official land price appraising policy should set precise criterion and change over to highly accurate geographic information analysis method to effectively and accurately examine topology, given the fact that the topology of the Republic of Korea has complicated features with irregular slope and altitude.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-101
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• 2003

Purpose : this study was to examine the effect of using a nursing standards for the quality of nursing care in musculo-skeletal patients. Method : The approach to nursing quality assurance evaluation was selected process-outcome framework. The subjects ware 100 case of musculo-skeletal patients in orthopedic surgery nursing care unit of E. university hospital in seoul. The data of a control group were collected from 23 December 2001 to 20 March 2002 and an experimental group were collected from 1 June to 25 August 2002. The instruments used for this study were a nursing care standards in musculo-skeletal disorder patients developed by the investigator and an evaluation tool for the quality of nursing care in orthopedic surgery patients developed by soon-ook Choi in 1995. It's reliability is Cronbach alpha=.8628. The data were analyzed by means of $x^1$-test, t-test, ANOVA with SPSS program. Results : This study are as fellows : 1. Scores of the quality of nursing care in standard 1 in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group with no significant difference(t=-8.793, p=.000), scores of the quality of nursing care in standard 2 in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group with significant difference(t=-8.793, p=.000) and standard 3 in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group with significant difference(t=-10.550, p=.000). scores of the quality of nursing care in standard 4 in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group with significant difference(t=-8.793, p=.000). scores of the quality of nursing care in standard 4 in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group with no significant difference(t=-1.833, p=.070). 2. Scores of the quality of nursing care in criteria 28 of 33 criteria in the experimental group were higher than those of the control group with significant difference in 12 criteria(p<.05 ). 3. Scores of the quality of nursing care in standard 1 to standard 4(process evaluation); the experimental group were higher than those of the control group with significant difference(t=-10.704, p=.000). scores of the quality of nursing care in standard 5(outcome evaluation); the experimental group were higher than those of the control group. but no significant difference(t=-1.833, p=.070). 4. Scores of the quality of nursing care in experimental group were higher than those of the control group with significant difference(t=-10.794, p=.000). Conclusion : Through this study, I'm sure that using a nursing care standards in musculo-skeletal disorder patients improve quality of nursing care and nursing care standards are effective nursing care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to investigate the irradiatiion effects on the capillary and endothelial cell in the submandibular gland. Sprague-Dawley strain male rats were singly irradiated to their neck region with the dose of 5Gy by 6MV X-irradiation and sacrificed on the 6 hours, 12 hours, 1, 3, 7, and 14days after irradiation. The authors observed the histological changes of the capillary at H & E and PAS staining under a light microscope, and also observed the ultrastructural changes of the endothelial cell using a transmission electron microscope. The obtaining results were as follows: 1. In the light microscopic examination, the capillary density was slightly increased on the 1day after irradiation, and increased until the 7 days after irradiatiion. After then, capillary density was apparently decreased. 2. The reaction to PAS staining at acinar cells was decreased on the 6 hours after irradiation, and recovered on the 7days after irradiation. But reaction was decreased on the 14days after irradiation agan, after then, gradually recovered with days. 3. In the transmission electron microscopic examination, mild proliferation of cytoplasmic process of the endothelial cell and reduction in luminal size were observed just after irradiation. After then, nuclear degeneration, marked proliferation of cytoplasmic process, thickened basal lamina, and numerous cytoplasmic vesicles were observed on the 1day after irradiation. These changes were recovered to normal on the 14days after 5Gy group, but not with 10Gy irradiation group. And destruction of endothelial cell and loss of basal lamina were not observed in both groups. 4. From the above results, reduction in luminal size, proliferation of cytoplasmic process and thickening of basal lamina were observed as the irradiation effects on the capillary and endothelial cell of the submandibular gland. And also, these changes may induce increase in capillary number and endothelial permeability by means of increase of cytoplasmic vesicle formation. The changes appeared earlier and more prominent in 10Gy irradiated group than in 5Gy irradiated group.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate the association between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus. The final analysis population of this study was composed of 4,830 adults with diabetes mellitus or periodontal disease and aged 19 years or older, based on the third-edition data of the 4th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) (in 2009). Diabetic status and potential confounders were used in questionnaire materials and physical examination materials, and the presence of periodontal disease was used in the materials for oral health examination by a dentist. For diabetic status, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels <100 mg/dl were subcategorized into normal group and FPG levels ${\geq}100mg/dl$ into impaired fasting glucose group; glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels <7% into normal group and HbA1c ${\geq}7%$ into diabetes group, on the basis of the American Diabetes Association. According to the 2009 Korea Health Statistics, the case where the pocket depth is 3 mm or more was defined as periodontal disease. The association between the two diseases was evaluated through $x^2$-test and logistic regression analysis using R-commander 2.14. In impaired fasting glucose group, community periodontal index (CPI) groups 3 to 4 had higher risks for periodontal disease 1.23 times (95% confidence interval, 1.07~1.42) than those of CPI groups CPI 0~2, even after adjustment for several confounders. In addition, periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus showed statistically significant differences depending on age, sex, income level, educational background, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and snack intake. The analyses of the third-edition data of the 4th KNHANES showed that there was a statistically significant association between periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus as examined by means of CPI in this study.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.548-556
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to clarify the relict landform development of fluvial terrace and the soil characteristics occurring on the fluvial deposits. The physico-chemical properties of soil that are developed on terrace deposits and X-ray diffraction analysis of clay were investigated specifically. The horizon of $A_1$ consists of silt loam with reddish-brown color (5YR4/3). Its soil structures is a weak, fine, subangular, and blocky, breaking to granular. The horizon of $B_{1t}\;and\;B_{2t}$ are silt clay with either a yellowish red (5YR5/6), bright red (2.5YR4/6) color. This soil structure is weak, subangular, and blocky, with thin discontinuous bright red (2.5YR4/6) clay cutans and soft manganese concretions. This red soil structure is made on heavy-textures. It is packed compactly with parent materials of high fluvial surface sediments, and usually has a $A_1-B_{1t}-B_{2t}-C$ profile, from top to bottom. In most cases, clay accumulation in the B-horizon and clay cutans on ped surfaces are observed, which means the argillic horizon has formed. The soils derived from fluvial surface deposits are associated with soils. The soils on the high fluvial surface are considered to be a kind of paleo-red soil which were developed by strong desilicification and rubefaction, and strong leaching of bases under warmer bio-climatic condition during the old Pleistocene period. According to these morphological and anlaytical characteristics,geomorphological features and bio-climatic conditions under which the soil have developed on the high terrace sediment indicate that the soil should be classified as paleo-red soils.