• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.93-99
• /
• 2020

A majority of car crash is affected by careless driving that causes extensive economic and social costs, as well as injuries and fatalities. Thus, the research of precise crash detection systems is very significant issues in automotive safety. A lot of crash detection algorithms have been developed, but the coverage of these algorithms has been limited to few scenarios. Road scenes and situations need to be considered in order to expand the scope of a collision detection system to include a variety of collision modes. The proposed algorithm effectively handles the x, y, and z axes of the sensor, while considering time and suggests a method suitable for various real worlds. To reduce nuisance and false crash detection events, the algorithm discriminated between driving mode and parking mode. The performance of the suggested algorithm was evaluated under various scenarios, and it successfully discriminated between driving and parking modes, and it adjusted crash detection events depending on the real scenario. The proposed algorithm is expected to efficiently manage the space and lifespan of the storage device by allowing the vehicle's black box system to store only necessary crash event's videos.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.115.1-115.1
• /
• 2012

The Ultraviolet Coronagraph Spectrometer on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) observes low ionization state coronal mass ejection plasma at ultraviolet wavelengths. The CME plasmas are often detected in O VI ($3{\times}10^5K$), C III ($8{\times}10^4K$), $Ly{\alpha}$, and $Ly{\beta}$. Earlier in situ observations by the Solar Wind Ion Composition Spectrometer (SWICS) on board Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) have shown mostly high ionization state plasmas in interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICME) events, which implies that most CME plasma is strongly heated during its expansion in solar corona. In this analysis, we investigate whether the low ionization state CME plasmas observed by UVCS occupy small enough fractions of the CME volume to be consistent with the small fraction of ICMEs measured by ACE that show low ionization plasma, or whether the CME must be further ionized after passing the UVCS slit. To do this, we determine the covering factors of low ionization state plasma for 10 CME events. We find that the low ionization state plasmas in CMEs observed by UVCS show small covering factors. This result shows that the high ionization state ICME plasmas observed by the ACE results from a small filling factor of cool plasma. We also find that the low ionization state plasma volumes in faster CMEs are smaller than in slower CMEs. Most slow CMEs in this analysis are associated with a prominence eruption, while the faster CMEs are associated with X-class flares.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.57-64
• /
• 1980

The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship between experienced stressful events and its coping behavior within mentally wellness and illness, and to define the effective coping method under the stressful situation. By doing so, during the period of April, 1978- to March, 1979 the objects of this study were 100 persons who were under the psychiatric facilities in their first hospitalization, and who were registered in psychiatric out patient department in the form general hospitals located at Seoul selected as a experimental group. As a control group 100 persons who never experienced psychiatric treatment who were not under the current medical treatment, and who were tarring appropriate social roles in their community were selected, and in both groups utilized questimaires for Social Readjustment Pating Scale and Coping Scale. This study was tested by X$^2$ examinationand by F-ratio（analysis of variance). Results were as follows : Hypothesis 1. The actually experienced life events were expected to be higher in the experimental group than in the control group, but they did not show the significant difference between the groups.（ p >0.05) Thus hypothesis 1 was rejected. Hypothesis : 2. The stress scores were expected to be higher in the experimental group than in the control group, and also did show the significant difference between the groups ( p< 0.05）. Therefore hypothesis 2 was supported. Hypothesis 3. The non-effective coping behavior were expected to be higher in the experimental group than in the control group, and also did show the significant difference between the two groups(p < 0.001). Also hypothesis 3 was supported. Hypothesis 4 . The higher stress score groups (above 250 LCU ) were expected to utilize non.effective coping method more frequently than in the lower stress score groups (below 249 LCU ), and not only they showed high in utilizing non-effective coping method but also showed high in utililzing effective coping method. Thus hyphothesis 4 was partially supported. (p < 0.001) The following are drawn out based on the result of this study that the stress scores were higher, and more utilized non-effective coping method in the emotionally disturbances than in the emtionally healthies.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.80.2-81
• /
• 2016

We investigate the dependence of solar proton events (SPEs) on solar and interplanetary type II bursts associated with solar flares and/or CME-driven shocks. For this we consider NOAA solar proton events from 1997 to 2012 and their associated flare, CME, and type II radio burst data with the following subgroups: metric, decameter-hectometric (DH), and meter-to-kilometric (m-to-km) type II bursts. The primary findings of this study are as follows. First, about half (52%) of the m-to-km type II bursts are associated with SPEs and its occurrence rate is higher than those of DH type II bursts (45%) and metric type II bursts (19%). Second, the SPE occurrence rate strongly depends on flare strength and source longitude, especially for X-class flare associated ones; it is the highest in the central region for metric (46%), DH (54%), and m-to-km (75%) subgroups. Third, the SPE occurrence rate is also dependent on CME linear speed and angular width. The highest rates are found in the m-to-km subgroup associated with CME speed 1500 kms-1: partial halo CME (67%) and halo CME (55%). Fourth, in the relationships between SPE peak fluxes and solar eruption parameters (CME linear speed, flare flux, and longitude), SPE peak flux is mostly dependent on SPE peak flux for all three type II bursts (metric, DH, m-to-km). It is noted that the dependence of SPE peak flux on flare peak flux decreases from metric to m-to-km type II burst.

• Journal of the Korean Physical Society
• /
• v.73 no.9
• /
• pp.1393-1398
• /
• 2018

In conventional single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), only the photoelectric events in the detectors are used for image reconstruction. However, if the $^{131}I$ isotope, which emits high-energy radiations (364, 637, and 723 keV), is used in nuclear medicine, both photoelectric and Compton scattering events can be used for image reconstruction. The purpose of our work is to perform simulations for Compton SPECT by using the Geant4 application for tomographic emission (GATE). The performance of Compton SPECT is evaluated and compared with that of conventional SPECT. The Compton SPECT unit has an area of $12cm{\times}12cm$ with four gantry heads. Each head is composed of a 2-cm tungsten collimator and a $40{\times}40$ array of CdZnTe (CZT) crystals with a $3{\times}3mm^2$ area and a 6-mm thickness. Compton SPECT can use not only the photoelectric effect but also the Compton scattering effect for image reconstruction. The correct sequential order of the interactions used for image reconstruction is determined using the angular resolution measurement (ARM) method and the energies deposited in each detector. In all the results of simulations using spherical volume sources of various diameters, the reconstructed images of Compton SPECT show higher signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) without degradation of the image resolution when compared to those of conventional SPECT because the effective count for image reconstruction is higher. For a Derenzo-like phantom, the reconstructed images for different modalities are compared by visual inspection and by using their projected histograms in the X-direction of the reconstructed images.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.17-29
• /
• 1985

This study was to explore on the rank of stressful events related to the experience of hospitalization. 180 hospitalized patients on surgical and medical wards were asked to rate 49 stress-producing events associated with the experience of hospitalization. Two university hospitals was used as the setting for this study. Because the nature of the events in the stress scale pertain mainly to general short term hospitalizations, patients in the rehabilitation and psychiatric units of the hospital were not included. Prior to the beginning of the study, three times meeting were held with 12 head nurses and 3 investigators for discussing with the ethics subject related to the study. The pretest was done to determine whether items to use were pertinent or not. According to the result of the pretest, Volicer's Hospital Stress Rating Scale was selected as a study tool for this study. Data collection was used an interview and a card-sorting method. The interviewing was done by two authors and three graduate nursing students. A total 125 completed the card-sorting procedure. The stressful items were ordered from most to least stressful within the categories. Additional information such as: age, sex, marital status, and diagnosis was obtained from the kardex file. The ordered list of items, with mean values, as scored by the total of 125 respondents was significantly accepted at 1% level by Friedman test. (X²=1448.339) The event,“knowing you have a serious illness.”was rated highest stressful and (M=41.54) “Being awakened in the night by the nurse”least stressful. (M=14.73) Highly rated items were orderly “Thinking you might have cancer”“Thinking you might lose a kidney or some other organ”“Not being told what your diagnosis is. “Not knowing for sure what illness you have,”five lowerly rated items were orderly “Having to eat at different times than you usually do”“net being able to call family or friends on the phone”“Not having friends visit you,”“Having strangers sleep in the same room with you.”Futher analysis of the data was done to ascertain tao degree of similarity of judgment between different groups in the sample as to how events should be rated. The sample was divided into two groups according to the demographic characteristics and the degree of seriousness of illness. The rank order correlation was calculated for the two sets of ranks as a measure of consensus between the two groups. The correlations ranged from .85∼.99 all indicating a high degree of consensus.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.134-143
• /
• 2011

The present study aimed to investigate the diurnal variations in air concentrations and exchange fluxes of ammoniacal nitrogen ($NH_x$: ammonia ($NH_3$) and particulate ammonium) in a subalpine deciduous forest in central Japan during a week in summer. The $NH_3$ concentrations ($0.50\;{\mu}g\;N\;m^{-3}$ on average) showed a clear circadian variation, i.e., high and low in the daytime and nighttime, respectively. The concentration of particulate ammonium in the coarse fractions was extremely low, whereas that for the PM2.5 fraction was relatively high $0.55\;{\mu}g\;N\;m^{-3}$ on average). The main inorganic ion components of PM2.5 at the study site were ammonium and sulfate. The exchange fluxes of $NH_x$ were bidirectional. Both the maximum and minimum values occurred in the daytime, i.e., $0.39\;mg\;N\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ of downward flux and $0.11\;mg\;N\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ of upward flux for $NH_3$ and $0.25\;mg\;N\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ of downward flux and $0.13\;mg\;N\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ of upward flux for PM2.5 ammonium. The exchange fluxes of $NH_x$ at night could be considered as zero. The mean deposition velocity during the research period was almost zero for both $NH_3$ and PM2.5 ammonium. The atmosphere-forest exchange of $NH_x$ in the forest during the study period was balanced. The remarkably large deposition of $NH_x$ was attributable to meteorological events such as showers the night before that thoroughly washed the forest canopy and subsequent clear skies in the morning, which enhanced convection. The cleaning effect of rainfall and the rapid change in convection in the early morning should be monitored to evaluate and generalize the gas and particle exchange in a forest.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.118-127
• /
• 2003

$\rho$-Fluorophenylalanine (FPA), a phenylalanine analog, is able to induce apoptotic cell death of human acute leukemia Jurkat T cells. To better understand the mechanism by which FPA induces apoptotic cell death, the effect of ectopic expression of antiapoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, on FPA-induced apoptosis was investigated by employing lurkat T cells transfected with Bcl-2 gene (JT/Bcl-2) or Bcl-xL gene (1/Bcl-xL) and Jurkat T cells transfected with vector (JT/Neo or J/Neo). When Jurkat T cells, JT/Neo or J/Neo, were exposed to FPA at concentrations ranging from 0.63 to 5.0 mM, the cell viability determined by MTT assay declined in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, apoptotic DNA fragmentation along with several apoptotic events such as caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage, mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase-9 activation, caspase-3 activation, and degradation of PARP was induced. However, the FPA-induced cytotoxic effect, activation of caspase-8, and cleavage of Bid were significantly abrogated by ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL. At the same time, there was marked reduction in the level of cytochrome c release from mitorhondria, caspase-9 activation, caspase-3 activation, and degradation of PARP. These results indicate that caspase-8 activation, Bid cleavage, and mitochondrial cytochrome c release with subsequent activation of the caspase cascade are negatively regulated by Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL, and are thus required for FPA-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T cells

• Atmosphere
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 2008

Log normalized volume size distribution (dV/dlog$D_p$) with 52 size ranges from 0.5 to $20.0{\mu}m$ was measured for the cases of high $PM_{10}$ mass concentration (> $200{\mu}gm^{-3}$) using the Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS) at the Korea Global Atmosphere Watch Center (KGAWC) from 6 April, 2006 to 5 April, 2007. Black Carbon (BC), gaseous pollutants of $NO_X$ and $SO_2$ and ${\AA}ngstr\ddot{o}m$ exponent were also measured to examine the properties of the volume size distribution. From distinct difference of the high volume concentration (> $100{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$), the volume size distribution for each event day was clasified into four types: (1) Type 1 had the high volume concentration for supermicron particles from 2.3 to $6.0{\mu}m$ and maximum average volume concentration was $160.7{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ at $3.5{\mu}m$. (2) Type 2 represented the high volume concentration in the both size range of submicron ($0.7-1.0{\mu}m$) and supermicron particles ($2.1-4.1{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ and $136.2{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ were found at 0.8 and $3.3{\mu}m$ respectively. (3) Type 3 showed the high volume concentration in the size range of $0.5-3.5{\mu}m$ and highest volume concentration of $201.1{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$ at the particle size bin of $0.8{\mu}m$. (4) Type 4 was characterized by the high volume concentration for the fine particles less than $1.2{\mu}m$ and very high concentration of $446.8{\mu}m^3cm^{-3}$. ${\AA}ngstr\ddot{o}m$ exponent, concentration of gaseous ($NO_X$ and $SO_2$), and particle (BC) pollutants suggested that Type 1 was a typical volume size distribution for the Asian dust and Type 3 provided transportation of air pollutants. The distribution in Type 2 found to have both characteristics of the Asian dust and air pollutants, and Type 4 was took place during the foggy atmosphere containing high density of local pollutants. Based on the properties of volume size distribution, we can identify the three major events contributing the increase of $PM_{10}$ mass concentration, and hope to provide a guideline for discriminating the Asian dust from high $PM_{10}$ events. More case studies and longeto advance this determination method.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.29 no.spc1
• /
• pp.429-432
• /
• 1996

An x-ray astronomy experiment consisting of three collimated proportional counters and an X-ray Sky Monitor (XSM) was flown aboard the Indian Satellite IRS-P3 launched on March 21, 1996 from SHAR range in India. The Satellite is in a circular orbit of 830 km altitude with an orbital inclination of $98^{\circ}$ and has three axis stabilized pointing capability. Each pointed-mode Proportional Counter (PPC) is a multilayer, multianode unit filled with P-10 gas ($90\%$ Ar + $10\%\;CH_4$) at 800 torr and having an aluminized mylar window of 25 micron thickness. The three PPCs are identical and have a field of view of $2^{\circ}{\times}2^{\circ}$ defined by silver coated aluminium honeycomb collimators. The total effective area of the three PPCs is about 1200 $cm^2$. The PPCs are sensitive in 2-20 keV band. The XSM consists of a pin-hole of 1 $cm^2$ area placed 16 cm above the anode plane of a 32 cm$\times$32 cm position sensitive proportional counter sensitive in 3-8 keV interval. The position of the x-ray events is determined by charge division technique using nichrome wires as anodes. The principal objective of this experiment is to carry out timing studies of x-ray pulsars, x-ray binaries and other rapidly varying x-ray sources. The XSM will be used to detect transient x-ray sources and monitor intensity of bright x-ray binaries. Observations of black-hole binary Cyg X-1 and few other binary sources were carried out in early May and July-August 1996 period. Details of the x-ray detector characteristics are presented and preliminary results from the observations are discussed.