• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권9호
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• pp.1329-1336
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• 2000

Two experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of Murrah buffalo cows pulling sledges under field conditions on milk production and milk composition. In Exp. 1, 24 buffaloes in the fourth month of lactation were used. They were allotted to four treatments according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement: work or no work, and with or without urea-molasses cake supplementation (700 g/animal/day). Feeds consisted of 20 kg fresh elephant grass (18% DM), 2 kg rice bran per day and rice straw ad lib. The animals worked in pairs three hours per day (work done: $3464{\pm}786kJ/d$) five days a week for three months. Three teams worked in the morning and the others worked in the afternoon in the same day. The following day the working times were switched. In Exp. 2, 16 lactating Murrah buffalo cows in the sixth month of lactation were allotted to two groups (work and no work). They were fed with fresh ruzi grass (Brachiaria ruziziensis) ad lib. supplemented with 2 kg rice bran and 700 g urea-molasses cake. The working regime was similar to that of the first experiment (work done: $3753{\pm}879kJ/d$) and they worked for two months. In the first experiment, there was a small but significant drop (p<0.05) in milk yield from 3.5 to 3.0 kg/day due to work, but there was no supplementation effect. The working buffaloes lost 5.2 kg whereas the non-working animals gained 9.7 kg during the three months (p<0.05). Supplementation increased live weight by 9.9 kg as compared to -5.4 kg for those not supplemented (p<0.05). Milk composition was not affected by the treatments. In the second experiment, daily milk production was similar for both treatments and approximately 3 kg. No significant differences were found in milk composition or in live weight changes for working and non-working groups, respectively. It was concluded that work may cause a reduction in milk yield and a loss of live weight on a poor rice straw diet but that an appropriate supplementation can alleviate this situation.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.143-151
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• 2020

Objective: Bidi is an inexpensive, low-processed, hand-rolled tobacco product. In Bangladesh, especially in Rangpur, tobacco farming and bidi processing are common. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the impact of bidi making on children working in bidi factories. Methods: This qualitative(walk-through survey) and quantitative(questionnaire-based survey and a urine cotinine level quantitation) study was conducted in Rangpur, Bangladesh in 2017. Study population included child-workers aged ≤14 years who were regularly employed as bidi makers. Findings: The results of the walk-through survey revealed hazardous working environments at bidi factories. For the quantitative survey, 171 child-workers were categorized into "less-working"(<5 hours/day) and "more-working"(≥5 hours/day) groups; additionally, "forced-working"(forced into work by parents) and "voluntary-working"(working voluntarily) groups were delineated within the same population. In the logistic regression analysis, odds ratios(ORs) of respiratory symptoms and unusual absence(absent ≥5 days/month) were higher in the "more-working" group than in the "less-working" group(unusual absence: OR, 2.91; 95% confidence interval[CI], 1.43-5.94), and this association became higher in the "forced-working" group with longer working hours(OR, 5.68, 95%CI 2.30-14.00). Conclusions: Cheap, hand-rolled tobacco(bidi) is harmful to the health of bidi-making child-workers. Children in poverty bow to the demands of cheap labor and poverty and jeopardize their health and future prospects by working in bidi factories. Tobacco control policies should consider the social effects of tobacco beyond its biological effects.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.235-251
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• 2005

항공운송산업의 선진극인 독일에서는 1994년 새로 제정된 근로시간법(Arbeitszeitgesetz)에서 통상 8시간을 1일 최대근로시간으로 규정하여 1주일간 근로시간을 48시간으로 규정하는 한편, 6개월 또는 24주 이내의 기간을 기준으로 1일 평균 8시간을 넘지 않는 범위 내에서 1일 8시간을 초과하여 10시간까지 근로시키는 것을 가능하게 함으로써 변형근로시간제를 채택할 경우 특정 주의 근로시간을 최대 60시간까지 가능하게 하고 있다. 그리고, 근로시간법에서는 1일 근로의 종료에서 다음 근로의 개시까지는 최소 11시간의 휴식시간을 부여하도록 함으로써 근로자가 1일 동안 사용자의 지휘하에 놓이는 시간의 상한을 13시간으로 제한하는 독특한 입법형식을 취하고 있다. 한편, 근로시간법 제5조, 제7조, 제14조, 그리고 제15조에서는 항공기승무원등과 같이 특수한 형태의 근로를 하는 직종에 대해서는 일반원칙의 적용을 배제하는 예외조항을 두고 있으며, 점포영업시간법에서도 특정한 경우에 대해서는 동법의 적용을 배제하는 예외조항을 두고 있다. 이라한 예외규정에 따라 제정된 행정명령인 항공운송사업자에 관한 2차 볍규명령(2.DV LuftBO)에서는 개별 항공기승무원의 블록시간, 비행근무시간, 휴식시간 등에 대해 자세한 제한규정을 설정하고 있다. 특히, 다른 나라에서는 찾아보기 어려운 시차를 고려한 휴식시간 부여기준 연장이라든가 최대비행근로시간을 1일 20시간까지 가능하도록 직접 규정하고 있는 것은 항공기승무원의 건강을 유지할 수 있도록 함으로써 항공안전을 확보하는 한편, 항공운송산업의 현실을 정확히 반영하고 있다. 독일의 이러한 입법방식은 항공기승무원들의 근로시간 및 휴식시간에 대해 근로기준법과 항공법에서 각각 규정함으로써, 일반 업종 근로자들에게 적용되는 근로기준법의 규정과 항공기승무원들의 근로특정을 고려한 항공법의 규정을 중첩적으로 준수하여야 함으로 인해 각종 문제점을 노정하고 있는 우리나라도 참고하고 도입할만한 우수한 입법으로 판단된다. 아울러 향후 제정될 JAR 부속서 Q에도 반영되어 유럽국가 모두에 적용되어야 할 우수한 제도이다.

• 한국직업건강간호학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.5-19
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• 1998

This descriptive-correlational study was conducted to identify the major factors affecting health promoting behaviors. 344 workers who employed in four different manutacturing plants in Taegu and Kyungbuk area were selected by convenience sampling method. Data were collected from April let to April 18th, 1998 by ready structured questionaires. The purpose of this study was to offer the basic data for health promotion theory development and health promotion strategy planning. This study was based on Pender's Health Promotion Model and examined three variables health promoting behavior, self-concept and perceived importance of health. The Life Style and Health Habit Assessment scale(LHHA) developed by Pender(1982).The Self-concept scale developed by Choi(1972) and the Health Value scale developed by Wallston, Maides and Wallston(1980) were used for this study. Data was analyzed by percentage, mean. t-test. ANOVA, Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Stepwise Multiple Regression. The major findings of this study are as follows ; 1. The average level of health promoting behavior practice was 63.2% and possible range was from 62 to 248 point. The mean score of respondent's positive self-concept was 75.8. 81.4% of respondents put a high priority on the importance of health. 2. There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of general self care and less amount of working hours per day(P=0.000), less amount of working hours per week(P=0.000). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of nutrition and age(0.002), marital status(0.000), working hour per day(0.008), working hours per week(0.001), There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of nutriton and sex(0.000), age(0.000), marital status(0.025), education level(0.000), working hours per day(0.002), working hours per week(0.006). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of sleep and rest and age(0.003), marital status(0.002), working hours per day(0.001), working hours per week(0.001). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of stress management and working hours per day(0.001), working hours per week(0.002). There was a significant difference between the practice level in the category of self-actualization and working hours per day(0.050). 3. General characteristics influencing the respodent's self-concept were level(P=0.009) and worksite(P=0.001). 4. The results of the hypothesis tests are as follows The first hypothesis, that "The respondent who have more positive self-concept will have higher scores in the practice of health promoting behavior." was supported(r=0.2973, P=0.0001). The second hypothesis that "The respondent who have higher perception level on importance of health will have higher scores in the practice health promoting behavior." was rejected(r=- 0665, P=0.2225). 5. The most important factor that affects health promoting behavior practice was working hours per week(6.0%). The combination of working hours per week, age, education level accounted for 10.0% of the variance in health promoting behavior. In conclusion, the results of this study on industrial workers supported Pender's health promotion model in partial and showed the relatedness between self concept and the practice of health promoting behavior. Further research is required to find factors influencing health promoting behaviors of industrial workers.

• 노동경제논집
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.59-88
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• 2014

주5일 근무제도의 노동시장 외적 효과를 개인-일자리 고정효과 모형을 이용하여 추정한 결과 직장에서 주5일 근무제도의 실시는 근로자의 주관적 건강상태를 향상시키고 운동 횟수를 늘렸으며, 직업훈련 외의 교육이나 연수를 받을 확률을 늘리고 근로자의 주관적 삶의 질을 향상시킨 것으로 나타났다. 또한 문화 활동이나 여가에 사용하는 지출을 늘렸으며 근로자가 일과 직장에 대해 갖는 만족도도 높인 것으로 나타났다. 효과의 상당 부분은 단순한 근로시간의 단축보다는 휴일이 추가된 것에 기인한 것으로 추정되었다.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.13-26
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the present conditions of the night work and shift work systems in the heavy chemical industrial complexes found in Changwon, Masan, and Chinhae. Korea. We will attempt to define and classify their problems; and to discover further ways to improve their systems. Fifty production factories were carefully selected as the subjects for this study. The shift systems were classified into five categories. The consecutive night shifts were long in almost all cases with 6 days (36 factories) and 7 days (13 factories). It was found that the night work of about] 2 hours continues for a long period in the weekly rotation full-day shift systems and the night-including non-full-day shift systems, and there was no holiday during a shift cycle in the continuous full-day shift systems. The work time in most shift systems was longer than the 44-hours/week permitted by Korean law. Considering the characteristics of these various types of shift systems, the most essential thing to reduce the shift workers' work load may be to shorten their working hours and improve the schedule of shift systems. It is highly recommended as a fundamental solution. to reduce the portal-to-portal hours from 12 to 8 in the night-including non-full-day shift systems and the weekly rotation full-day shift systems, and at least to employ a 4-team 3-shift system in the continuous full-day shift systems. In addition to this, it should from now on be taken as a goal to restructure the types of shift systems by taking such measures as avoiding continuous night work if possible, providing sufficient off-duty intervals both before and after night shift, providing increased opportunities for workers to nap during night work. and increasing the number of holidays.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare the dietary behavior of middle school and high school students who had working mothers with students whose mothers were not employed. Self-reports on their dietary behavior and one-day dietary records were obtained from 396 middle school students and 364 high school students using anonymous questionnaires. The results were summarized as follows; the students with working mothers were more likely to not to eat properly and their dietary behavior was generally inadequate, showing a greater irregularity for meals, more of a tendency to skip breakfast, less diversity of food intake, and a higher incidence of drinking and smoking. One-day dietary records obtained by 24k recall methods showed less diverse food intake and a higher rate of skipped meals in students with working mothers. Drinking and smoking were more prevalent among middle school students whose mothers were working than among those students with unemployed mothers, but in the case of high school student the difference was not significant. With more and more housewives seeking jobs, more attention needs to be given to the dietary and nutritional intake of their children, especially among middle school students. High school students seem to be less affected than middle school students by their mother's employment.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.188-200
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• 2013

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the essential structure of the lived experience of working mothers' parenting burden in Korea. Methods: Eight working mothers with young children were interviewed. The Colaizzi analysis of phenomenological research was applied. Results: Seven theme clusters were extracted: a life with constant conflict, sense of guilt, feeling anxious because of lack of information about education for their children, social stigma as a deficient mother, family relationship becoming distant, a life being exhausted, day to day struggle. Conclusion: These results provide an opportunity to have a better understanding of the experiences of working mothers related to parenting their young children. It would also serve as a medium for the formulation of appropriate nursing intervention relevant to burdens of parenthood.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.34-43
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• 2007

Background: Previous research has suggested that single doses of a standardised Panax ginseng extract can decrease fasted blood-glucose levels and modulate cognitive performance in healthy young volunteers. The latter has generally been seen in terms of improved secondary memory performance. However, both the cognitive effects of chronic administration of ginseng and the potential modulation of working memory have received comparatively little research attention. Aims: The current double-blind, placebo-controlled, balanced cross-over study investigated the effects of 8-weeks administration of Korean ginseng extract (200 mg) on cognitive performance, gluco-regulatory parameters and ratings of subjective mood and 'quality of life'. Methods: 'Eighteen healthy young participants were assessed pre-dose and 3 hours post-dose on the mornings of Day 1, Day 29 and Day 57 of 8 week treatment regimens of both placebo and ginseng. A four-week placebo wash-out separated the treatment phases. Each assessment included the Cognitive Drug Research battery, computerised working memory tasks, and Bond-Lader mood scales. The WHO Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF) was completed once per visit. Gluco-regulatory parameters were assessed with assays of blood glucose, insulin and HbA1c. Results: Data from the 16 participants that completed the study showed that there were no significant, acute treatment related differences on Day 1 of treatment, or in gluco-regulatory parameters throughout the study. However, time related performance improvements were evident following chronic administration of ginseng on the '3-Back' and 'Corsi-block' computerised working memory tasks. Ginseng was also associated with an improved score on the 'social relations' subscale of the WHOQOL-100, and a significant shift on the 'calm' factor of the Bond-Lader mood scales (from calm/relaxed towards excited/tense). Conclusion: The results of the current study suggest that Korean ginseng extract can modulate working memory performance and subjective ratings of 'quality of life' and mood. Replication with a larger sample size may further elucidate the actions of this product.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.321-328
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• 2000

요일구성, 공휴일 및 윤년에 따른 영업일수 변동은 월별 또는 분기별 경제지표 일시적으로 변동시킴에 따라 지표분석의 교란요인으로 작용하고 있다. 본고에서는 경제지표에서 영업일수 변동의 효과를 RegARIMA모형 등으로 추정한 후 이를 원지표로부터 조정하였다. 그 결과 영업일수를 조정한 지표가 조정하지 않은 지표에 비해 경제지표의 기조적 움직음일 잘 나타내는 것으로 나타났다.