• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.66-80
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• 1998

With the opening of healthcare market, the health care environment in Korea is anticipating a drastic change. In this Internationally open market environment, it is necessary to introduce a systematic health care plan and DRG system which offer qualitative medical services as well as reduced cost. Purpose of this study is to develop and test the critical pathway for Cesarean section patient in the way to be possible the integrated inpatient management. It was adopted the process of six phases to develop the critical pathway as the theoretical framework implemented by Johns Hopkins Hospital, Maryland, U.S.A. In the first phase, make a selection of diagnosis/procedures to develop. In the second phase, organize a development team consisted of eight expertises working in maternity nursing area. In the third phase, analyze the overall medical service offered to patient through review medical records and decided the service content and the implementation period for the Cesarean section patient. In the forth phase, make out a preliminary critical pathway after verification of expert group on content validity. In the fifth phase, validity operate to ten Cesarean section patients to test implementation in practice by using the preliminary critical pathway, In the sixth phase, defined the final critical pathway. The result of this study was as follows. 1. There were classified 8 categories as monitoring/assesment, treatment, medication, activity, diet, test, consult, education/discharge plan for vertical axis and showed hospital stayed from admission to discharge for horizontal axis of critical pathway through analysis 68 Cesarean section patients medical records. 2. After critical review 68 medical records to make out a preliminary critical pathway, hospital stays for horizontal axis were showed 6 days, mean hospital stays were 7.5 days, 2.1 days were to be taken operation after admission and 4.2 days were stayed until discharge after operation. 3. After making out a questionare in 90 items of a medical service content of eight categories and verifying the content validity of expertises, the 85 items of the preliminary critical pathway were selected by expertises agreement over 88% and modified or deleted 5 items showing agreement below 75%. 4. After verifying a validity to 10 patients for 4 weeks, hospital stays were 5.9 days. There were deleted 1 item and modified or supplemented the 9 items of the 10 items.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.177-181
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• 2016

This cross-sectional descriptive and qualitative study was aimed to study the people participation and their approaches toward the human carcinogenic liver fluke, Opisthorchis viverrini, prevention and control in Ban Chaun sub-district administrative organization (BCSAO) and Bamnet Narong sub-district municipality (BNSM), Bamnet Narong district, Chaiyaphum Province, Thailand between June 2013 and February 2014. Participants were purposive selected, included chiefs of sub-district administrative organizations, sub-district municipalities, sub-district health promotion hospitals (SHPHs), heads of village, and a further sample was selected with a multi-stage random sampling for public health volunteers, and villagers. The pre-designed questionnaire contained items for individualized status and the participatory steps of sharing ideas, decision-making, and planning, procession, evaluation, and mutual benefit, for the project O. viverrini prevention and control (POPC). In-depth interviews were used for collection of need approaches to POPC. With 375 participants who completed the questionnaire, it was found that people had a high level regarding to participate in the POPC, particularly in the process stage ($\bar{X}=3.78$, S.D. = 0.56), but the lowest level was found in sharing ideas, decision making, and planning step ($\bar{X}=3.65$, S.D. = 0.63). By comparison, participant status and organization did not significantly differ with people participation. In each step, Ban Chaun sub-district had a high level of participation in the step of sharing ideas, decision making, and planning toward POPC, more than Bamnet Narong sub-district municipality (t=2.20, p=0.028). Approaches for POPC in Ban Chaun sub-district and Bamnet Narong sub-district municipality included requirements for budget support, annual campaigns for liver fluke prevention and control, campaign promotion, risk group observation, home visiting, community rules regarding reducing raw fish consumption in their communities, and a professional public health officer for working in their communities, BCSAO, BNSM, and SHPH, for O. viverrini prevention and control. This study indicates that people realize that eradication of the liver fluke needs a continuous people participation for O. viverrini prevention and control in their communities.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigat the prevalence rates disease in industrial workers (16, 453) in Pusan city from Jan. 1, 1993 to Dec. 31, 1995. The results were as follows: The male to female ratio was 1.9:1.0 and average age was 43$\pm$17 in male, 38$\pm$15 in female of subjects. The percentage value of patients was 14.0% in male, 7.4% in female of total patients 1, 932 (11.0%). The prevalence raters of pulmonary tuberculosis, hepatic disease, and occupational hearing loss were significantly increased in male than females (p<0.001). But anaemia and organic solvent poisonings significantly increased in females than males (p<0.001). The prevalence rates of hepatic disease increased significantly in below 29, 30-39 and 40-49 age groups, that of cardiovascular disease increased significantly in the age group over 50 years (p<0.001). According to industrial types, the prevalence rate of cadiovascular disease increased in electricity and constration and shoes and rubber in disease, there of hepatic disease increased in primary metal, transportation and maintenance and other industrial, those of occupational hearing loss in drink and food and machinery. The prevalence rate of disease increased significantly long working duration in all diseases except lead poisoning.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.361-375
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• 2015

An energy pile is one of the novel ground heat exchangers (GHEX's) that is a economical alternative to the conventional closed-loop vertical GHEX. The combined system of both a structural foundation and a GHEX contains a heat exchange pipe inside the pile foundation and allows a working fluid circulating through the pipe, inducing heat exchange with the ground formation. In this paper, a group of energy piles equipped with parallel U-type (5, 8 and 10 pairs) heat exchange pipes was constructed in a test-bed by fabricating in large-diameter cast-in-place concrete piles. In addition, a closed-loop vertical GHEX with 30m depth was constructed nearby to conduct in-situ thermal response tests (TRTs) and to compare with the thermal performance of the cast-in-place energy piles. A series of thermal performance tests was carried out with application of an artificial cooling and heating load to evaluate the heat exchange rate of energy piles. The applicability of cast-in-place energy piles was evaluated by comparing the relative heat exchange efficiency and heat exchange rate with preceding studies. Finally, it is concluded that the cast-in-place energy piles constructed in the test-bed demonstrate effective and stable thermal performance compared with the other types of GHEX.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3101-3103
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• 2016

Background: According to the most recent estimation of GLOBOCAN, Cambodia has the highest incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer in Southeast Asia. A screen-and-treat strategy using visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA test) and cryotherapy has been implemented in Cambodia's national cervical cancer screening program since 2013. However, where resources are available, cervical cytology with or without high-risk HPV DNA testing is the preferred screening method used in this country. Aim: This study aims to calculate the prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology and explain the possible factors contributing to a reduced quality of cervical cytology among women participating in a hospital-based cervical cancer screening program in Cambodia. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was conducted using information from the cytology and pathology database in the Department of Pathology of Calmette Hospital between January 2012 and December 2015. Prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology, based on the Bethesda 2001 classification, was calculated. Data on the adequacy of cytological specimens were analyzed in order to explain the factors contributing to a reduced quality of cervical cytology interpretation. Results: Among 6,207 women who participated in the cervical cancer screening program at Calmette Hospital during 2012 and 2015, 388 (6.25%) had abnormal cytology, which could be classified into Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance (92 cases; 1.48%), Atypical Squamous Cells - Cannot Exclude High-Grade Intraepithelial Lesion (13 cases; 0.21%), Atypical Glandular Cells (11 cases; 0.18%), Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (221 cases; 3.56%), High-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (26 cases; 0.42%), and Squamous Cell Carcinoma (25 cases; 0.40%). Unsatisfactory smears made up 12.2% of the total cases. The most frequently identified factor leading to unsatisfactory smears was the absence of cells from the transformation zone. Conclusions: The present study showed an overall prevalence of abnormal cervical cytology of 6.25%, which is comparable to that in many large population-based studies in the Asia Pacific region. Nevertheless, the remarkably high rate of unsatisfactory smears in this study justifies further improvement in specimen sampling among Cambodian gynecologists.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.187-197
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of outpatient cost sharing reduction on health care utilization of children under 6 years old. Methods : The data in this analysis was the health insurance claims data between August 2006 and July 2008. The study group was divided into two age groups, namely 0-5 years old and 6-10 years old. This study evaluated the impact of policy change on office visits per person and expenditure per visit. In order to do so, the double difference analysis is used. Results: The results showed that outpatient cost-sharing reduction has never really had a huge impact on office visits per person and expenditure per visit. Conclusions: This study showed that the outpatient cost sharing reduction for children under 6 years old policy is not working. Therefore, cost sharing of National Health Insurance by income class is needed.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.188-197
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• 2013

The purpose of the study is to develop an index for basic management diagnosis of domestic industrial crafts companies. After the verification processes aimed at experts working in industrial crafts companies, the index of basic management diagnosis that has been researched and developed so far was turned out to be inappropriate to investigate the management of industrial crafts companies, in which the organized management system is not equipped due to their small-scale business environment. It is because the current index of management diagnosis was designed for diagnosis from the functional perspective. Therefore, in this study, the new index of management diagnosis was developed in order to diagnose the management of industrial crafts companies from the process perspective. This index is divided into three elements of Plan, Do, and See, which represents the management process cycle with focus on activities of industrial crafts companies. In addition, through literature study and Focus Group Interview (FGI) based on this index, detailed aspects and items of diagnosis, and checklists were emerged. This index of management is designed for the basic management diagnosis of industrial crafts, and it is possible to figure out management problems from diverse perspectives. For further research, the effectiveness of the index of management should be verified through diagnosing the management of industrial crafts companies and grasping management problems from varied perspectives.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.490-498
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to investigate how many kindergarten parents use after-school programs and specialization activities and to suggest effective policy improvement plans based on the results. After 693 parents were interviewed by the investigators, the collected data were presented by calculating the percentages, averages, and standard deviations. First of all, the results of after-school are presented. First, about 38.2% of the surveyed parents spent additional expenses to use after - school program, and the average of additional costs was about 62,850 won. When the cost burden and satisfaction were evaluated as 5 points, it was rated as normal. Second, the main reason for participating in the after-school program was both parents were working, followed by the parents' wishes for their children to spend time with their friends. Next, the results for specialization activities at kindergartens are presented. First, the proportion of children using after-school specialization activities was 68.2%, of which 79% were expenditures, the number of activities was 2.69, and the average cost was 83,540 won. Second, the most preferred after-school specialization activity by age group was English, and the most common reason for this was that the children liked to participate. Improvement of the educational contents suggested as the most important thing to improve after-school specialization activities. Lastly, the results showed that after-school specialization activities reduced parents' spending on private education. On the basis of the results, some discussions are presented included the development after-school programs focusing on the different needs of children and parents accordingly.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.2 s.41
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• pp.217-227
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• 1993

Preadjusted appliance, following the original concept of the Andrews Straight-Wire appliance, became increasingly common in the 1980s. In six phases of treatment, anchorage control, leveling and aligning, overbite control, overjet reduction, space closure, and finishing are very effective with using the preadjusted appliances. Space closure is the phase of treatment in which the difference between standard edgewise and preadjusted mechanics is most noticeable. Orthodontists have been able to reduce the use of closing loops and, because of the level slot lineup, enjoy the advantages of sliding mechanics. In 1990, Dr. John C. Bennett and Richard P. McLaughlin introduced the new space closure system, namely, elastic 'tiebacks'. They found an $.019'\times.025'$ working archwire most effective in an .022'-slot system. Hooks of .024' stainless steel or .028' brass wire are soldered to the upper and lower archwires. The force required for space closure is delivered by elastic 'tiebacks'. An elastic modulo stretched by 2-3mm(to twice its normal length) usually delivers 0.5-1.5mm of space closure per month. Group movement and sliding mechanics are combined for gentle, controlled space closure, so that about 0.5mm of incisor retraction and 0.5mm of mesial molar movement can be seen each month. The tiebacks are replaced every four to six weeks. By using the elastic 'tiebacks', the next two cases were treated during space closure. Even though we found some clinical problems of this mechanics, long treatment time, hard to control of vertical dimension and anchorage, the application method of this system is so simple that orthodontists can manage many patients during short chair time. But we must apply this mechanics after perfect understanding of the biomechanics in tooth movement.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.665-671
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• 2020

MPEG-I is actively working on standardization on the coding of immersive video which provides up to 6 degree of freedom (6DoF) in terms of viewpoint. 3DoF+ video, which provides motion parallax to omnidirectional view of 360 video, renders a view at any desired viewpoint using multiple view videos acquisitioned in a limited 3D space covered with upper body motion at a fixed position. The MPEG-I visual group is developing a test model called TMIV (Test Model for Immersive Video) in the process of development of the standard for 3DoF+ video coding. In the TMIV, the redundancy between a set of input view videos is removed, and several atlases are generated by packing patches including the remaining texture and depth regions into frames as compact as possible, and coded. This paper presents an atlas generation method that removes small-sized blocks in the atlas for more efficient 3DoF+ video coding. The proposed method shows a performance improvement of BD-rate bit savings of 0.7% and 1.4%, respectively, in natural and graphic sequences compared to TMIV.