• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.354-361
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• 2019

Renewable energy from biomass and biodegradable wastes can significantly supplement the global energy demand if properly harnessed. Pyrolysis is the most profound modern technique that has proved effective and efficient in the energy conversion of biomass to yield various products like bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. This study focuses on optimization of slow pyrolysis of banana peels waste to yield banana peels vinegar, tar and biochar as bio-infrastructure products. Response surface methodology using central composite design was used to determine the optimum conditions for the banana wastes using a batch reactor pyrolysis system. Three factors namely heating temperature ($350-550^{\circ}C$), sample mass (200-800 g) and residence time (45-90 min) were varied with a total of 20 individual experiments. The optimal conditions for wood vinegar yield (48.01%) were $362.6^{\circ}C$, 989.9 g and 104.2 min for peels and biochar yield (30.10%) were $585.9^{\circ}C$, 989.9 g and 104.2 min. The slow pyrolysis showed significant energy conversion efficiencies of about 90% at p-value ${\leq}0.05$. These research findings are of primary importance to Uganda considering the abundant banana wastes amounting to 17.5 million tonnes generated annually, thus using them as pyrolysis feedstock can boost the country's energy status.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.399-409
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of microbial products on growth of chinese cabbage and microorganisms in soil. Two different levels of microbial products, such as 50 times and 100 times diluted solutions of chitosan, wood vinegar and EM activity liquid, were treated for foliar application. the results were summarized as follows : Among foliar applications of microbial products, 100 times diluted solution of chitosan was effective on growth of chinese cabbage comparing to other levels of dilutions and untreated control plot. The number of microorganism in the soil tended to increase under the treatment of microbial products compared to control plot. Especially, the numbers of the bacteria and actinomycetes were estimated $73.67{\times}10^3$ CFU/g and $34.00{\times}10^3$ CFU/g, respectively, under the treatment of 100 times diluted solution of chitosan.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.427-436
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of microbial product on microorganisms in soil and the growth of leaf lettuce. The test material were treated with chitosan, wood vinegar and EM activity liquid, and treatment concentration was 50 times solution and 100 times solution level with foliar application. The results were summarized as follows : Among foliar application of microorganisms treatments diluted by chitosan 100 times solution level was effective considering growth of leaf lettuce as compared other dilutions and control plot. Change of microorganism number in the soil for cultivation of chinese cabbages and leaf lettuce was increased with microorganism treatment plot as compared with control plot. Specially chitosan 100 times solution level showes the most significant effect.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.430-434
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• 2010

This study was carried out to compare anti-oxidant activities of chaff vinegar liquors. We examined the effects of several kinds of chaff vinegar liquor (CA; CA1, chaff vinegar liquor; CA2, wood vinegar liquor; CA3, chaff vinegar liquor with red ginseng; and CA4, chaff vinegar liquor with rosemary) by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing activity of plasma (FRAP) assay, and $Cu^{2+}$ reduction. The results showed that CA have potential in reducing DPPH, FRAP and $Cu^{2+}$ activity. CA was increased its anti-oxidant activity by the fermentation of rosemary extract. The present results suggest that the chaff vinegar liquor could be used for anti-oxidant agents and/or be developed for anti-oxidative potentiation of prototypes.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.248-252
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• 2008

A 6-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate effects of dietary supplementation with wood vinegar (WV) as a feed additive for juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets supplemented with 0(control), 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 and 2.0% WV/kg diet($WV_0,\;WV_{0.01},\;WV_{0.025},\;WV_{0.05},\;WV_{0.1},\;WV_{0.25},\;WV_{0.5},\;and\;WV_{2.0}$, respectively) were prepared by mixing with basal diet. After the 6-week feeding trial, fish fed the $WV_{0.1}$ diet had significantly higher weight gain, feed efficiency, and specific growth rate than those of fish fed the other diets(P<0.05). No mortality was observed in the treatment groups fed the experimental diets for 6 weeks. The liver antioxidant activity of fish fed the $WV_{0.01},\;WV_{0.025},\;and\;WV_{0.05}$ diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets. The lysozyme activity of fish fed the $WV_{0.25}$ diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Fish fed diets supplemented with WV had significantly lower cumulative mortality than that of fish fed the control diet throughout the challenge test, and fish fed the $WV_{0.05}\;and\;WV_{0.1}$ diets had the highest resistance to disease caused by Edwardsiella tarda at day 7 of the challenge test. Therefore, feeding 0.05-0.1% WV/kg diet improves the growth and immune responses of juvenile olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.704-711
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• 2016

Tomatoes are considered as one of the main components of daily meals in most households. Thus, it is important to invest in studies enhancing their yield and nutritional value. The study evaluated the effect of wood vinegar (WV) on tomato under greenhouse conditions. Data on fruit number, fruit weight, and plant height were recorded. Total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of tomato were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, respectively. FRR-CF+500x-WV significantly increased the fruit number (86.11%) and fruit weight (81.78%) over the control. Results were comparable to HRR-CF+250x-WV, indicating that conventional fertilizer and WV may have synergistic effect on each other. TPC and scavenging effect on DPPH radical was improved by 250x-WV application. The increase in the phenolic compounds can be attributed to WV as a direct source or as a factor triggering the plants to produce more secondary metabolites with the purpose of increasing natural defenses. The significant effect obtained by applying the full recommended rate of conventional fertilizer on the carotenoid content was due to the availability of the major nutrients needed by the plant. Correlation analysis showed that carotenoids have negative correlation with TPC and DPPH. However, TPC and DPPH showed that these are positively correlated with each other. Tomatoes are excellent source of antioxidants associated with the reduction of some human diseases and improved health. The results provided evidence that WV alone and/or its combination with conventional fertilizers has favorable effects on the quality of tomato.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.67-73
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic agricultural materials, chitosan and wood vinegar, on the growth and yield of red pepper and soil microflora. In the chitosan treatments, the density of actinomycetes in soils increased, while the density of fungi decreased. Compared with the conventional cultivation, the stem diameter of red pepper was greater in the chitosan or wood vinegar experimental plots at 50 days after transplanting, though there was no difference in chlorophyll content among treatments. The incidence of disease and insect was higher in the treatments of organic agricultural materials than the conventional cultivation, regardless of application frequency. Contents of cations such as Ca and K in leaves and fruits increased by chitosan treatment. In all experimental plots, fruit yield decreased because of diseases and insects. But in chitosan treatment plot with 10 times of application, characteristics of fruits were superior to others and the yield index of red pepper was the highest as 92.4% as compared to the conventional cultivation.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.27 no.2 s.89
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• pp.164-169
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• 1999

This study was carried out in an attempt to select chemicals such as zeolite granules, chitosan, wood-vinegar, $Ca(OCl)_2$, NaOCl, against bacterial brown blotch caused by Pseudomonas tolaasii on Flammulina velutipes in laboratory and mushroom unit. Results obtained using these chemicals were summarized. Inhibitory effect on $Ca(OCl)_2$ and wood-vinegar with 0.5% concentration was shown to caual pathogen, P. tolaasii, by slight damage on the mycelial growth of F. velutipes. Those materials were recognized as promising one for control of bacterial brown bloth on F. velutipes. Disease incidence in control was the highest value as 43.8%; whereas chemical treatment was estimated as 14.6% with 0.5% of $Ca(OCl)_2$. Disease incidence was inhibited about 20% in chemical treatment with 0.5% of wood-vinegar, 1.0% of $Ca(OCl)_2$, and 26.1% with 1.0% of wood-vinegar. For the inhibition effects of chemical concentrations, it was effective at the low concentration which was 0.5% rather than that of 1.0%. Quality of mushrooms was significantly improved, and yields was also increased by 30% in the chemical treatment. In case of $Ca(OCl)_2$ treatment at 1.0% concentration, the yields was increased by 35.6% showed the highest value among tested chemicals. However, the overall effects including disease incidence, quality and yields suggests that $Ca(OCl)_2$ is relatively more effective than wood-vinegar, and the optimal concentration controlling the disease was $0.5{\sim}1.0%$ with $Ca(OCl)_2$ and 0.5% with wood-vinegar.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2007

Sprays containing chitosan, grain amino acids, or wood vinegar, were applied to vine leaves of the Campbell Early grape variety, and effects on the quality and storability of grapes were investigated. Weights of grape clusters and individual bemies did not differ significantly from the values seen when traditional agnicultural chemical treatment was used. The percentage of clusters over 300g in weight was, however, higher after spraying with chitosan, grain amino acids, or wood vinegar, than after agricultural chemical treatment, Grape moisture contents, levels of soluble solids, and reducing sugar concentrations, did not differ when the traditional treatment and the newer sparys were compared. Among minerals, the levels of potassium, iron and zinc measured in fresh grapes were increased by the clitosan, grain amino acids, and wood vinegar spray. After 8 weeks of MA storage, reducing sugar levels decreased, and titratable acidities increased, compared to levels measured at the beginning of storage. This was true regardless of the method of vine treatment the hardness of berries decreased slightly over 4-6 weeks of storage, and increased thereafter. The weight losses of grapes were relatively low(0.28-0.35%) on storage after any vine treatment tested. Grapes from vines sprayed with chitosan or grain amino acids showed a lower decay rate than did fruit from vines that had received a traditional agricultural chemical treatment. Sensory evaluation results indicated that the marketability of grapes from vines treated with traditional agricultural chemicals was better than that of grapes from vines sprayed with chitosan, grain amino acids, or wood vinegar.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.262-268
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• 2001

Two commercial wood vinegar liquors prepared from Cryptomeria japonica and Quercus sp., which are used as a mineral fertilizer in Korea, were extracted using dichloromethane as a solvent, respectively. The extracts were separated into acidic, phenolic, neutral and basic fraction by acid or alkali treatment, and the compositions of each fraction were analyzed by means of GC and GC-MS. A total of 103 compounds including 26 acids, 32 phenols and 45 neutral compounds were identified. The major components were acetic, propionic and n-butyric acid, representing of $41{\sim}58%$ of the acidic fraction, guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol and phenol, repersenting of $53.2{\sim}63.9%$ of the phenolic fraction, and furfural, 3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-2-one, 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one and 5-methyl-2-furfural in the neutral fraction. In addition to these compounds, phenolic fraction in dichloromathane extract from wood vinegar liquor of C. japonica included large amounts of vanillin, acetovanillone and tentatively identified ethylvanillyl ether while that of Quercus sp. included some amounts of syringol and 4-methylsyringol.