• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2000

This syudy was conducted to increase the utility of forage rye which are suitable to be cultivated at high altitude Taekwllyong area. For that purpose two cultivars of rye (winter-more, kool-glazer) were cultivated for 3years using a randomized block design with 3 replications. The dry matter digestibility (DMD) was evaluated with the pelleted rye hay produced by adding sodium hydroxide and then the TDN value was calculated by the DMD. By adding NaOH, DMD and TDN value of rye pellets (Y=46.92+ 1.8X, ~ 0 . 9 7 )w ere increased significantly (p<0.05) and NDF (neutral detergent fiber) decrease significantly. However, ADF (acid detergent fiber) and lignin did not significantly decrease (p<0.05). Rye could be cultivated as a second crop after com at high altitude area in the same year and pelleted with NaOH in order to increase the nutritive values (p< 0.05). (Key words : Dry matter digestibility (DMD), Forage rye, NDF, ADF, Sodium hydroxide)

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

Changes of heading response and leaf production of winter cereals according to cultivar and sowing date in spring, were investigated in Suwon Korea during three years from 2007 to 2009 to obtain information on use as spring living mulch of winter cereals for weed suppression without herbicide in environment-friendly crop production. Rye showed variation among cultivar in heading response according to sowing date, which means that cultivar selection for living mulch is important in rye. Cultivar Prima and Wintergreen had not headed in sowing during March with low soil temperature in contrast to cultivar Koolgrazer and Gokwoo which had headed somewhat even until sowing in early May with relative high soil temperature. Barley and wheat showed distinct characteristics in heading response between sowing before and after early April compared to rye. Leaf production for soil covering was higher in barley than wheat, and cultivar Mirak than Ol within barley in 2007, respectively. Leaf production were not different much among rye cultivar in sowing during early or mid April, but it was different in sowing after mid April indicating that winter cereal cultivar with high leaf production could be selected in late sowing. It is thought that rye cultivar Duru was the most proper cultivar for spring living mulch in the point of high leaf production in addition to low heading in sowing after March.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 1997

A pulse-chase labeling of $^{15}N$ on winter rye (Scale cereale) and forage rape (Brassica napus) grown at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ was carried out to determine the effects of low temperature on the uptake exogenous N and the remobilization of endogenous N. The growth rate of leaves and roots depressed at $5^{\circ}C$. AAer 9 days at $5^{\circ}C$, nitrogen content of leaves decreased to 20% on the average while that of roots increased to 12% compared with the plants grown at $25^{\circ}C$. Total content of $NO_3$- uptake 60m medium was 23.0 and 43.5 mg Nlplant, respectively, for winter rye and forage rape grown at $5^{\circ}C$ during 9 days. These values were corresponded to 59.3 and 26.1% lower uptake than those of $25^{\circ}C$. A large part of 1 5 ~ was distributed into leaves throughout time course in both of two species. The content of $^{15}N$ in leaves of winter rye at day 6 increased to 166 and 296 $\mu^{15}$N/plant compared with the initial value (day 0) in the plants grown at $5^{\circ}C$and $25^{\circ}C$ , corresponding to 90 and 163 $\mu$g N of remobilization h m roots into leaves during the fist 6 days. From 7 to 9 days, 75 and 52 $\mu$gN of outflow 6om leaves were occurred at $5^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$. However, little remobilization of endogenous N was estimated in forage rape throughout the entire time course regardless of temperature treatment. Comparing two species studied, winter rye was much sensitively influenced by low temperature on the uptake of exogenous N and the remobilization of endogenous N.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 2012

This study was performed to screen fallow crops during winter period for improvement of soil quality and utilizing as mulching material in watermelon cropping system during winter period. Five fallow crops, mainly, hairy vetch, barley, rye, oat and wheat, were sown in early November. They were mowed for covering the soil surface instead of polyethylene (PE) film before watermelon planting in early April the following year. The highest absorbed nutrients and dry matter yield were found in rye. Bulk density in plots with fallow crop was lower than control plot. There was observed no significant differences among the fallow crops. However, porosity was the lowest in control plot. Soil EC reduced to 12%, 13%, 14%, 16% and 22%, respectively, by cultivation of hairy vetch, oat, wheat, barley and rye. Microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activities were higher in soil treated with gramineous crops, such as barley, rye and oat. The growth of watermelon was more affected by regeneration of fallow crop than the occurrence of weed, especially in plots treated with rye or oat. Also, the fruit damage by aphid was found severe in these treatment plots. The fruit yield in plots treated with hairy vetch and barley was increased 5.7% and 2.6%, respectively, compared to that of PE films. The present experiment findings implied that these fallow crops had significant beneficial effects on improvement of soil qualities and could be utilized for mulching materials in watermelon cropping system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.128-133
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• 2021

This study was carried out to evaluate the forage yield and feed value of winter crops such as Italian ryegrass (IRG), oat, rye, barley, and hairy vetch. Forage crops were sown on 15^th October 2018 in a paddy field after harvesting rice and forage crops were harvested at two times of 25^th April 2019 and 18^th May 201 9. The highest dry matter (DM) yield was harvested from rye among the five species of forage crop on 18^th May. DM yield of all forages was increased 14.4% on 18^th May compared to 25^th April. The highest yield of crude protein (CP) was obtained from hairy vetch on 25^th April, whereas it was decreased (38.1%) on 18^th May. Moreover, the highest total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield and relative feed value (RFV) was harvested respectively from rye and hairy vetch on 25^th April. Delay of harvest time considerably increased DM yield but significantly decreased CP and RFV. In conclusion, rye was the best source of DM and TDN and hairy vetch was the high-quality feed. Rye harvested on 25^th April is the proper forage for resolving Korea's problem of insufficient forage yield.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 1994

To examine the productivity, growth characteristics, and nutritive value of forage rye at the southern region of Korea, fourteen varieties of rye were sown at Nov. 13, 1992 at the plot of experiment farm of Crop Experiment Station, Mokpo Branch, and over winter survival rate, heading date, yield, yield components and nutritional values were measured. All the varieties used in this experiment showed 100% over winter survival rate at the sowing date of Nov. 13. Heading dates of all the varieties ranges from Apr. 25 to May 10, which seems to be early enough to get high yield. The varieties, Paldal-hod, and Danko introduced from Japan appear to be the most recommended ones in the southem region of Korea. They showed early heading date of Apr. 25, large plant height, greater number of leaves, high yield, low content of crude fiber and crude fat, high crude protein, NFE, and crude a5h.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2010

Few spring sowing have been conducted on winter cereal crops for whole-crop silage use. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. The objectives of this study were compared the spring sowing with the optimum season's sowing on growth, yield and feed quality in five winter cereal crops. The treatments consisted of 5 winter cereal crops, Youngyang (Barley, Spring habit I), Keumkang (Wheat, Spring habit II), Gogu(Rye, Spring habit estimated III), Shinyoung (Triticale, Spring habit estimated III), Samhan(Oat, Spring habit estimated II), and 3 planting dates, 18 October (optimum season's sowing), 23 February and 10 March in spring. Heading days as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season sowing were delayed by 16~20 days in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, and 9 days in oat. The clipping dates at the optimal harvesting stage of each crop for round-baled silage in spring sowing was 8 June (yellow ripe stage) in barley, 25 May (10 days after heading) in rye, and 17 June in wheat (yellow ripe stage), triticale (milky stage) and oat (milky stage). The accumulative temperature from emergence to heading was significantly decreased as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season's sowing, but that of sowing to emergence and that of heading to maturing was similar. The rate of spikes per tillering surveyed at each clipping date was 62.0-73.1 percent in barley, wheat, triticale and oat, and 56.0 percent in rye compared to that of optimum season sowing. The dry matter yield in spring sowing compared to 18 October was obtained about 71.7 percent in barley, 60.6 percent in wheat, 46.2 percent in rye, 70.2 percent in triticale and 110.9 percent in oat. It were increased in acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content, but decreased in digestible dry matter content(DDM) and relative feed value (RFV). The yield of DDM by spring sowing was decreased in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, but increased in oat. The yield of dry matter and DDM were higher in oat and triticale than that of barley, wheat and oat. So, regardless to clipping dates and cropping system, the appropriated crop for spring sowing was oat, and subsequently triticale and barley. It was not adopted for spring sowing in rye because of low rate of no. of spikes per tillers and yield. It was necessary eliminated winter growing nature by earlier sowing at the late of February after overwinter.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.301-308
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to classify heading date of forage rye cultivars, and study agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield per ha and forage quality of winter rye cultivars in Suwon for 2 year from 2002 to 2003. The earliest cultivars among forage winter rye cultivars were Olhomil and Vitagrazer, which the heading date was April 21. The latest cultivar was Danko, which was May 5. Koolgrazer was April 26 and Homil 22 was April 30, respectively. Therefore, we classified the cultivars into three groups according to their heading date. The earliest group includes Olhomil, Vitagrazer, Paldanghomil, the middle group includes 5 cultivars which are Koolgrazer, Barrgazer, Maton, Wintergrazer and Homil22, and the latest group contains Humbolt and Danko. The number of tiller per $m^{2}$ of most cultivars were more than 1,000. The cultivar which has lowest tiller was Humbolt, which dry matter yield was the largest, and its tiller was 789. The lodging happened after each precipitation. Danko was the cultivar that has lowest lodging frequency. There has been little disease and insect and the difference in the quality of each cultivar. The yield of dry matters per ha of Humbolt was increased $123\%$, Vita grazer $121\%$, Maton $113\%$ comparing the standard cultivar, Kool grazer of 12,409kg, and Homil 22 was almost the same with the standard cultivar.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2012

This study was conducted to find out the optimum cropping system for the stable production of forage crops in the newly reclaimed land located at Gwanghwal and Gyehwa region of Saemangum reclaimed tide land from October, 2009 to October, 2011. Whole crop barley (WCB), Rye, Italyan-ryegrass (IRG) as winter crops and Corn, Sorghum${\times}$sudangrass hybrid (SSH) as summer crops were cultivated. Soil chemical properties, nutrient uptake, feed value, growth and yield were examinated. The testing soil was showed saline alkali soil where the contents of organic matter, available phosphate and exchangeable calcium were very low, while exchangeable sodium and magnesium were higher. Changes of soil salinity during the growing season of forage crops were less than 0.2%, and the growth of forage crops was not affected by salt injury. Standing rates of winter crops were higher in the order of Rye, WCB, and IRG, while the dry matter yield of winter crops was higher in the order of IRG, Rye and WCB. The highest crude protein (CP) content was recorded in IRG, and total digestive nutrients (TDN) contents were increased in the order of WCB, IRG, and Rye. The TDN content was higher in corn, whereas other feed value was higher in SSH. The content of mineral nutrients on stem, leaf and grain in IRG, Corn were high. After experiment pH was lowed, contents of exchangeable magnesium, sodium and organic matter were decreased while contents of total nitrogen, available phosphate and exchangeable potassium, calcium were increased. Winer crops and summer crops after continually cultivating in cropping system, fresh matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (74,740 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 10%, IRG-Corn 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, Rye-Corn and WCB-SSH 3%. Dry matter yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (20,280 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 7%, Rye-SSH 6%, IRG-Corn/Rye-Corn/WCB-SSH 3%. The TDN yield increased, compared to WCB-Corn (13,830 kg $ha^{-1}$), IRG-SSH 2%, WCB-SSH and IRG-Corn 1%. Therefore, we suggest that the crop combination of IRG-SSH and WCB-SSH would be preferred for silage stable production.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to assess the growth and development of five rye(Secale cereale L.) cultivars based on the Feekes scale in relation to sowing date at the Experimental Livestock Farm, Seoul National University(SNU), Suwon from 30 September 2001 to 4 May 2002. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two sowing date such as early(30 September) and late(15 October). The subplots consisted of rye cultivars of five different maturity groups such as 'Kodiak', 'Koolgrazer', 'Danko', 'Homil22' and 'Olhomil'. The plant height of early sowing rye cultivars was higher than that of late one. Among the rye cultivars tested, plant heights of early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars. The tiller number at early sowing(48.0) was higher than that of late(24.3), however, late maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars among the rye cultivars tested. Growth and development in the early sowing were generally three days earlier than those of late sowing cultivars. Growth and development in 'Olhomil' rye cultivars was earlier than 'Danko' rye cultivars when sown in early, but 'Olhomil' and 'Koolgrazer' rye cultivars showed an early maturity than 'Danko' rye when sown in late. Therefore, the developmental stages of winter rye cultivars could be categorised the following maturity; 'Olhomil' and 'Koolgrazer' are early in maturity, 'Homil22' is medium, and 'Kodiak' and 'Danko' are late in maturity.