• Title/Summary/Keyword: Winter forages

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Crop Analysis through Growth Survey after Wintering of Winter Annual Forages Grown from 2014 to 2015 (2014 / 2015년 동계 사료작물의 월동 후 생육조사를 통한 작황 분석)

  • Kim, Young-Jin;Kim, Won-Ho;Lee, Sang-Hoon;Park, Hyung-Soo;Kim, Ki-Yong;Ji, Hee-Chung;Choi, Ki-Choon;Lee, Sang-Hak;Jung, Jeong-Sung;Kim, Ji-Hea;Hwang, Tae-Young;Lee, Ki-Won;Kim, Hyeon-Shup;Choi, Gi-Jun
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.309-315
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    • 2015
  • In order to identify the causes of various problems related to forage crop growth, such as winter survival, coldness, rainfall, drought etc., and to provide basic data for the stable production and supply of forage year round, we performed a growth survey after the wintering of winter forage crops grown from mid-Sep. 2014 to late-Feb. 2015. The growth of winter forage crops after wintering in the country was generally bad. As shown in the regional distribution in the country, regions with 80% or higher winter survival rates comprised 66%, regions with 79 to 50% winter survival comprised 24.9% and regions with less than 50% winter survival comprised 9.1%. In conclusion, the average winter survival rate was 79% in the country. Winter survival rate and coverage rate after the wintering of winter forage crops under installed drain channels in paddy fields were good at 83% and 80%, respectively. However, the rates without installed drain channels were bad at 67% and 66%, respectively. It was predicted that the crop production of winter forage crops was reduced by 10-15% in Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Gyeongnam and Jeonnam regions, reduced by 30% in Gyeonggi, Gyeongbuk and Jeonbuk regions and reduced overall by approximately 19% nationwide.

Effects of Fall Sowing Dates on Winter Survival and Dry Matter Yields of Alfalfa in the Central Area of South Korea

  • Seung Min Jung;Bae Hun Lee;Ki Won Lee;Mirae Oh ;Hyung Soo Park
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.43 no.3
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    • pp.156-161
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    • 2023
  • This study was conducted to determine the appropriate seeding dates by verifying the difference in winter survival and productivity of alfalfa according to fall sowing dates in the central area of South Korea. The experiment was conducted for 2 years (2020 and 2021) at the field in the Department of Animal Resources Development, NIAS located in Cheonan. Sowing dates started from September 18 to November 8 with 10 days of intervals during 2020 and 2021; SO1 (September 18), SO2 (September 28), SO3 (October 8), SO4 (October 18), SO5 (October 28), and SO6 (November 8). After sowing, the winter survival rate was measured in the spring of the following year, and the dry matter yield was measured by harvesting at 10% flowering and harvesting five times a year. SO6 failed to winter survival, and SO5 also had a lower winter survival rate than SO1~4 (p<0.05). The average annual dry matter yield of alfalfa linearly decreased with delaying sowing dates (p<0.05). The feed value did not differ in the same year by delaying the sowing date in the same year. These results suggest that sowing date should be started before October 18 to increase winter survival and productivity of alfalfa in the central area of South Korea.

Growth Characteristics and Productivity of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) New Variety, 'Green Call 2ho'

  • Ji, Hee Chung;Whang, Tae Young;Lee, Ki-Won;Kim, Won Ho;Woo, Jae Hoon;Hong, Ki Hung;Choe, Kuh Wann
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.39 no.3
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    • pp.121-126
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    • 2019
  • This experiment was conducted to breed a very early maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 2015-2017. The new variety of Italian ryegrass, 'Green call 2ho' is a diploid variety with green in leaf color and has semi-erect growth habit in late autumn and erect growth habit in early spring, 'Green call 2ho' was in heading date as a early-maturing variety April 24. Also 'Green call 2ho' was narrower by 2 mm in flag leaf width, longer by 2.5 cm in flag leaf length and shorter by 3 cm in plant height than those of the control variety, 'Florida 80', respectively. 'Green call 2ho' was also thicker by 0.33 mm in stem thickness and strong in winter hardness. Dry matter (DM) yield (11,688 kg/ha) of 'Green call 2ho' was 7% higher than that of 'Florida 80'. Total digestible nutrient (TDN), crude protein (CP) and relative feed value (RFV) of 'Green call 2ho' were 61.3 %, 9.8 % and 98.2, respectively which are 2.6, 0.6, and 8.4 % higher, respectively than those of 'Florida 80', respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of 'Green call 2ho' were 34.9 and 58.5 % which are 3.3 and 2.7 % lower than those of 'Florida 80', respectively.

Growth Inhibitory Factors of Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) after Broadcasting under Growing Rice from 2014 to 2015 (2014 / 2015년 이탈리안 라이그라스 (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)의 벼 입모 중 파종 재배시 생육저해 요인 분석)

  • Kim, Young-Jin;Choi, Ki-Choon;Lee, Sang-Hak;Jung, Jeong-Sung;Park, Hyung-Soo;Kim, Ki-Yong;Ji, Hee-Chung;Lee, Sang-Hoon;Choi, Gi-Jun;Kim, Won-Ho
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.1-6
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    • 2016
  • The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $8^{th}$ and $9^{th}$ of 2015 after wintering of IRG were $8.8^{\circ}C$, 10.7 m/s and $12.4^{\circ}C$, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $12^{th}$, $13^{th}$, and $14^{th}$ of 2015 were $4.1^{\circ}C$, 11.6 m/s, $-5.6^{\circ}C$, 10.3 m/s, and $-4.7^{\circ}C$, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $26^{th}$, $27^{th}$, and $28^{th}$ of 2015 were $1.8^{\circ}C$, 13.7 m/s, $-3.5^{\circ}C$, 10.6 m/s, and $4.1^{\circ}C$, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. $3^{rd}$ of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. $4^{th}$ to Mar. $12^{th}$ of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.

Mineral Status of Soils and Forages in Southwestern Punjab-Pakistan: Micro-minerals

  • Khan, Zafar Iqbal;Hussain, A.;Ashraf, M.;McDowell, L.R.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.19 no.8
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    • pp.1139-1147
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    • 2006
  • This study was conducted to evaluate the trace elemental nutritive values of soil and forages collected from southwestern part of the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Soil and forage samples were collected fortnightly for two seasons. The concentrations of some trace minerals varied greatly among seasons and sampling periods. Seasonal effects were found in all soil micro-minerals except zinc, while forage iron, zinc, and selenium were affected by seasonal changes. Sampling periods effects were observed in all soil minerals and in forage copper, iron, zinc, and manganese only. All soil mineral levels except cobalt and selenium were sufficiently high to meet the requirements of plants for normal growth during both seasons. In contrast, soil Co and Se levels were severely deficient during both seasons and considered inadequate for plant growth. Soil Fe, Zn, Co, and Se levels were higher, and Cu and Mn lower during winter than those during summer. Forage Zn levels during summer were at marginal deficient levels, and in contrast, all other forage micro-minerals were within the required range for ruminants during both seasons. Although forage mico-minerals were within the range required by the ruminants, they were not sufficiently high to prevent the predisposition to various diseases caused by nutrient deficiency. Consequently, grazing animals at this location need continued mineral supplementation of these elements with a mixtures of high bio-availability rather than of high micro-mineral contents to support optimum ruminant productivity.

Seasonal Variations in Voluntary Intake and Apparent Digestibility of Forages in Goats Grazing on Introduced Leymus chinensis Pasture

  • Sun, Zewei;Wang, Zaisen;Zhong, Qingzhen;Zhou, Daowei
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.27 no.6
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    • pp.818-824
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    • 2014
  • The nutrient composition of pasture, voluntary intake and digestibility of diet ingested by goats grazing on an introduced Leymus chinensis pasture were measured across spring (May), summer (July), autumn (October) and winter (March). In each season, 12 Inner Mongolian Cashmere goats (6 wethers and 6 does with an average live weight of $22.2{\pm}1.3$ kg and $19.5{\pm}0.8$ kg, respectively) were used to graze on a 2 hectares size paddock. Diet selection was observed and the plant parts selected by grazing goats and whole plant L. chinensis were sampled simultaneously. The alkane pair $C_{32}:C_{33}$ and $C_{36}$ were used to estimate intake and digestibility, respectively. The results showed that the plant parts selected by goats had higher crude protein (CP) and lower acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) than the whole plant, especially in the autumn and winter. The voluntary intake of dry matter (DM), CP, ADF, NDF, and metabolizable energy (ME) by goats was highest in summer (p<0.05). The goats ingested more CP, ME, and less ADF in spring than in autumn (p<0.05). The intakes of DM, CP, and ME were lowest in winter (p<0.05). There were significant differences in nutrient intake between wethers and does in each season, except for the ADF and ME intake per metabolic weight ($LW^{0.75}$). The nutrient digestibilities were higher in spring and summer, and decreased significantly during the autumn and winter (p<0.05). Goats, especially wethers, had a relative constant NDF digestibility across seasons, however, the apparent digestibility of CP in both wethers and does, decreased to negative values in winter. The grazing goats experienced relatively sufficient nutrients supply in spring and summer, and a severe deficiency of CP and ME in winter.

THE USE OF NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY(NIRS) TO PREDICT CHEMICAL COMPOSITION ON MAIZE SILAGE

  • D.Cozzolino;Fassio, A.;Mieres, J.;Y.Acosta
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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    • 2001.06a
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    • pp.1610-1610
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    • 2001
  • Microbiological examination of silage is of little value in gauging the outcome of silage, and so chemical analysis is more reliable and meaningful indicator of quality. On the other hand chemical assessments of the principal fermentation products provide an unequivocal basis on which to judge quality. Livestock require energy, protein, minerals and vitamins from their food. While fresh forages provide these essential items, conserved forages on the other hand may be deficient in one or more of them. The aim of the conservation process is to preserve as many of the original nutrients as possible, particularly energy and protein components (Woolford, 1984). Silage fermentation is important to preservation of forage with respect of feeding value and animal performance. Chemical and bacteriological changes in the silo during the fermentation process can affect adversely nutrient yield and quality (Moe and Carr, 1984). Many of the important chemical components of silage must be assayed in fresh or by extraction of the fresh material, since drying either by heat or lyophilisation, volatilises components such as acids or nitrogenous components, or effects conversion to other compounds (Abrams et al., 1987). Maize silage dorms the basis of winter rations for the vast majority of dairy and beef cattle production in Uruguay. Since nutrient intake, particularly energy, from forages is influenced by both voluntary dry matter intake and digestibility; there is a need for a rapid technique for predicting these parameters in farm advisory systems. Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) is increasingly used as a rapid, accurate method of evaluating chemical constituents in cereals and dried forages. For many years NIRS was applied to assess chemical composition in dry materials (Norris et al., 1976, Flinn et al., 1992; Murray, 1993, De Boever et al., 1996, De la Roza et al., 1998). The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the potential of NIRS to assess the chemical composition of dried maize samples and (2) to attempt calibrations on undried samples either for farm advisory systems or for animal nutrition research purposes in Uruguay. NIRS were used to assess the chemical composition of whole - plant maize silage samples (Zea mays, L). A representative population of samples (n = 350) covering a wide distribution in chemical characteristics were used. Samples were scanned at 2 nm intervals over the wavelength range 400-2500 nm in a NIRS 6500 (NIRSystems, Silver Spring, MD, USA) in reflectance mode. Cross validation was used to avoid overfitting of the equations. The optimum calibrations were selected on the basis of minimizing the standard error of cross validation (SECV). The calibration statistics were R$^2$ 0. 86 (SECV: 11.4), 0.90 (SECV: 5.7), 0.90 (SECV: 16.9) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF) in g kg$\^$-1/ on dry matter, respectively for maize silage samples. This work demonstrates the potential of NIRS to analyse whole - maize silage in a wide range of chemical characteristics for both advisory farm and nutritive evaluation.

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Consumption and Digestion of Forages by Male Rusa (Cervus timorensis russa) Deer-the Effects of Castration and Season

  • Sookhareea, R.;Dryden, G. McL
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.17 no.8
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    • pp.1098-1106
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    • 2004
  • In a split-unit design, 12 Javan rusa (Cervus timorensis russa) stags (6 castrated and 6 entire) were used to investigate seasonal (winter, spring and summer) effects on intake, digestibility of food constituents, volatile fatty acid profile, and nitrogen retention, when given lucerne (Medicago sativa) or rhodes grass (Chloris guyana) hays. Entire stags ate 9% more dry matter (DM) than castrates (p<0.05). Both castrated and entire stags exhibited seasonal changes in DM intake, these being higher (p<0.05) in winter (62.3 g/kg $W^{0.75}$) than spring (56.9 g/kg $W^{0.75}$) or summer (55.3 g/kg $W^{0.75}$). Intakes of lucerne hay (211 g protein/kg DM) were significantly higher than of rhodes grass hay (49 g protein/kg DM) in all seasons (p<0.05). Digestibilities of DM (0.58), neutral detergent fibre (0.59) and acid detergent fibre (0.47) were similar between castrates and entires. DM digestibility was higher (p<0.0001) for lucerne (0.66) than rhodes grass (0.55), and was higher (p<0.05) in winter (0.60) than spring (0.58) or summer (0.57). The ruminal acetate concentrations were higher (p<0.001) in spring than summer (78 and 73 molar % respectively). Apparent digestibility of protein was significantly less (p<0.0001) for rhodes grass (0.37) than lucerne (0.75). N retention was positive for lucerne (15.2 g/d) but negative for rhodes grass (-2.8 g/d) (p<0.0001), and was higher (p<0.001) in summer (12.0 g/d) than spring (4.3 g/d) or winter (2.4 g/d). The tropical rusa deer exhibits seasonal variations in feed intake, food constituent digestibilities, VFA profile and N retention. Castration did not alter these traits. The results do not support the view that rusa deer can thrive on low-quality pastures. The productivity and commercial exploitation of rusa deer could be optimised if they are given high-protein feed during spring and summer.

Evaluation of Forage Yield and Feed Value of Winter Crops Following Rice Harvest at Paddy Field in the Southern Region of Korea

  • Song, Hui Mang;Park, Sang Hyun;Kim, Hwan
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.41 no.2
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    • pp.128-133
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    • 2021
  • This study was carried out to evaluate the forage yield and feed value of winter crops such as Italian ryegrass (IRG), oat, rye, barley, and hairy vetch. Forage crops were sown on 15th October 2018 in a paddy field after harvesting rice and forage crops were harvested at two times of 25th April 2019 and 18th May 201 9. The highest dry matter (DM) yield was harvested from rye among the five species of forage crop on 18th May. DM yield of all forages was increased 14.4% on 18th May compared to 25th April. The highest yield of crude protein (CP) was obtained from hairy vetch on 25th April, whereas it was decreased (38.1%) on 18th May. Moreover, the highest total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield and relative feed value (RFV) was harvested respectively from rye and hairy vetch on 25th April. Delay of harvest time considerably increased DM yield but significantly decreased CP and RFV. In conclusion, rye was the best source of DM and TDN and hairy vetch was the high-quality feed. Rye harvested on 25th April is the proper forage for resolving Korea's problem of insufficient forage yield.

Study of the Use of Winter Forage Crops, Early Maturing Rice and Summer Oats in Triple Cropping Systems at Paddy Field in Southern Region (남부지역 논에서 사료맥류, 조생종 벼 및 하파귀리를 활용한 삼모작 작부체계 연구)

  • Song, Tae-Hwa;Park, Tae-Il;Park, Hyong-Ho;Cho, Sang-Kyun;Oh, Young-Jin;Jang, Yun-Woo;Rho, Jea-Hwan;Park, Kwang-Geun;Kang, Hyeon-Jung
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.227-233
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    • 2014
  • This experiment was undertaken to develop triple cropping systems for winter cereal crops for forage, early maturing rice and oats, and to select a winter forage crop in order to determine rice transplanting time at paddy fields in the southern region. Also, the productivity and feed value of the resulting forage crops were examined. When winter cereal crops used for forages are first harvested at the early maturing rice transplanting period, and again harvested during the winter forage crop harvesting period, the fresh yield and dry matter yield of rye were 32.0, 42.3 ton/ha and 5.8, 16.5 ton/ha, respectively, demonstrating higher yields than other winter crops. The early maturing rice, 'Jopyeong', transplanted on June 4 had a lower percentage of ripened grain compared to those transplanted on May 6, and milled rice yield transplanted on June 4 was also decreased by 22%. Thus, the results showed that early transplanting was profitable. Regarding the oats grown during the fall cropping season, the heading date for the oats sown first was on October 10, but the heading was not observed in those sown later. Dry matter yield and TDN yield of the second sowing was less than 50% compared to the first. Consequently, rye may be the most suitable winter forage crop for triple cropping systems. Early transplanting of 'Jopyeong' after rye harvesting before April 30 in addition to timely sowing of oats in the fall season would be profitable for rice and forage production using triple cropping systems in the southern region.