• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.529-538
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• 2016

멱 법칙 및 S 형상 함수를 이용한 점진기능재료(FGM) 판의 정적 및 동적해석을 위해 단순화된 전단변형이 고려된 이론을 정식화 하여 동적 평형방정식을 유도하였다. 단순화된 전단변형 이론은 전단보정계수가 필요없으며 수직 전단변형률과 전단응력의 곡선분포를 고려하였고 판의 상부와 하부에서 0이 된다는 조건을 만족한다. 또한 4개의 변수만으로 평형방정식이 유도되고 합응력, 평형방정식 그리고 경계조건이 고전적 이론과 유사한 형태를 가지게 된다. 점진기능재료의 형태는 멱 법칙 및 S 형상 함수로 두께방향으로 변화가 고려된다. Hamilton 원리를 이용하여 동적 평형방정식을 유도하였고 Winkler-Pasternak 탄성지반 모델을 적용하였다. 단순지지된 점진기능재료 판의 정적 및 자유진동 응답을 계산하였고 비교하였다. 본 연구에서 제시한 결과는 참고문헌과 비교하여 정확하고 관련성을 가진다. 거듭제곱 지수, 탄성지반 계수 그리고 폭-두께비의 변화에 따른 정적 및 자유진동 해석결과를 제시하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.511-524
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• 2020

In this research, a simple four-variable trigonometric integral shear deformation model is proposed for the static behavior of advanced functionally graded (AFG) ceramic-metal plates supported by a two-parameter elastic foundation and subjected to a nonlinear hygro-thermo-mechanical load. The elastic properties, including both the thermal expansion and moisture coefficients of the plate, are also supposed to be varied within thickness direction by following a power law distribution in terms of volume fractions of the components of the material. The interest of the current theory is seen in its kinematics that use only four independent unknowns, while first-order plate theory and other higher-order plate theories require at least five unknowns. The "in-plane displacement field" of the proposed theory utilizes cosine functions in terms of thickness coordinates to calculate out-of-plane shear deformations. The vertical displacement includes flexural and shear components. The elastic foundation is introduced in mathematical modeling as a two-parameter Winkler-Pasternak foundation. The virtual displacement principle is applied to obtain the basic equations and a Navier solution technique is used to determine an analytical solution. The numerical results predicted by the proposed formulation are compared with results already published in the literature to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed theory. The influences of "moisture concentration", temperature, stiffness of foundation, shear deformation, geometric ratios and volume fraction variation on the mechanical behavior of AFG plates are examined and discussed in detail.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.539-548
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• 2007

이 논문은 Pasternak지반으로 지지된 변화폭 원호형 띠기초의 휨-비틀림 자유진동에 관한 연구이다. 띠기초의 단면은 단면깊이는 일정하고, 단면폭은 1차식으로 변화하는 변화폭을 갖는 직사각형 단면으로 채택하였다. 띠기초의 지반은 Winkler지반에 전단층을 갖는 Pasternak지반으로 모형화하였다. 이러한 원호형 띠기초의 자유진동을 지배하는 상미분방정식과 경계조건을 유도하였다. 자유진동의 관성항으로는 휨관성, 회전관성 및 비틀림관성을 고려하였다. 상미분방정식을 수치해석하여 4개의 최저차 고유진동수를 산출하였다. 수치해석의 결과로 띠기초의 변수들이 고유진동수에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 이 논문의 결과는 띠기초의 동적 설계에 매우 유용한 자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.213-226
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• 2020

The present study covenants with the static and free vibration behavior of nanocomposite sandwich plates reinforced by carbon nanotubes resting on Pasternak elastic foundation. Uniformly distributed (UD-CNT) and functionally graded (FG-CNT) distributions of aligned carbon nanotube are considered for two types of sandwich plates such as, the face sheet reinforced and homogeneous core and the homogeneous face sheet and reinforced core. Based on the first shear deformation theory (FSDT), the Hamilton's principle is employed to derive the mathematical models. The obtained solutions are numerically validated by comparison with some available cases in the literature. The elastic foundation model is assumed as one parameter Winkler - Pasternak foundation. A parametric study is conducted to study the effects of aspect ratios, foundation parameters, carbon nanotube volume fraction, types of reinforcement, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio and types of loads acting on the bending and free vibration analyses. It is explicitly shown that the (FG-CNT) face sheet reinforced sandwich plate has a high resistance against deflections compared to other types of reinforcement. It is also revealed that the reduction in the dimensionless natural frequency is most pronounced in core reinforced sandwich plate.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제86권2호
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• pp.167-180
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• 2023

This work applies a four-known quasi-3D shear deformation theory to investigate the bending behavior of a functionally graded plate resting on a viscoelastic foundation and subjected to hygro-thermo-mechanical loading. The theory utilizes a hyperbolic shape function to predict the transverse shear stress, and the transverse stretching effect of the plate is considered. The principle of virtual displacement is applied to obtain the governing differential equations, and the Navier method, which comprises an exponential term, is used to obtain the solution. Novel to the current study, the impact of the viscoelastic foundation model, which includes a time-dependent viscosity parameter in addition to Winkler's and Pasternak parameters, is carefully investigated. Numerical examples are presented to validate the theory. A parametric study is conducted to study the effect of the damping coefficient, the linear and nonlinear loadings, the power-law index, and the plate width-tothickness ratio on the plate bending response. The results show that the presence of the viscoelastic foundation causes an 18% decrease in the plate deflection and about a 10% increase in transverse shear stresses under both linear and nonlinear loading conditions. Additionally, nonlinear loading causes a one-and-a-half times increase in horizontal stresses and a nearly two-times increase in normal transverse stresses compared to linear loading. Based on the article's findings, it can be concluded that the viscosity effect plays a significant role in the bending response of plates in hygrothermal environments. Hence it shall be considered in the design.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.839-856
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• 2023

This work presents a simple four-unknown refined integral plate theory for mechanical and thermal buckling behaviors of functionally graded (FG) plates resting on Visco-Pasternak foundations. The proposed refined high order shear deformation theory has a new displacement field which includes indeterminate integral variables and contains only four unknowns in which any shear correction factor not used, with even less than the conventional theory of first shear strain (FSDT). Governing equations are deduced from the principle of minimum total potential energy and a Navier type analytical solution is adopted for simply supported FG plates. The Visco-Pasternak foundations is considered by adding the impact of damping to the usual foundation model which characterized by the linear Winkler's modulus and Pasternak's foundation modulus. The accuracy of the present model is demonstrated by comparing the computed results with those available in the literature. Some numerical results are presented to show the impact of material index, elastic foundation type, and damping coefficient of the foundation, on the mechanical and thermal buckling behaviors of FG plates.

• 토지주택연구
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2013

수평하중을 받는 말뚝의 거동 예측에는 일반적으로 비선형 p-y 곡선을 이용한 BNWF(Beam on Nonlinear Winkler Foundation) 해석법이 주로 사용된다. BNWF 해석법은 다양한 사례를 통하여 정확성이 입증된 반면 군말뚝의 경우 p-multiplier를 사용해야 하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이와같은 단점은 유한요소 또는 차분법의 사용으로 해결할 수 있다. 이 방법 적용 시, 지반과 말뚝은 솔리드 요소로 모델링된다. 하지만, 말뚝을 솔리드 요소로 모사하게 되면 회전 자유도가 없어 정확성이 감소하며 이를 극복하기 위해서는 요소의 크기를 현저하게 감소시켜야 하지만 3D 해석에서 요소 수의 증가는 막대한 연산시간이 요구되므로 적용에 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 이와 같은 단점을 극복하는 빔요소와 Rigid 링크를 이용한 말뚝 모델링 방법을 구축하였으며 이의 적용성을 현장시험결과와 BNWF의 비교를 통하여 검증하였다. 사용된 해석 프로그램은 지진공학용으로 개발된 OpenSees이다. 비교 결과, 빔요소와 Rigid 링크를 이용한 방법은 비교적 정확하게 현장시험결과와 일치하는 것을 확인하였다. 추후 이 방법은 군말뚝의 해석에 효과적으로 사용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.637-655
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• 2012

In this study, stochastic responses of a cable-stayed bridge subjected to the spatially varying earthquake ground motion are investigated by the finite element method taking into account soil-structure interaction (SSI) effects. The considered bridge in the analysis is Quincy Bay-view Bridge built on the Mississippi River in between 1983-1987 in Illinois, USA. The bridge is composed of two H-shaped concrete towers, double plane fan type cables and a composite concrete-steel girder deck. In order to determine the stochastic response of the bridge, a two-dimensional lumped masses model is considered. Incoherence, wave-passage and site response effects are taken into account for the spatially varying earthquake ground motion. Depending on variation in the earthquake motion, the response values of the cable-stayed bridge supported on firm, medium and soft foundation soil are obtained, separately. The effects of SSI on the stochastic response of the cable-stayed bridge are also investigated including foundation as a rigidly capped vertical pile groups. In this approach, piles closely grouped together beneath the towers are viewed as a single equivalent upright beam. The soil-pile interaction is linearly idealized as an upright beam on Winkler foundation model which is commonly used to study the response of single piles. A sufficient number of springs on the beam should be used along the length of the piles. The springs near the surface are usually the most important to characterize the response of the piles surrounded by the soil; thus a closer spacing may be used in that region. However, in generally springs are evenly spaced at about half the diameter of the pile. The results of the stochastic analysis with and without the SSI are compared each other while the bridge is under the sway of the spatially varying earthquake ground motion. Specifically, in case of rigid towers and soft soil condition, it is pointed out that the SSI should be significantly taken into account for the design of such bridges.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권5호
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• pp.685-697
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• 2022

Nanotechnology has become one of the interesting technique used in material science and engineering. However, it is low used in civil engineering structures. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the static behavior of concrete plates reinforced with silica-nanoparticles. Due to agglomeration effect of silica-nanoparticles in concrete, Voigt's model is used for obtaining the equivalent nano-composite properties. Furthermore, the plate is simulated mathematically with higher order shear deformation theory. For a large use of this study, the concrete plate is assumed resting on a Pasternak elastic foundation, including a shear layer, and Winkler spring interconnected with a Kerr foundation. Using the principle of virtual work, the equilibrium equations are derived and by the mean of Hamilton's principle the energy equations are obtained. Finally, based on Navier's technique, closed-form solutions of simply supported plates have been obtained. Numerical results are presented considering the effect of different parameters such as volume percent of SiO₂ nanoparticles, mechanical loads, geometrical parameters, soil medium, on the static behavior of the plate. The most findings of this work indicate that the use of an optimum amount of SiO₂ nanoparticles on concretes increases better mechanical behavior. In addition, the elastic foundation has a significant impact on the bending of concrete slabs.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제47권5호
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• pp.551-568
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• 2023

In this research, a new two-dimensional (2D) and quasi three-dimensional (quasi-3D) higher order shear deformation theory is devised to address the bending problem of functionally graded plates resting on an elastic foundation. The displacement field of the suggested theories takes into account a parabolic transverse shear deformation shape function and satisfies shear stress free boundary conditions on the plate surfaces. It is expressed as a combination of trigonometric and exponential shear shape functions. The Pasternak mathematical model is considered for the elastic foundation. The material properties vary constantly across the FG plate thickness using different distributions as power-law, exponential and Mori-Tanaka model. By using the virtual works principle and Navier's technique, the governing equations of FG plates exposed to sinusoidal and evenly distributed loads are developed. The effects of material composition, geometrical parameters, stretching effect and foundation parameters on deflection, axial displacements and stresses are discussed in detail in this work. The obtained results are compared with those reported in earlier works to show the precision and simplicity of the current formulations. A very good agreement is found between the predicted results and the available solutions of other higher order theories. Future mechanical analyses of three-dimensionally FG plate structures can use the study's findings as benchmarks.