• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to analyse the longitudinal steel strain and stress of continuously reinforced concrete pavement(CRCP) with longitudinal and transverse direction at early age using stress dependent strain analysis method. METHODS : To measure the longitudinal steel strain, 9-electrical resistance and self-temperature compensation gauges were installed to CRCP test section (thickness = 250mm, steel ratio = 0.7%) and continuously measured 10min. intervals during 30days. In order to properly analyze the steel stress first, temperature compensation process has been conducted. Secondly, measured steel strains were divided into stress dependent strain (elastic strain) and stress independent strain (thermal strain) and then stress dependent strain was applied to stress calculation of longitudinal steels. RESULTS : Steel strains were successfully measured during 30days. To verify the accuracy of temperature compensation process, measured coefficient of thermal expansion(COTE,$11.46{\times}10^{-6}m/m/^{\circ}C$) of longitudinal steel before paving was compared with that of unrestrained steel. Max. steel stress in the transverse direction shows about 266MPa at 23days after placement. CONCLUSIONS : Steel stresses in the longitudinal and transverse direction have been evaluated. In longitudinal direction, steel stress from the crack was rapidly reduced from 183MPa at crack to 18MPa from 600mm apart the crack. From this observation, stress effective length can be identified as within 600mm apart from the crack. In transverse direction, max. stress point was located near the center of pavement width and stress level(266MPa) is about 66% of yield stress of steel.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.673-691
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• 2018

The main goal of this research is to examine the in-plane and out-of-plane forced vibration of a curved nanocomposite microbeam. The in-plane and out-of-plane displacements of the structure are considered based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The curved microbeam is reinforced by functionally graded carbon nanotubes (FG-CNTs) and thus the extended rule of mixture is employed to estimate the effective material properties of the structure. Also, the small scale effect is captured using the strain gradient theory. The structure is rested on a nonlinear orthotropic viscoelastic foundation and is subjected to concentrated transverse harmonic external force, thermal and magnetic loads. The derivation of the governing equations is performed using energy method and Hamilton's principle. Differential quadrature (DQ) method along with integral quadrature (IQ) and Newmark methods are employed to solve the problem. The effect of various parameters such as volume fraction and distribution type of CNTs, boundary conditions, elastic foundation, temperature changes, material length scale parameters, magnetic field, central angle and width to thickness ratio are studied on the frequency and force responses of the structure. The results indicate that the highest frequency and lowest vibration amplitude belongs to FGX distribution type while the inverse condition is observed for FGO distribution type. In addition, the hardening-type response of the structure with FGX distribution type is more intense with respect to the other distribution types.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.51-74
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• 2001

A series of tests on concrete-filled SHS (Square Hollow Section) stub columns (twenty), columns (eight) and beam-columns (twenty one) were carried out. The main parameters varied in the tests are (1) Confinement factor (${\xi}$) from 1.08 to 5.64, (2) concrete compression strength from 10.7MPa to 36.6MPa, (3) tube width to thickness ratio from 20.5 to 36.5. (4) load eccentricity (e) from 15 mm to 80 mm and (5) column slenderness (${\lambda}$) from 45 to 75. A mechanics model is developed in this paper for concrete-filled SHS stub columns, columns and beam-columns. A unified theory is described where a confinement factor (${\xi}$) is introduced to describe the composite action between the steel tube and filled concrete. The predicted load versus axial strain relationship is in good agreement with stub column test results. Simplified models are derived for section capacities and modulus in different stages of the composite sections. The predicted beam-column strength is compared with that of 331 beam-column tests with a wide range of parameters. A good agreement is obtained. The predicted load versus midspan deflection relationship for beam-columns is in good agreement with test results. A simplified model is developed for calculating the member capacity of concrete-filled SHS columns. Comparisons are made with predicted columns strengths using the existing codes such as LRFD (AISC 1994), AIJ (1997), and EC4 (1996). Simplified interaction curves are derived for concrete-filled beam-columns.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.36-44
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 강 - PC 복합모듈 골조를 구성하는 프레스 성형된 비대칭 기둥과 보 접합부의 구조적 성능을 평가하는 것이다. 모듈러 골조를 구성하는 대부분의 접합부는 폐쇄형의 사각형 강재 기둥 단면을 주로 사용한다. 폐쇄형의 기둥 단면을 사용한 기둥-보 접합부는 시공성을 감소시키고 내화성을 확보하는데 어려움이 있다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위하여 강판을 프레스로 성형하여 비대칭 개방형 단면 내에 콘크리트를 충진하는 것이다. 프레스 성형된 비대칭 기둥-보 접합부의 구조적 성능을 조사하기 위해 총 4개의 실험체를 제작하였다. 실험결과, 비대칭 기둥의 구조적 성능과 거동이 비대칭 기둥 단면이 합성되는지 또는 기둥의 폭-두께 비율에 따라 달라지는지를 보여주었다. 프레스 성형된 비대칭 기둥-보 접합부의 구조적 성능은 실험결과와 이론식을 비교하여 평가하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.351-363
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• 2023

Reducing the self-weight of reinforced concrete structures problem is discussed in this paper by using two types of self-weight reduction, the first is by using lightweight coarse aggregate (crushed brick) and the second is by using styropor block. Experimental and Numerical studies are conducted on (LWAC) lightweight aggregate reinforced concrete slabs, having styropor blocks with various sizes of blocks and the ratio of shear span to the effective depth (a/d). The experimental part included testing eleven lightweight concrete one-way simply supported slabs, comprising three as reference slabs (solid slabs) and eight as styropor block slabs (SBS) with a total reduction in cross-sectional area of (43.3% and 49.7%) were considered. The holes were formed by placing styropor at the ineffective concrete zones in resisting the tensile stresses. The length, width, and thickness of specimen dimensions were 1.1 m, 0.6 m, and 0.12 m respectively, except one specimen had a depth of 85 mm (which has a cross-sectional area equal to styropor block slab with a weight reduction of 49.7%). Two shear spans to effective depth ratios (a/d) of (3.125) for load case (A) and (a/d) of (2) for load case (B), (two-line monotonic loads) are considered. The test results showed under loading cases A and B (using minimum shear reinforcement and the reduction in cross-sectional area of styropor block slab by 29.1%) caused an increase in strength capacity by 60.4% and 54.6 % compared to the lightweight reference slab. Also, the best percentage of reduction in cross-sectional area is found to be 49.7%. Numerically, the computer program named (ANSYS) was used to study the behavior of these reinforced concrete slabs by using the finite element method. The results show acceptable agreement with the experimental test results. The average difference between experimental and numerical results is found to be (11.06%) in ultimate strength and (5.33%) in ultimate deflection.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.227-239
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• 2018

Integral abutment bridges (IABs) have no joint across the length of bridge and are therefore also known as jointless bridges. IABs have many advantages, such as structural integrity, efficiency, and stability. More importantly, IABs have proven to be have both low maintenance and construction costs. However, due to the restraints at both ends of the girder due to the absence of a gap (joint), special design considerations are required. For example, while replacing the deck slabs to extend the service life of the IAB, the buckling strength of the steel girder without a deck slab could be much smaller than the case with deck slab in place. With no deck slab, the addition of thermal expansion in the steel girders generates passive earth pressure from the abutment and if the applied axial force is greater than the buckling strength of the steel girders, buckling failure can occur. In this study, numerical simulations were performed to estimate the buckling strength of typical steel girders in IABs. The effects of girder length, the width of flange and thickness of flange, imperfection due to fabrication and construction errors on the buckling strengths of multiple and single girders in IABs are studied. The effect of girder spacing, span length ratio (for a three span girder) and self-weight effects on the buckling strength are also studied. For estimation of the reaction force of the abutment generated by the passive earth pressure of the soil, BA 42/96 (2003), PennDOT DM4 (2015) and the LTI proposed equations (2009) were used and the results obtained are compared with the buckling strength of the steel girders. Using the selected design equations and the results obtained from the numerical analysis, equations for preventing the buckling failure of steel girders during deck replacement for maintenance are presented.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.575-585
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• 2007

본 논문은 55 MPa 이하 강도의 콘크리트를 사용한 CFT 기둥에 대한 P-M 상관곡선을 제안한 선행연구의 후속연구로서, 2005 AISC에서 새롭게 포함된 55 MPa 이상의 고강도 콘크리트를 사용한 정방형 CFT 기둥의 P-M 설계식을 제안하였다. 선행연구에서 제안한 개념을 적용하여 고강도 콘크리트를 사용한 CFT에서의 최대모멘트와 최대모멘트시의 압축력을 구하기 위해 강관의 폭두께비(b/t)와 강관의 항복강도에 대한 콘크리트의 상대강도(fck/Fy)를 중요 변수로 총 36개의 대상단면을 선정하여 Fiber Analysis를 통한 변수해석을 수행하였다. 강관의 응력-변형율 관계는 완전탄소성으로 가정하였고 콘크리트는 고강도 콘크리트에 적용가능한 Sakino의 모델을 이용하였다. 변수해석으로부터 얻어진 결과로부터 상기의 두 변수를 이용하여 고강도 콘크리트를 사용한 각형 CFT 기둥의 설계에 쉽게 사용할 수 있는 설계식을 제안하였다. 기존의 실험결과와 비교한 결과 본 논문에서 제시하는 방법은, 2005 AISC에서 제시하는 방법에 비해 보다 더 쉽고 간단하게 사용될 수 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.571-583
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• 2017

A kind of accordion-web RBS connection, "Tubular Web RBS (TW-RBS)" connection is proposed in this research. TW-RBS is made by replacing a part of web with a tube at the desirable location of the beam plastic hinge. This paper presents first a numerical study under cyclic load using ABAQUS finite element software. A test specimen is used for calibration and comparison of numerical results. Obtained results indicated that TW-RBS would reduce contribution of the beam web to the whole moment strength and creates a ductile fuse far from components of the beam-to-column connection. Besides, TW-RBS connection can increase story drift capacity up to 9% in the case of shallow beams which is much more than those stipulated by the current seismic codes. Furthermore, the tubular web like corrugated sheet can improve both the out-of-plane stiffness of the beam longitudinal axis and the flange stability condition due to the smaller width to thickness ratio of the beam flange in the plastic hinge region. Thus, the tubular web in the plastic hinge region improves lateral-torsional buckling stability of the beam as just local buckling of the beam flange at the center of the reduced section was observed during the tests. Also change of direction of strain in arc shape of the tubular web section is smaller than the accordion webs with sharp corners therefore the tubular web provides a better condition in terms of low-cycle fatigue than other accordion web with sharp corners.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.383-396
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• 2015

모래자갈층에서 터널굴착 시 발생하는 지표침하에 의해 지상빌딩에 발생하는 손상도를 분석하였다. 모래자갈층의 두께와 터널까지의 심도는 약 20m이고 터널의 폭과 높이는 각각 12m, 8.6m이다. 터널은 막장전방을 3열의 강관다단그라우팅으로 보강하면서 시공하였다. 터널시공 중에 빌딩주변 36개소에서 지표침하를 계측하였고 이를 이용하여 3차원 지표침하면을 구하고 빌딩의 위치에 따라 처짐비와 수평변형율로 빌딩의 손상도를 평가하였다. 시공 중 계측된 지표침하는 약 1~4mm로 작았고 빌딩은 수평압축변형을 받는 상태가 되어 빌딩에 손상이 발생하지 않았다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1829-1836
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• 2010

지역난방은 열병합 발전소에서 생산된 열을 온수의 형태로 열배관 네트워크를 통해 넓은 지역에 일괄적으로 공급하는 난방시스템이다. 일반적으로 지역난방 열배관은 지중에 매설되며 내부를 흐르는 온수의 압력과 온도변화, 매설 토사와의 마찰 및 반력에 의한 하중을 받게 되므로 열공급 효율과 함께 기계적인 안전성에 대한 검토가 반드시 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 강관의 한계상태 설계법을 이용하여 한계판폭두께비와 한계변형률, 두 가지 관점에서 열배관의 국부좌굴 발생여부를 평가하였으며 그 결과 현재 국내에서 사용되고 있는 모든 열배관은 국부좌굴이 발생하지 않음을 확인하였다. 마지막으로 국부좌굴을 피하기 위한 최소 예열온도를 산출함으로써 예열온도에 대한 시공 기준을 제시하였다.