• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2006

Effect of the various sources of dietary additives on growth, body composition and shell color of abalone Haliotis discus hannai was investigated for 16 weeks. Forty juvenile abalone averaging 13.5 g were randomly stocked into 21 of 50 L plastic rectangular containers each. Eight kinds of additives were prepared for this study: four commercially available microalgae [Haeatococcus (Hae), Isochrysis galbana (Iso), Shizochytrium (Sch) and Spirulina (Spi)], three crustacean meals [krill meal (KM), shrimp head meal (Shm) and red crab meal (Rcm)], and green tea by-product (Gre). In addition, dry sea tangle (Dst), Laminaria japonica, as a control, was prepared. Casein, dextrin and a mixture corn oil and fish oil was protein, carbohydrate and lipid sources, respectively, in the experimental diets. The 2% each additive was included into the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at the ratio of $1.5{\sim}2.0%$ total biomass of abalone with a little leftover throughout the 16-week feeding trial. Survival of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, weight gain of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. Weight gain of abalone fed the Spi diet was highest and Shi, KM and Iso diets in order. Shell length and the ratio of soft body weight to body weight of abalone was not significantly (P>0.05) affected by the experimental diets. However, shell width of abalone fed the all experimental diets containing the various sources of additives was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the Dst diet. The shell color of abalone fed the Spi diet was improved the most distinctively and similar to that of natural abalone. Therefore, it can be concluded that the experimental diets with the various sources of additives (microalgae and crustacean meals) was effective to improve growth of abalone and dietary inclusion of Spirulina was most effective to improve shell color of abalone.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.766-773
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• 2013

A transparent film was fabricated based on bacterial cellulose (BC), BC has excellent physical strength and stability at high temperature and it is an environmental friendly flexible material. In order to improve the conductivity, silver nanowire (AgNW) and/or graphene were introduced to the BC membrane. The aspect ratio of the AgNW synthesized in this study was 214, with a length of $15{\mu}m$ and width of 70 nm. The higher aspect ratio improved the conductivity by reducing the contact resistance. The thermal and electrical properties of 7 types of films prepared were investigated. Each film was fabricated with rectangular shape ($2mm{\times}2mm{\times}50{\mu}m$). The films were scored with a net shape by a knife, and filled with AgNW and graphene to bestow conductivity. The film filled with AgNW showed favorable electrical characteristics with a thickness of $350{\mu}m$, electron concentration of $1.53{\times}10^{19}$, electron mobility of $6.63{\times}10^5$, and resistivity of 0.28. The film filled with graphene had a thickness of $360{\mu}m$, electron concentration of $7.74{\times}10^{17}$, electron mobility of 0.17, and resistivity of 4.78. The transmittances at 550 nm were 98.1% and 80.9%, respectively. All the films were able to light LEDs bulbs although their brightness differed. A thermal stability test of the BC and PET films at $150{\pm}5^{\circ}C$ showed that the BC film was more stable, whereas the PET film was quickly banded. From these results, it was confirmed that there it is possible to fabricate new transparent conductivity films based on BC.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.30-41
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• 2015

This study was prepared by varying the type of barley sikhye to promote the use of barley. to learn the quality characteristics of traditional beverage sikhye, sikhyes were made out of different kinds of barley such as amethyst barley, black naked barley, tetrastichum barley, tetrastichum waxy barley, naked barley and naked waxy barley. The result of the study is as following. Regarding the length/width ratio of barley grain, black naked barley was the biggest; while amethyst barley was the smallest. Moisture content of barley grain was in the range of 54.96~71.74%. The saccharification liquid pH was in the range of 5.40~5.63 and the soluble solid content was in the range of 15.37~18.73 brix %. The saccharification liquid of sikhye made of tetrastichum waxy barley had the highest soluble solid content; while the saccharification liquid of sikhye made of black naked barley had the lowest soluble solid content. Reducing sugar was in the range of 4.35~7.42 mg/ 100 g; at which tetrastichum waxy barley sikhye had the highest reducing sugar while black naked barley sikhye had the lowest reducing sugar. The result of reducing sugar was similar to the result of soluble solid content. Black naked barley had low Lightness, redness and yellowness in its cooked rice grain and saccharification liquid. The result of barley sikhye characteristics was as following. Black naked barley had the strongest fullness while tetrastichum waxy barley had the weakest fullness. Black naked barley had strong feeling after swallowing the barley rice grain; while tetrastichum waxy barley had weak feeling after swallowing the barley rice grain. The result of feeling after swallowing the barley rice grain had correlation with fullness. The result of preference test was as following. naked waxy barley sikhye and naked barley sikhye had best outlook. In the smell, amethyst barley sikhye was the best. regarding texture, naked barley sikhye and naked waxy barley sikhye had high preference. In overall preference, naked barley sikhye was the best. Like above, there were differences in quality in sikhyes dependent on the variety of barley. In particular, tetrastichum waxy barley and naked barley will be able to increase the amount of sweetness without malt production during sikhye.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.88-100
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• 1998

Since fractures may serve as major conduits of groundwater flow in crystalline rocks, characterization of conductive fractures is especially important for interpretation of flow system. In this study, characterization of fractures to investigate hydraulically conductive fractures in gneisses at an abandoned mine area was performed. The orientation, width, length, movement sense, infilling materials, spacing, aperture, roughness of both joints and faults and intersection and connectivity to other joints were measured on outcrops. In addition, characteristics of subsurface fractures were examined by core logging in five boreholes, of which the orientations were acquired by acoustic televiewer logging from three boreholes. The dominant fracture sets were grouped from outcrops; GSet 1: N50-82$^{\circ}$E/55-90$^{\circ}$SE, GSet 2: N2-8$^{\circ}$E/56-86$^{\circ}$SE, GSet 3: N46-72$^{\circ}$W/60-85$^{\circ}$NE, GSet 4:Nl2-38$^{\circ}$W/15-40$^{\circ}$SW and from subsurface; HSet 1: N50-90$^{\circ}$E/55-90$^{\circ}$SE, HSet 2: N10-30$^{\circ}$E/50-70$^{\circ}$SE, HSet 3: N20-60$^{\circ}$W/50-80$^{\circ}$NE, HSet 4: N10-50$^{\circ}$E/$\leq$40$^{\circ}$NW. Among them, GSet 1, GSet 3 and HSet 1, HSet 3 are the most intensely developed fracture sets in the study area. The mean fracture spacings of HSet 1 are 30-47cm and code 1 fractures, such as faults and open fractures, comprise 21.0-42.9 percent of the whole fractures in each borehole. HSet 3 shows the mean fracture spacings of 55-57cm and the ratio of code 1 fractures is 15.4-26.9 percent. In spite of the mean fracture spacing of 239cm, code 1 fractures of HSet 4 have the highest ratio of 54.5 percent. From the fact that faults or open fractures have high hydraulic conductivity, it can be inferred that the three fracture sets of N55-85$^{\circ}$E/50-80$^{\circ}$SE, N20-60$^{\circ}$W/50-75$^{\circ}$NE and N10-30$^{\circ}$E/$\leq$30$^{\circ}$NW from a fracture system of relatively high conductivity. It is indirectly verified with geophysical loggings and constant injection tests performed in the boreholes.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2018

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of combination of air temperature and soil water contents on growth, physiological disorder rate, and yield of garlic. This experiments has been carried out in the typical plastic house (one side open and other side installed ventilation fans) which was maintained gradient air temperature (maximum different value of air temperature : $6^{\circ}C$). The excessive irrigation (EI) set at $0.34m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents. The significant differences found in the growth parameters of garlics as affected by air temperature and soil moisture conditions. The plant height of garlic with combination of ambient $(A)+6^{\circ}C$ and optimal irrigation (OI; set at $0.22m^3/m^3$ soil moisture contents) treatments represented 47.4 cm/plant, which was the highest among all the tested treatments. The leaf length and width showed the greatest, which were 16.1 and 2.4 cm/plant, respectively, in $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$. The physiological disorder ratio was higher as 12.9% at $A+6^{\circ}C-OI$ and was not occurred at ambient temperature with EI compared with OI treatment. The bulb and clove weight were dramatically decreased at $A+6^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. The yields were decreased by 51% in OI at $A+6^{\circ}C$ and $A+3^{\circ}C$ temperature treatment. Those results indicated that yields were decreased and ratio of physiological disorders was increased by high temperature treatments.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.179-186
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• 1998

This experiment was conducted to study on forage utility of Diplachne fusca L. which live in reclaimed saline land of midwest region of Korea The secondary experiment was conducted to know on growth characteristics, forage yield and forage value of Diplachne fusca L. in order to get a necessary data on possible utilization of native plant as a forage crop and practical use of reclaimed saline land. The results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The growth of Diplachne fusca L. was neary finished at heading stage. So plant height, leaf length, leaf width, stem diameter, tillering number, fresh weight and dry weight per plant were 137.5cm, 42.6cm, 4.65mm, 2.48mm, 15.3 tiller, 44.68 and 15.3g respectively. 2. Fresh weight was the highest with 4,460kg/10a at heading stage, dry weight was 1,530kg/10a at heading stage and 1,630kg/10a at 20 day after heading. The fresh weight was significantly difference between cutting height level according to cutting time, but total fresh weight was not significantly difference between cutting height level. Total dry weight was significantly difference between cutting height, so it was a large yield at cutting height of 10cm. 3. The contents of crude protein, available protein, digestible protein and TDN were the range of 12.3~3.7%, 12.3~3.7% 10.8~3.6% and 65.2~60.7% according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of crude protein, available protein, and digestible protein were showed at heading stage, that of TDN showed at 20 day after heading. The contents of ADF and NDF were the range of 36.4~50.0% and 62.7-80.5% according to growth stage. 4. The contents of P, Ca, K and Mg were the range of 0.31~0.20, 0.70~0.52, 1.74~1.28 and 0.19~0.18% according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of P, Ca and K was showed at heading stage, that of Mg showed at 20 day after heading. 5. The contents of ENE, NEL, NEM and NEG were the range of 1.42~1.29, 0.68~0.62, 0.68~0.61 and 0.40~0.35 McaVlb according to growth stage, respectively. The highest yield of ENE, NEL, NEM and NEG was showed at 20 day after heading by inuease after heading. 6. The grasseating ratio of Diplachne fusca L. of before and after heading by milk cattle was 96.5% and 95.3%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.333-338
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• 2008

The tea has traditionally been used as a foodstuff by unique flavor, however recently not only the diversity of consumer demands but also the public interest in unique favorite and functional aspects have increased. It has been also reported that the main components contained in the leaves of tea (Camellia sinensis) include total nitrogen, free amino acids, polyphenols, and fiber, of which catechin has powerful bioactive effect such as anti-cancer, anti-aging, and anti-diabetic. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) which is a major phenolic constituent of green tea extract has received considerable attention for a variety of important bioactivities. This study was carried out to obtain useful information for tea breeding programs, and to investigate the concentration of quality and functional related components in Korean indigenous tea germplasms. Korean indigenous tea lines were classified into three groups of sprout time, i.e, early, medium and late sprout time, and the ratio were 20%, 43% and 37%, respectively. There was a difference in characteristics among these Korean indigenous tea lines, leaf width of those ranged from 19.8 to 75 mm, leaf length was 35.5-160.0 mm, and leaf area was $660-8,400\;mm^2$. Experimental data on chlorophyll content (SPAD value) of Korean indigenous tea genetic resources ranged from 51.3 to 82.3. The concentrations of the total nitrogen, total free amino acids, and theanine were ranged 4.18-6.07%, 2.87-4.58%, and 1.64-2.66%, respectively. Also, catechin concentration showed from 11.54 to 15.07%, and concentration of caffeine was 2.82-4.23%. These results indicated indicated that it is possible to select elite lines with high concentration of quality related components and low concentration of caffeine from Korean domestic tea germplasms.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.23-40
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• 2022

Many constructed wetlands have been installed in dam reservoirs nationwide for ecological purification of watershed pollutants, but aging and reduced efficiency are becoming issues. To improve the management of constructed wetlands, an objective evaluation of structural suitability is required. This study evaluated 39 constructed wetlands of 15 dams. First, through fogus group interview(FGI), survey analysis, and analytic hierarchy process(AHP), eight evaluation items in the physical and vegetative aspects were selected and the evaluation criteria applied with weights were prepared. Second, as a result of the structural suitability evaluation, the average score of the overall constructed wetlands was 80.8, with 10 sites rated as 'good grade(91~100)', 22 sites rated as 'normal grade(71~90)' and 7 sites rated as 'poor grade(70 or less)'. The average score of physical structure evaluation was 52.6, with 14 sites rated as 'good', 21 sites as 'normal' and 4 sites as 'poor'. The suitability of location was good level in most constructed wetlands, but the water supply system, depth of water, ratio of length-to-width, and slope of flow channel were evaluated as 'normal' or less in constructed wetlands of 50% or more. Therefore, it was found that overall improvement was necessary for stable flow supply and flow improvement in the constructed wetland. The average score of vegetative structure evaluation was 28.2, and about 84% of them were identified as 'normal' or lower. As a result of analyzing the Spearman's correlation coefficient between the physical structure evaluation score and the vegetation structure evaluation score, there was a significant correlation(r = 0.728, p < 0.001), and it was found that each evaluation factor also influences each other. As a result of the case review of 6 constructed wetlands, the appropriateness of the evaluation results was confirmed, and it was found that the location, flow rate supply, and type of wetland had a great influence on the efficiency and operation of the wetland. Through this study, it will be possible to derive structural weaknesses of constructed wetlands in dam reservoirs as a nature-based solution, to prepare types and practical alternatives for improved management of each constructed wetland in the future, and to contribute to enhancing various environmental functions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.355-361
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• 2012

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of concentrate feeding on rumen papillae development in suckling Hanwoo calves before weaning (60 days of age). Twenty-four Hanwoo calves (12 heifers and 12 bulls) at six days of age were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments [hay and two levels (low and high) of concentrate feeding] and given each diet with free access to their dams for suckling until 60 days of age. At 60 days of age, two calves from each treatment were sacrificed and used for post-mortem examination of rumen papillae development. Feed intake between 31 and 60 days of age was significantly higher (P<0.05) for the high concentrate treatment (380.2 g/d) than for other treatments (58.3 and 76.9 g/d for hay and low concentrate treatments, respectively). Although feed intake showed a large difference between the low and high concentrate treatments, body weights at birth and 60 days of age were similar between the two treatments, suggesting that calves in the low concentrate feeding suckled more milk from their dams than those in the high concentrate feeding. The ratio of reticulo-rumen weight to body weight at 60 days of age was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the high concentrate (1.39%), compared with those in the hay (0.85%) and low concentrate (1.06%) treatments. Furthermore, the high concentrate feeding significantly increased both rumen papillae length and width, compared with the hay and low concentrate feeding group. This was also detected clearly by visual observation. The blood concentration of ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate was significantly higher for the high concentrate (176.4 ${\mu}mol/L$) than for other treatments (58.9 and 59.2 ${\mu}mol/L$ for the hay and the low concentrate group, respectively). In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that, to achieve a large development of rumen papillae before weaning (60 days of age) in suckling Hanwoo calves, the amount of concentrate intake should be important. And also the results implied that hay might not be included in the diet for suckling Hanwoo calves before weaning (60 days of age).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.210-218
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• 2012

The morphological characteristics, carbon and nitrogen concentrations, stable isotope values and photosynthetic rates of Porphyra yezoensis were studied at the main purple lavers production areas on southwestern coast of Korea. The morphological characteristics of leaf length, leaf width and weight of Porphyra blades were between 11.6~16.3 (average 13.8) cm, 4.6~6.3 (average 5.4) cm, $1.1{\sim}2.6(average\;1.86)g\;DW\;m^{-2}$, respectively. Photosynthetic pigment of Chl a concentration of Porphyra blades was between $2.18{\sim}17.77(average\;9.65)mg\;DW\;Chl\;a\;m^{-2}$. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations of Porphyra blades was between $201{\sim}317(average\;240)mg\;DW\;g^{-1}$, $39.8{\sim}50.0(average\;43.5)mg\;DW\;g^{-1}$ and C/N ratio 5.0~6.7 (average 5.5). The range of average ${\delta}^{13}C$ and ${\delta}^{15}N$ values of Porphyra blades was between - 25.6 to - 24.0 (average - 24.7)‰ for ${\delta}^{13}C$, and 1.3 to 4.1 (average 2.1)‰ for ${\delta}^{15}N$. Photosynthetic characteristics of seaweeds measured by pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) fluorometry was used as an indicator of photosynthetic activity. We use Diving-PAM fluorometry to examine photosynthetic rates of the seaweeds Porphyra yezoensis at each station. Maximum quantum yield of Porphyra blades was between 0.46~0.55 (average 0.52), the variance of the effective PS II maximum quantum yield of the station was broadly similar. Maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) of Porphyra blades was between $4.71{\sim}5.84(average\;5.33){\mu}mol\;electrons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$, the changes of maximum relative electron transport rate (rETRmax) of Porphyra yezoensis were similar to those of PS II maximum quantum yield. Photosynthetic efficiency (${\alpha}$) was between 0.027~0.045 (average 0.036). Minimum saturating irradiance ($E_k$) range was $139{\sim}180(average\;156){\mu}mol\;photons\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1}$. Minimum saturating irradiance ($E_k$) made a difference by station within the area on southwestern coast. Carbon and nitrogen concentrations and photosynthetic rates of Porphyra blades production areas on southwestern coast were broadly similar. The photosynthetic characteristics showed low photosynthetic rates because the low maximum quantum yields and low maximum relative electron transport rate.