• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.287-307
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• 2012

The study area, which is located in the southeastern part of the Jirisan province of the Yeongnam massif, Korea, consists mainly of the Precambrian Hadong northern anorthosite complex (HNAC) and the Jirisan metamorphic rock complex (JMRC) and the Mesozoic granitoids which intrude them. Its tectonic frame is built into NS trend, unlike the general NE-trending tectonic frame of Korean Peninsula. This paper researched the structural characteristics at each deformation phase to clarify the geological structures associated with the NS-trending tectonic frame which was built in the HNAC and JMRC. The result indicates that the geological structures of this area were formed at least through three phases of deformation. (1) The $D_1$ deformation formed the $F_1$ sheath or "A"-type folds in the HNAC and JMRC, and the $S_{0-1}$ composite foliation and the $S_1$ foliation and the $D_1$ ductile shear zone which are (sub)parallel to the axial plane of $F_1$ fold, and the $L_1$ stretching lineation which is parallel to the $F_1$ fold axis owing to the large-scale top-to-the SE shearing on the $S_0$ foliation. (2) The $D_2$ deformation (re)folded the $D_1$ structural elements under the EW-trending tectonic compression environment, and formed the NS-trending $F_2$ open, tight, isoclinal, intrafolial folds with the $S_{0-1-2}$ composite foliation and the $S_2$ foliation and the $D_2$ ductile shear zone with S-C-C' structure and the $L_2$ stretching lineation which is (sub)parallel to the axial plane of $F_2$ fold. The extensive $D_2$ ductile shear zone (Hadong shear zone) of NS trend was persistently developed along the eastern boundary of HNAC and JMRC which would be to the limb of $F_2$ fold on a geological map scale. The Hadong shear zone is no less than 1.4 km width, and was formed in the mylonitization process which produced the mylonitic structure and the stretching lineation with the reduction of grain size during the $F_2$ passive folding. (3) The $D_3$ deformation formed the EW-trending $F_3$ kink or open fold under the NS-trending tectonic compression environment and partially rearranged the NS-trending pre-$D_3$ structural elements into (E)NE or (W)NW direction. The regional trend of $D_1$ tectonic frame before the $D_2$ deformation would be NE-SW unlike the present, and the NS-trending tectonic frame in the HNAC and JMRC like the present was formed by the rearrangement of the $D_1$ tectonic frame owing to the $F_2$ active and passive folding. Based on the main intrusion age of (N)NE-trending basic dyke in the study area, these three deformation events are interpreted to have occurred before the Late Paleozoic.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.149-157
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• 1978

This study was carried out to obtain basic data for the type selection of furrow openers for the no-tillage soybean planter trailed by the two-wheel tractor from the standpoint of minimum draft and good performance of furrowing. For this study, two models of furrow opener, hoe and disc type, were tested on the artificial soil stuffed in the moving soil bin. The results obtained were as follows. In the case of disc furrow opener, the drafts were measured according to various diameters of discs under the condition of disc angle $8^{\circ}$ and $16^{\circ}$, working depth 3cm and 6cm, working speed 2.75cm/sec. Minimum draft appeared when the diameter of disc was about 28cm and the drafts increased as the diameter of discs became larger or smaller than this diameter. Specific draft showed almost same tendencies as above but showed the minimum when the diameter was about 30cm. For the purpose of controlling the seeding depth, the relationships between draft and working depths, 3cm and 6cm, were tested. The variations of draft concerning the various working depths showed linear changes and were affected in higher degree by depths than other factors. There were general tendencies at both working depths, 3cm and 6cm, that total draft showed the minimum with the disc diameter of about 28cm and specific draft showed it with the disc diameter of about 30cm regardless of disc angle and working speed. For the purpose of controlling the working width and speed, the relationships among drafts, disc angle and working speed were investigated and there were general tendencies that the draft increased as the angle and speed were increased and the draft was affected more by speed than by angle. To compare the hoe-type with disc-type opener, the specific drafts of hoe openers were compared with those of disc opener of $16^{\circ}$ angle and 30cm diameter. The specific draft of disc-type opener with the diameter of 30cm was $0.35{\sim}0.5kg/cm^2$, while $0.71{\sim}1.02kg/cm^2$ in the case of hoe type with the lift angle of $20^{\circ}$ which is 2 times as much as that of disc type in average value. And the furrows opened by disc openers were cleaner than those opened by hoe openers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.72-81
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• 1981

This study was conducted to determine the differences in the growth and milk production performance of Holstein Crossbreds (Korean Native Cattle(♀)${\times}$Holstein(♂)) and Korean Native Cattle produced at the Livestock Experiment Station of the Office of Rural Developement from 1973 to 1978. The number of heifers and cows used in this experiment were 15 head of Korean Native Cattle and 11 head pf Holstein Crossbreds Cattle. Body weight and body measurements were taken at birth, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months of age, however, body measurements were not taken at birth. Milk production was checked from the 11 th day to 180th day after calving. The data was analyzed using the least square procedure in order to estimate the effect of the mating group, year of birth, calving season and parity. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. The body weights of the Holstein Crossbreds were heavier than the body weights of purebred Korean Native Cattle. The body weight of the Holstein Crossbreds averaged 28.09kg, 146.64kg, 254.48kg, 392.04kg and 454.46kg at birth, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months of age, respectively. However, the body weights of purebreds Korean Native Cattle averaged 22.45kg, 132.82kg, 220.68kg, 363.54kg and 365.54kg at the same ages. 2. The year of birth affected on body weight at each point during the growing stage, except birth, heifers born in the spring and autumn were heavier than the others, but calving season did not affect on body weight during the growing stage except at birth and 6 months. 3. Parity showed significant differences on body weight in the growing stage. Calves from the 5th parity had a tendency to be heavier than the other calves. 4. The year of birth, calving season and parity at calving had no affect on the change of body measurements, but the wither height, hip height, chest depth, chest girth and hip width were significantly greater in the Holstein Crossbreds at 24 months of age. 5. Mating groups had a significant affect on milk production during the growing stage. Year of birth and calving season did not affect milk production, but parity was significant from 11 days after calving. 6. The least-squares means used to determine the daily milk production were 3.60 and 8.26kg/day for Korean Native Cattle and the Holstein Crossbreds, respectively.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 2006

Purpose : To estimate the dose to the embryo/fetus of a pregnant patient with brain tumors, and to design an shielding device to keep the embryo/fetus dose under acceptable levels Materials and Methods : A shielding wall with the dimension of 1.55 m height, 0.9 m width, and 30 m thickness is fabricated with 4 trolleys under the wall. It is placed between a Patient and the treatment head of a linear accelerator to attenuate the leakage radiation effectively from the treatment head, and is placed 1 cm below the lower margin of the treatment field in order to minimize the dose to a patient from the treatment head. An anti-patient scattering neck supporters with 2 cm thick Cerrobend metal is designed to minimize the scattered radiation from the treatment fields, and it is divided into 2 section. They are installed around the patient neck by attach from right and left sides. A shielding bridge for anti-room scattered radiation is utilized to place 2 sheets of 3 mm lead plates above the abdomen to setup three detectors under the lead sheets. Humanoid phantom is irradiated with the same treatment parameters, and with and without shielding devices using TLD, and ionization chambers with and without a build-up cap. Results : The dose to the embryo/fetus without shielding was 3.20, 3.21, 1.44, 0.90 cGy at off-field distances of 30, 40, 50, and 60 cm. With shielding, the dose to embryo/fetus was reduced to 0.88, 0.60, 0.35, 0.25 cGy, and the ratio of the shielding effect varied from 70% to 80%. TLD results were 1.8, 1.2, 0.8, 1.2, and 0.8 cGy. The dose measured by the survey meter was 10.9 mR/h at the patient's surface of abdomen. The dose to the embryo/fetus was estimated to be about 1 cGy during the entire treatment. Conclusion : According to the AAPM Report No 50 regarding the dose limit of the embryo/fetus during the pregnancy, the dose to the embryo/fetus with little risk is less than 5 cGy. Our measurements satisfy the recommended values. Our shielding technique was proven to be acceptable.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.5
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• pp.618-629
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate ecological niche of Quercus acuta communities in Bogildo-island from July to October, 1998. This island is occupied by a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests. The study on community ecology of Q. acuta, mostly dominant species of subtropical forests, is very important for successful forest management. Sampling areas were selected in 16 quadrats, dominated by Q. acuta to examine the vegetation characteristics(plant identification, D.B.H.) and environmental elements (microtopography, altitude, slope degree, aspect, illumination and soil physicochemical properties). On the basis of data from field surveys, importance values were calculated for the dominance of Q. acuta and volume growth was analyzed by tree ring widths. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. The lists of vascular plants in the investigations were identified as 54 families, 91 genera, 113 species, 9 varieties, 1 formae. It appeared that 45 kinds were evergreen, 6 kinds(Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Eurya japonica, Smilax china, Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Carex lanceolata) were commonly observed in all plots and 5 species(Cinnamomum japonicum, Ardisia japonica, Cymbidium goeringii, Dryopteris bissetiana, Viburnum erosum) were most highly observed in all plots(over 80%). 2. The dominating species per strata were, Quercus acuta, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. Quercus salicina, Pinus thunbergii, Prunus sargentii in tree layer, Camellia Japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Quercus acuta, Eurya japonica, Castanopsis cuspidata sp. in subtree layer, Camellia japonica, Ligustrum japonicum, Smilax china, Cinnamomum japonicum, Viburnum erosum in shrub layer and Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium, Ardisia japonica, Carex lanceolata, Camellia japonica(seedlings), Quercus acuta(seedlings) in herb layer, all in descending orders. 3. Quercus acuta could be suggested as shade intolerant tree, considering the distribution in southern, western, nothern and eastern slopes in the descending orders. 4. Mean relative illumination in the forest is 0.89 % and it is relatively low in brightness. 5. Sustainment of Quercus acuta community couldn't be confirmed by judging from their reverse J curve in even-aged forest, as shown in D.B.H. distribution analysis. 6. The result of annual ring width analysis(mean ; 2.44 mm) showed three stages, such as a gentle increasing(1~12 year ; 2.04 mm), a relatively steep increasing(13~22 year ; 2.95 mm) and decreasing or stagnating(23 year after ; 2.41 mm).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.152-160
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate selectable criteria in evaluating waxy corn $F_1$ hybrids for developing good eating quality waxy corn variety. The physicochemical property analysis of 6 waxy corn $F_1$ hybrids - Chalok1, Chalok2, Heugjeomchal, Yeonnongl, Chalok4, and Suwon45- showed a range of $11.2\~13.1\%$ for crude protein, $5.1\~6.0\%$ for crude fat, $91.8\~92.6\%$ for amylopectin, and $4.5\~6.6\%$ for free sugar content. The pericarp thickness which is one of the most important characteristics related to tenderness in waxy corn was ranged $34\~47{\mu}m$ in 4 waxy corn hybrids - Yeonnongl, Chalok4, Suwon45, and Heugjeomchal. On the other hand, it was ranged $64\~81{\mu}m$ in Chalok1 and Chalok2. The amylogram analysis by rapid visco analyzer showed that in fresh waxy corn hybrid (DAP25), all amylogram properties except setback were higher in Yeonnongl, Chalok4, and Suwon45 compared to those of Chalokl, Chnlok2, and Heugjeomchal. However, in matured waxy corn hybyids (DAP45), the result was the opposite - the amylogram properties were higher in Chalokl, Chalok2, and Heugjeomchal than those of Yeonnongl, Chalok4, and Suwon45. The texture analysis showed that gumminess, chewiness, and hardness increased dramatically with the time after the cooking in Chalokl and Beugjeomchal. On the other hand, these above pyoperties did not change as rapidly with the time in Yeonnongl, Chalok4, and Suwon45. Gumminess, chewiness, and hardness did not increase much within 6 hours after steamingr but increased significantly 32 hours after steaming. Therefore, we have reached a conclusion that texture analysis of cooked waxy corn should be carried out 6 hours after steaming. In the sensory evaluation, Yeonnongl, Chalok4, and Suwon45 revealed higher palatability -6.8, 7.1, and 6.9 respectively - than. that of Chnlokl, Chalok2, and Heugjeomchal. The palatability analysis of 6 waxy corn hybrids showed palatability positively correlating with free sugar content,100-kernel weight, kernel length, kernet width, and consistency, but negatively correlating with pericarp thickness, hardness, gumminess, and chewiness.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.278-283
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• 2003

This study was carried out to examine the nitrogen removal rate of a subsurface-flow treatment wetland system which was constructed on floodplain of the Kwangju River from May to June 2001. Its dimensions were 29m in length, 9m in width and 0.65m in depth. A bottom layer of 45cm in depth was filled with crushed granite with about $15{\sim}30\;mm$ in diameter and a middle layer of 10cm in depth had pea pebbles with about 10 mm in diameter. An upper layer of 5 cm in depth contained course sand. Reeds (Phragmites australis) were transplanted on the surface of the system. They were dug out of natural wetlands and stems were cut at about 40 cm height from their bottom ends. Water of the Kwangju River flowed into it via a pipe by gravity flow and its effluent was funneled back into the river. The height of reed stems was 44.2 cm in July 2001 and 75.3cm in September 2001. The number of stems was increased from $80\;stems/m^2$ in July 2001 to $136\;stems/m^2$ in September 2001. Volume and water quality of inflow and outflow were analyzed from July 2001 through December 2001. Inflow and outflow averaged 40.0 and $39.2\;m^3/day$, respectively. Hydraulic detention time was about 1.5 days. Average nitrogen uptake by reeds was $69.31\;N\;mg/m^2/day$. Removal rate of $NO_3-N$, $NH_3-N$, T-N averaged 195.58, 53.65, and $628.44\;mg/m^2/day$, respectively. Changes of $NO_3-N$ and $NH_3-N$ abatement rates were closely related to those of wetland temperatures. The lower removal rate of nitrogen species compared with that of subsurface-flow wetlands operating in North America could be attributed to the initial stage of the system and inclusion of two cold months into the six-month monitoring period. Increase of standing density of reeds within a few years will develop both root zones suitable for the nitrification of ammonia and surface layer substrates beneficial to the denitrification of nitrates into nitrogen gases, which may lead to increment in the nitrogen retention rate.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.11
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• pp.81-86
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• 1970

This report was prepared to compare and analyze the testing method and classification of winding test in Korea to that in Japan, and the obtained results, which had been carried out, in Korea, from Sep. to Nov. in 1968 and in Japan through June in 1968, was as followings. 1. In Korean raw silk, (21 D.) the average number of breaks on winding test showed 5.91 by Korean Method but showed 8.6 by Japanese method and the latter increased to 2.7. On the other hand in Japanese raw silk, it showed 3.6 by Korean method but 4.7 by Japanese method and the latter increased to 1.1. (See Table 2,3) 2. It was seemed the tendency that the lot distribution of breaks number in Korean silk was mostly concentrated to the breaks No. 3,4 and 5(48％) by Korean method but in case of Japanese method to the breaks number 5,6 and 7(36％), and the tendency that the concentration depended mostly on the increased number of breaks. In Japanese raw silk, it was seemed the tendency that the lot distribution of breaks number was mostly concentrated to the breaks number 1. 2, and 3 (55％) by Korean Method but in case of Japanese Method to the breaks number, 2,3 and 4(50％) and the tendency that the concentration was as similar as the above. (See Table 2,3) 3. It was found the tendency that the distribution of breaks number during the open winding test was mostly concentrate red to the average number of breaks not only in Korea but in Japan. The rate 0: non-breaks, however, showed 43％ of Japan, to 7％ of Korea. (See Table 4) 4. Applying Table 1,2 to the Classification of Korea and Japan, the class distribution by Korean table showed 68％ of class 1(6), 22％ of cl ass 2(10) and 9％ of class 3(15) in Korean silk, while that by Japanese table showed 13％ of class 1(4), 56％ of class 2(10) and 29％ of class 3(18). And then the testing result to be class 1 or 2 by Korean table was. degraded from class 1 to class 2 of 55％ and from class 2 to class 3 of 20％ down. In Japanese silk, however, the class distribution by Korean table showed 85％ of class 1 (4), 10％ of class 2(10) and 5％ of class 3(18) but that by Japanese table showed 60％ of class 1(4), 33％ of class 2(10) and 7％ of class 3(18). And then there was little difference in the rate of class distribution. 5. Through the above investigation, it was seemed that Japanese classification table was only prepared for the r∼w silk of Japan, considering that the width of class 1(4) in winding table was greatly tighter than that of Korea. Because it was generally evaluated that Korean silk in quality especially in the winding test was better (next to Japan) than any other countries. 6. We could venture to estimate that, applying to Japanese method, the testing result of break number in Korean silk would show from about 6 by Korean method to 9. And then it would be found degrading hi the testing result of winding test increased gradually.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 1985

In Korea, a study on the anatomical features of pitch pine (pinus rigida Miller) branch wood through photo-microscopical method was reported in 1972 by Lee. Therefore, as a further study of Lee's on the anatomical features in branch wood of pinus rigida miller that grows in Korea, compression wood, opposite wood, and side wood were selected and treated for the purpose of comparing their structures revealed on cross and radial surface through scanning electron microscope in this study. The obtained results in this study were summarized as follows; 1. The trachied transition from earlywood to late wood is very gradual and the tracheids are nearly regular in both arrangement and size in compression wood but this transition in opposite wood and side wood is abrupt and the tracheids in opposite wood and side wood are less regular than those in compression wood. Also, the annual ring width of opposite wood is narrower than that of compression wood or side wood and the rays revealed on cross surface of side wood are more distinct than compression wood and opposite wood rays. 2. The tracheids of compression wood show roundish trends especially in earlywood but those of opposite wood and side wood show some angular trends. And intercellular space, helical cavity, and spiral check are present in both earlywood and latewood of compression wood but not present in opposite wood and side wood irrespective of earlywood and latewood. 3. The wall thickness of latewood tracheid is similar to that of earlywood tracheid in compression wood whereas the wall thickness of latewood tracheid is by far thicker than that of earlywood tracheid in opposite wood and side wood and the S3 layer of secondary wall is lack in compression wood tracheid unlike opposite wood and side wood tracheid. 4. The tracheids in compression wood are often distorted at their tips unlike those in opposite wood and side wood and the bordered pit in compression wood tracheid is located at the bottom of helical groove unlike that in opposite wood and side wood tracheid. 5. The bordered pits in radial wall of opposite wood and side wood tracheids are oval in shape but those of compression wood tracheids show some modified oval shape. 6. In earlywood of side wood, the small apertures of cross-field pits are roundish triangle to rectangle and the large one are fenestriform through the coalition of two small ones. However, the small apertures of cross-field pits are upright oval and the large ones are procumbent oval shape in earlywood of opposite wood and the apertures of cross-field pits in compression wood are tilted bifacial convex lens shape in earlywood and slit in late wood because of the border on tracheid side.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.208-213
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• 2008

Purpose: Generally a whole body bone scan has been known as one of the most frequently executed exams in the nuclear medicine fields. Asan medical center, usually use various gamma camera systems - manufactured by PHILIPS (PRECEDENCE, BRIGHTVIEW), SIEMENS (ECAM, ECAM signature, ECAM plus, SYMBIA T2), GE (INFINIA) - to execute whole body scan. But, as we know, each camera's sensitivity is not same so it is hard to consistent diagnosis of patients. So our purpose is when we execute whole body bone scans, we exclude uncontrollable factors and try to correct controllable factors such as inherent sensitivity of gamma camera. In this study, we're going to measure each gamma camera's sensitivity and study about reasonable correction factors of whole body bone scan to follow up patient's condition using different gamma cameras. Materials and Methods: We used the $^{99m}Tc$ flood phantom, it recommend by IAEA recommendation based on general counts rate of a whole body scan and measured counts rates by the use of various gamma cameras - PRECEDENCE, BRIGHTVIEW, ECAM, ECAM signature, ECAM plus, IFINIA - in Asan medical center nuclear medicine department. For measuring sensitivity, all gamma camera equipped LEHR collimator (Low Energy High Resolution multi parallel Collimator) and the $^{99m}Tc$ gamma spectrum was adjusted around 15% window level, the photo peak was set to 140-kev and acquirded for 60 sec and 120 sec in all gamma cameras. In order to verify whether can apply calculated correction factors to whole body bone scan or not, we actually conducted the whole body bone scan to 27 patients and we compared it analyzed that results. Results: After experimenting using $^{99m}Tc$ flood phantom, sensitivity of ECAM plus was highest and other sensitivity order of all gamma camera is ECAM signature, SYMBIA T2, ECAM, BRIGHTVIEW, IFINIA, PRECEDENCE. And yield sensitivity correction factor show each gamma camera's relative sensitivity ratio by yielded based on ECAM's sensitivity. (ECAM plus 1.07, ECAM signature 1.05, SYMBIA T2 1.03, ECAM 1.00, BRIGHTVIEW 0.90, INFINIA 0.83, PRECEDENCE 0.72) When analyzing the correction factor yielded by $^{99m}Tc$ experiment and another correction factor yielded by whole body bone scan, it shows statistically insignificant value (p<0.05) in whole body bone scan diagnosis. Conclusion: In diagnosing the bone metastasis of patients undergoing cancer, whole body bone scan has been conducted as follow up tests due to its good points (high sensitivity, non invasive, easily conducted). But as a follow up study, it's hard to perform whole body bone scan continuously using same gamma camera. If we use same gamma camera to patients, we have to consider effectiveness of equipment's change by time elapsed. So we expect that applying sensitivity correction factor to patients who tested whole body bone scan regularly will add consistence in diagnosis of patients.