• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.155-161
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• 2021

This study was conducted to estimate the effect of different cutting lengths on fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of whole crop rice (WCR) silage. The WCR was harvested at the yellow ripe stage (43.7%, DM), and then cut at 5 (R05), 10 (R10), and 20 cm (R20) of the theoretical length of cut with no cut WCR (R60). Each forage was ensiled into 20 L mini bucket silo (5 kg) for 150 days in quadruplicates. The cutting lengths were not affected the chemical compositions of WCR silage (p > 0.05). The pH (p < 0.001) and concentration of ammonia-N (p = 0.022) in WCR silage were increased linearly with the increase of cutting length. The concentration of lactate had quadratic effect (p = 0.007), which was highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). The concentration of acetate was increased linearly (p = 0.014), but the concentration of butyrate was decreased linearly (p = 0.033). The lactic acid bacteria count was decreased linearly (p = 0.017), and yeast count had quadratic effect (p = 0.009), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). Aerobic stability had strong quadratic effect (p < 0.001), which was the highest in R20 silage (p < 0.05). In conclusion, R60 silage had highest pH by a linear increase of ammonia-N concentration and led to low aerobic stability. While R20 silage had the lowest pH by high lactate concentration and led to high aerobic stability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1383-1389
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• 2004

The nutritive value and utilization of whole crop rice silage (WCRS), Hamasari, at yellow mature stage was determined by three studies. In first study, chemical composition, in vivo digestibility and metabolizable energy (ME) content of WCRS was determined by Holstein steers. WCRS contains 6.23% CP, its digestibility is 48.4% and estimated TDN is 56.4%. Its ME content was 1.91 Mcal/kg DM. Gross energy (GE) retention (% of GE intake) in steers is only 22.7% most of which was lost through feces (44.7% of GE intake). It takes 81 minutes to chew a kg of WCRS by steers. In another study, the effect of Hamasari at yellow mature stage at three stages of lactation (early, mid and late lactation) and two levels of concentrate (40 or 60%) on voluntary intake, ME content and ME intake, milk yield and composition using lactating Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Total intake increased with the concentrate level in early and mid lactation, but was similar irrespective of concentrate level in late lactation. WCRS intake was higher with 40% concentrate level than with 60% concentrate. ME intake by cows increased with the concentrate level and WCRS in early lactating cows with 40% concentrate can support only 90% of the ME requirement. Milk production in accordance with ME intake increased with the increase in concentrate level in early and mid lactating cows but was similar in late lactating cows irrespective of concentrate level. Fat and protein percent of milk in mid and late lactating cows were higher with for 60% concentrate than 40%, but reverse was in early lactating cows. Solids-not-fat was higher with for 60% concentrate than 40% concentrate. Finally in situ degradability of botanical fractions such as leaf, stem, head and whole WCRS, Hamasari at yellow mature stage was incubated from 0 to 96 h in Holstein steers to determine DM and N degradability characteristics of botanical fractions and whole WCRS. Both DM and N solubility, rate of degradation and effective degradability of leaf of silage was lower, but slowly degradable fraction was higher compared to stem and head. Solubility of DM and N of stem was higher than other fractions. The 48 h degradability, effective degradability and rate of degradation of leaf were always lower than stem or head. In conclusion, voluntary intake of silage ranged from 5 to 12 kg/d and was higher with low levels of concentrate, but milk yield was higher with high levels of concentrate. Fat corrected milk yield ranged from 19 to 37 kg per day. For consistency of milk, early lactating cows should not be allowed more than 40% whole crop rice silage in the diet, but late lactating cows may be allowed 60% whole crop rice silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1133-1137
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to study the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers fed whole crop corn silage ensiled with poultry manure (PM) for 18 months. The experiment was designed as a randomized block design with three phases. Steers were allotted in one of three dietary treatments, which were ammonia-treated rice straw (AS), whole crop corn silage (CS) and whole crop corn+30% PM silage (based on DM; MS). All diets were supplemented with concentrate. Total body weight gain and average daily gain (ADG) in MS group were increased (p<0.05) by 6% over AS group. The MS treatment enhanced (p<0.05) total and daily intakes of forage compared with the AS and CS treatments while there was compensatory effect on concentrate intake by AS group. Carcass characteristics were improved by feeding MS. MS increased (p<0.05) carcass weight and marbling score (7.5 and 22.5% of AS, respectively), and reduced (p<0.05) backfat thickness (13.2 of AS and 16.6% CS). Carcass grade and meat quality grade were also improved by MS compared with AS and CS. Under the conditions of this study, MS was an efficacious replacement for corn silage for steers.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2012

This study was conducted to observe the fermentative quality and anthocyanin content in whole crop colored barley silage during storage periods and anthocyanin stability in in vitro ruminal fluid. Silages of colored barley cultivar "Boanchalbori" and normal barley cultivar "Yuyeonbori" were stored during 0, 2, 4, 6, and 12 months. The in vitro ruminal fluid was fermented for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hrs. For the feed value, crude protein of colored barley silage was slightly increased in the silage compared to that of normal barley silage, and being increased up to 2 months after ensiling and thereafter maintained at the similar level. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of both the barley significantly increased by prolonged storage of 2 months (p<0.05), but they were maintained at the constant level after 2 months of storing silage. Whereas TDN (total digestible nutrients) contents of them were decreased by the prolonged storage of 2 months (p<0.05), then maintained at the constant levels. The fermentative quality and pH values in both the barley silages were slightly decreased during the storage time. Lactic acid and acetic acid contents were increased during prolonged storage period, but not significantly different among treatments. Butyric acid was not detected. In the colored barley silage, pH value showed slightly lower compared to that of the normal barley silage but not significant, and lactic acid content was significantly higher than the normal barley silage (p<0.05). The total anthocyanin content in the whole crop colored barley silage decreased to 42% after 2 months of ensilage, however maintained at the constant level until 12 months of ensilage. In the case of anthocyanin stability on in vitro ruminal fluid digestion, the pH value of the ruminal fluid was slightly lower at 6, 12, 24, 48h incubation time and the content of anthocyanin was at similar levels. These results indicated that the colored barley showed higher fermentation quality, and total anthocyanin content was maintained stable at 42% level of the first value in storing silage. As the anthocyanin had higher stability in the ruminal fluid, the colored barley has a potential as functional feeds for Ruminants.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제58권4호
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• pp.362-366
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• 2013

이 연구는 조제방법에 따른 수확시기별 청보리의 사료가치 및 발효품질을 평가하기 위하여 실시하였다. 그 결과, 청보리 원재료의 사료가치는 수확시기가 늦어짐에 따라 조단백질, NDF와 ADF 함량은 감소하고, TDN 함량은 증가하였다(P<0.05). 이러한 수확시기별 사료가치의 변화는 사일리지에서도 제조 전과 같은 경향이었으며, 사일리지 제조 전후를 비교하여 볼 때, 조단백질과 섬유소 함량이 다소 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 조제방법별로 볼 때 베일과 초퍼에 따른 사료가치의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 사일리지의 pH는 모든 처리구에서 수확시기가 늦어질수록 높아지는 경향을 보였고, 유기산 함량은 사일리지 조제방법에 관계없이 수확시기가 늦어질수록 줄어드는 경향이었으며(P<0.05), 조제방법별로 볼 때 품종에 관계없이 일반수확보다 초퍼에서 젖산함량이 약 23%정도 증가하는 경향이었다(P<0.05). 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 청보리는 황숙기에 수확하는 것이 유리하며, 베일보다는 초퍼로 사일리지를 제조하는 것이 발효품질을 향상시킬 수 있는 방법이라고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.1548-1553
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• 2000

An experiment was conducted to study the nutritional quality of whole crop corn silage ensiled with cage layer manure in sheep. Treatments were designed as a $3{\times}3$ Latin square with 16-day periods. Sheep were allotted in one of three diet-treatments, which were whole crop corn silage (CS), whole crop corn+30% cage layer manure (CLM) silage (based on DM; MS) and rice straw+concentrate (SC) mixed at 8:2 ratio (on DM basis). Silage ensiled with CLM significantly increased (p<0.05) digestibilities of crude protein, NDF and ADF, TDN over the other treatments. Ruminal pH in sheep fed SC was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other diets at 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 h after feeding. Ruminal ammonia nitrogen concentration of the MS treatment was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of the other treatments at 0, 1, 2 h after feeding. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) feed intake, digestibility of organic matter and crude protein, nitrogen intake and retained nitrogen. The MS treatment highly increased (p<0.05) purine derivative (PD) excretion leading to higher microbial protein synthesis.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.325-325
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• 2022

In order to developing high-quality rice varieties and processing varieties, systematic and stable evaluation of physicochemical properties is required for breeding lines. In this study, we compared the quality characteristics evaluation results of rice breeding lines for cooked rice, special rice, and whole crop silage rice adapted to central plain region (Suwon) in order to use as basic data for future rice variety development. Brown rice length/width ratio, head rice ratio, protein content, amylose content, alkali digestion value(ADV) and Toyo value were analyzed to evaluate the quality characteristics of yield trial lines cultivated in Suwon for four years (2017-2020). Brown rice length/width ratio, head rice ratio, protein content, ADV and Toyo values showed significant differences by year, but there was no significant difference in amylose content (p<0.05), which showed little environmental variation. The head rice ratio and Toyo value showed an increasing trend, while the protein content showed a decreasing trend. However, the protein content was the highest in 2020, which is thought to be owing to little sunlight hours due to heavy rainfall in 2020. The protein content of whole crop silage rice was 8.1%, which was significantly higher than that of other lines (p<0.05). Toyo value of medium-maturing and early-maturing lines were 67.6 and 73.7%, respectively, and the Toyo value of medium-maturing lines was higher than that of the early-maturing lines (p<0.05). In correlation analysis among the quality characteristics of the rice lines for cooked rice, significant positive correlations were detected between Toyo value and head rice ratio, amylose content, ADV, and a negative correlation was observed between Toyo value and protein content (p<0.05).

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.61-70
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• 2004

벼 사일리지는 일반적으로 높은 pH와 많은 양의 butyric acid로 인하여 발효 품질이 좋지 못하기 때문에 발효품질 향상을 위해서 첨가제 처리가 요구된다. 하지만, 아직까지 국내에선 첨가제를 첨가하여 벼 사일리지의 발효품질에 대해서 검토된 바 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 생육시기별로 수확된 사료용 벼에 유산균 및 개미산의 첨가수준을 달리하여 사료성분과 발효품질의 변화를 조사하여 양질의 벼 사일리지를 조제를 위한 적정 첨가수준을 구명하기 위하여 수행되었다. 본 시험은 강원도 춘천시 신북읍 유포리에 위치한 기존 논에서 일품벼mutant(만생종)를 최초 8월 17일부터 10일 간격으로 6회(8월 17일; 수잉기, 8월 27일: 유숙기, 9월 7일; 호숙기, 9월 17일; 황숙기, 9월 27일; 고숙기, 및 10월 7일: 완숙기) 수확하여 수확시기별로 유산균 및 개미산을 각각 원료무게의 0.05, 0.1 및 0.2％ 와 0.2, 0.3 및 0.4％를 첨가하였다. 건물함량, 조단백질, 섬유소 및 TDN 함량은 모든 수확시기에서 첨가제 처리수준에 따른 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. 유산균 및 개미산 처리가 모든 수확시기에서 무처리구에 비해서 낮은 pH를 나타냈으며, 각 첨가제 공히 첨가수준이 높아짐에 따라 pH가 낮아지는 경향을 나타냈다. 유산 함량은 각 수확시기 모두에서 유산균 및 개미산 처리구가 무처리구에 비해서 유의적으로 높았으며(P< 0.05), 유산균 처리구에서 더 많은 유산이 생성 되었다. 낙산 함량은 모든 수확시기에서 무 첨가구보다 첨가제 처리구에서 공히 낮았고 (P< 0.05), 첨가제 처리수준이 높아짐에 따라 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 암모니아태 질소 함량은 모든 수확시기에서 첨가제 처리구가 무첨가구에 비해서 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으나(P< 0.05), 황숙기 이후에서 첨가수준에 따른 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았다(P<0.05). 본 연구에서 발효품질은 첨가제 첨가수준이 높아짐에 따라 향상되는 경향을 보였지만, 낮은 처리수준에서도 양질의 사일리지 조제가 가능하였다. 따라서 양질의 벼 사일리지 조제를 위한 유산균과 개미산의 첨가수준은 각각 0.5∼0.1％와 0.2∼0.3％가 적정 수준인 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.240-244
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• 2013

본 연구는 추청벼를 이용하여 총체 벼 사일리지를 조제하였을 때 총체 벼 사일리지의 사료가치 및 부위별 소화율을 조사하여 총체 벼의 이용성을 검정하기 위하여 수행되었다. 총체 벼 사일리지의 무기물 함량은 망간이 가장 높았으며 탄소, 철, 아연, 구리 등 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 마그네슘 함량이 가장 낮게 나타났다. 추청벼 총체 사일리지의 아미노산은 glutamic acid 함량이 가장 높았으며 leucine, asparagine, alanine, valine, arginine 순으로 나타났다. 그리고 methionine 함량이 가장 낮았다. 추청벼 총체 사일리지 부위(총체 벼, 낟알을 제거한 줄기, 왕겨를 포함한 낟알, 쌀)에 따른 시간별 반추위내 건물 소화율은 쌀이 가장 높았으며 왕겨를 포함한 낟알, 총체 벼, 낟알을 제거한 줄기 등 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 추청벼 총체 사일리지 소화율은 부위에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였으며 무기물 중 망간 그리고 아미노산 중 glutamic acid가 가장 높은 함량을 보였다.

• 한국초지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국초지조사료학회 2002년도 창립 30주년 International Symposium
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.