• 한국가금학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.91-95
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• 1997

This study was conducted to establish a colostomy technique using cannulation in white Leghorn male chicks. A everted rectum method was used for colostomy from 3 to 20 months old roosters. After 2 or 3 days of operation, blood clots were taken off. At this time, a cannula was also inserted into artificisal annus to keep it open. The cannula was regularly exchanged at every 7 to 10 days. Polyethylene bag and plastic beaker were used for feces and urine collection, respect-ively. The present paper describes the methods of operation, cannulation after colostomy recturn and post-operation management. This method has succeeded in colostomising chickens that survive as long as their normal counterparts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.315-321
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• 1992

The utilization of feeding white sweet lupin (Lupinus angustifolius cv. Uniwhite) seeds supplemented with the limiting amino acids were investigated in day-old single comb White Leghorn male chicks. These were fed a commercial chick mash for the first 10 days and on a semi-synthetic protein-free diet for the next 6 days. For the subsequent 6 days of experimental feeding period, the birds were fed on the protein-free diet, basal diet containing 9.31% of lupin seed meal (LSM) protein, diets supplemented with methionine, methionine + tryptophan or methionine + tryptophan + lysine in the basal diet, and diet containing 9.84% of soybean meal (SBM) protein. When the LSM protein was supplemented with methionine, protein intake, body weight gain, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and net protein ratio (NPR) were increased (p<0.05). The birds excreted lower urinary nitrogen and fecal nitrogen per protein comsumption, had improved apparent (AD) and true (TD) digestibility but did not alter biological value (BV) of the protein. Metabolizability (MEn/GE) and heat production (HP) per MEn intake (HP/MEn) was lowered while energy retention (ER) was highered (p<0.05) compared with those of the basal diet. Also the body weight gain, PER, NPR and ER was increased but the BV and HP/MEn was lowered compared with those of the SBM protein. The results indicated that lupin seed supplemented with methionine increase body weight gain and energy rentention but did not alter biological value compared with those of lupin seed and soybean meal.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.543-554
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• 1992

True metabolizable energy(TME) is believed a better indicator for animal performance than apparent metabolizable energy (AME) for excluding the endogenous energy losses from excreta, However few researches have been conducted to compare superiority of any energy systems through practical animal feeding tests. Present study was to compare the energy systems in young chicks in terms of predictability of energy intake for the birds performances including body energy retention and of methodological accuracy by evaluating reproducibility and additi-vity of energy values of feed ingredients and compound diets. Five ingredients such as yellow corn wheat soybean meal fish meal and wheat bran were measured for their various biological energy values. in the first feeding trial chicks were restric-ted-fed the basal diet at 80, 60 and 40% on weight basis of the amount of feed ingested by chicks fed ad libitum the same diet. chicks in the second trial were also restricted-fed diets at levels of 80, 70, 60 and 50% on energy basis of the amount consumed by the basak duet group fed ad libitum The diets in the latter trial were however composed of differeent formulations from the basal diet. One-week-old Single Comb White Leghorn male chicks were individually alloted in a cage on 10 cages/treatment basis and fed the diets for 14 days. Individual carcass energy was measured after the feeding trials. Coefficients of variation of energy measurements were lesser for nitrogen-corrected AME and TME(AMEn & TMEn respectively) than AME and TME values suggesting taht reprodu-cibility of energy determinations by former systems could be better than the latters. The coeffi-cients for AME and TME were almkost of the same values. Additivity obtained by the rations between the calculated values and catual measurements appeared quite satisfactory for all the energy systems. Those of AME and TME however were relatively better than the other systems. Regression coefficient ${r}^2$ between energy intake by various systems and chick performances appeared higher for TME, AMEn and TMEn than AME implying that the former systems could provide better predictability for body weight gain and energy retention than the AME. The ${r}^2$ values for TME and AMEn particularly for body weight gain were on the average 0.967 and 0.960 respectively. In conclusion TME or AMEn can be recommended as choice for dietary energy system in terms of performance predictability of the birds and of procedural convenience for the measurements.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.219-227
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• 1988

본 실험은 사료첨가제로 사용되는 인산칼슘제에 들어있는 Ca과 P의 생물학적 이용성을 측정 비교하고자 실시하였다. 5일령의 수평아리를 사용하여 12 일간의 실험기간 후에 경골의 회분함량율 기준으로 하여 표준계선에 의한 least square방식으로 측정한 이용성의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. P의 이용성은 DiCa-P첨가제가 각각 77.1, 91.0, 96.4 그리고 95.5％를 나타냈고 TriCa-P첨가제는 각각 94.1, 95.0 및 99.5％를 나타냈다. 2. Ca의 이용성은 DiCa-P 첨가제에서 각각 78.3, 234.1, 87.6 그리고 244.5％였고 TriCa-P첨가제는 각각 99.5, 84.0 및 101.5 ％였다. 3. 전반적으로 TriCa-P첨가제가 DiCa-P첨가제보다 이용성이 약간 높게 나타났다. 4. 국산과 외국산 인산칼슘제의 이용성의 차이는 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1164-1170
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• 2008

In this study, the effects of propolis and vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) supplementation in diets were investigated on feed intake (FI), body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion rate (FCR) and digestibility and on egg production and qualities (weight, mortality, shell thickness) in laying hens exposed to heat stress. A total of 150 Hyline White Leghorn, aged 42 weeks, hens was divided into five groups of 30 hens. Chicks were randomly divided into 1 positive control, 1 control and 3 treatment groups. The chicks were kept in cages in temperature-controlled rooms at $22^{\circ}C$ for 24 h/d (positive control, Thermoneutral, TN group) or $34^{\circ}C$ for 9 h/d from 08.00-17.00 h followed by $22^{\circ}C$ for 15 h (control, heat stress, HS group) and fed a basal diet or basal diet supplemented with vitamin C (250 mg/kg of L- ascorbic acid/kg of diet) or two levels of propolis (2 and 5 g of ethanol extracted propolis/kg of diet). Increased FI (p<0.05) and improvement in FCR (p<0.05), hen day egg (p<0.05) and egg weight (p<0.05) were found in Vitamin C and propolis-supplemented laying hens reared under heat stress conditions. Mortality rate was higher in the control group than TN, vitamin C and propolis groups (p<0.05). Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and ether extract improved with increasing of both dietary vitamin C and propolis (p<0.05). Vitamin C or propolis supplementation did not affect either the percentage shape index, yolk index or haugh unit and albumen index (p>0.05). However, the egg shell thickness and egg shell weight appeared to be increased in Vitamin C and propolis groups in comparison to HS group birds (p<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of laying hens with anti-oxidants (vitamin C and propolis) can attenuate heat stress-induced oxidative damage. These positive effects were evidenced by increased growth performance and digestibility, improvement of egg shell thickness and egg weight in comparison to non-supplemented birds. Moreover, supplementation with propolis (5 g/kg diet) was the most efficient treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 1969

This experiment was conducted for 4 weeks to compare the feeding values of dried meal of Russian Comfrey and Kale as green feeds with Acacia leaf meal and Ladino clover meal, and to investigate the effects of feeding these on the total cholesterol in blood serum and liver fat content. Seventy-five male chicks of Single Comb White Leghorn were allotted into 5 treatments. Fifteen birds in each treatment were received Russian Comfrey meal, Kale meal, Acasia leaf meal, Ladino clover meal or no dried meal, respectively. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. No significant differences were recognized between the treatments and control in the growth rate, feed consumption, feed efficiency, utilization of nutrients, nitrogen retention and metabolizable energy value. 2. Carotene content in Russian Comfrey and Kale has been decreased as the growing stage advanced, and the leaves of both vegetable contained significantly (p<0.01) more carotene than that in stems. Vitamin C content of leaves was also signifcantly (p<0.01) higher than that in stems, however, vitamin C content has been increased as the growing stage advanced. 3. Toltal cholesterol content in blood serum of the chickens fed the Acacia leaf meal or Russian Comfrey meal was significantly (p<0.05) lower than Ladino clover meal fed group or those received no green feeds. Kale seems to decrease cholesterol content a little. Above results indicated that Acacia leaf and Russian Comfrey might contain certain substances that would depressing the cholesterol content. 4. No significant differences in the liver fat were discovered among the treatment but it was observed that liver fat was decreased as the cholesterol content increased.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1227-1231
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• 2002

A powerful tool for chicken transgenesis could be established by employing a germline chimera production through primordial germ cell transplantation. This study was conducted to examine whether foreign gene-transfected gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGCs) have a migration activity into the gonad after transfer to recipient embryos. In Experiment 1, gPGCs of Korean Ogol Chicken were retrieved from 5.5-day-old embryos and subsequently transferred to the dorsal aorta of 2.5-day-old White Leghorn embryos after being labeled with PKH26 fluorescent dye. To confirm migration activity after transplantation, recipient embryos were sacrificed and examined on 3 days after transfer. Sex determination was concomitantly undertaken to examine whether sex of recipient embryos could affect the migration activity of gPGCs. All of embryonic gonads examined showed positive signals with PKH26 fluorescence and W-chromosome specific band by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was detected in male embryos when gPGCs with ZW chromosome were transferred to recipient embryos. In Experiment 2, retrieved gPGCs were transfected with LacZ gene-containing cytomegalovirus promoter ($pCMV{\beta}$) by electroporation and subsequently transferred to recipient embryos. LacZ gene expression was identified in the gonads of 6 or 10-day-old recipient embryos and hatched-chicks. A total of 20 embryos and 12 hatched-chicks were examined and 11 of them (10 embryos and one hatched chicken; 11/32=34.4%) expressed $\beta$-galactosidase, a marker substance of LacZ gene. The results of this study demonstrated that foreign gene-transfected gPGCs can migrate and settle down into the gonad after being transferred into the blood vessel of the recipient embryos. This established technique will contribute to developing a peer biotechnology for transgenic chicken.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.264-270
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• 1977

무지방사료(無脂肪飼料) 및 여기에 17 : 0, 18 : 0 혹은 18 : 2를 첨가(添加)한 사료(飼料)를 닭병아리숫놈에 급여(給與)해서 그 경부지방조직(頸部脂肪組織) 및 천흉근(淺胸筋)의 지방산조성(脂肪酸組成)에 미치는 급여지방산(給與脂肪酸)의 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)했다. 경부지방조직(頸部脂肪組織)은 $34{\sim}62%$의 지질(脂質)을 함유(含有)해서 그 중 트리그리세라이드가 $97{\sim}98%$를 이루고 있었다. 급여(給與)한 지방산(脂肪酸)은 지방조직(脂肪組織)중에 비교적(比較的) 다량(多量) 분포(分布)하고 또는 17 : 0 급여(給與)는 16 : 1의 분포치(分布値)를 저하(低下)시키고 18 : 2 급여(給與)는 18 : 0의 분포치(分布値)를 증가(增加)시켰다. 천흉근(淺胸筋)은 $1.3{\sim}1.7%$의 지질(脂質)을 함유(含有)해서 그중 인지질(燐脂質)이 $77{\sim}79%$, 유리(遊離)콜레스테롤이 $11{\sim}13%$를 점(占)하고 있었다. 각지질분획(各脂質分劃)에서 17 : 0의 급여(給與)는 17 : 0와 17 : 1을 출현(出現)시키고 18 : 2의 급여(給與)는 18 : 2의 분포치(分布値)를 높였으나 18 : 0의 급여(給與)는 18 : 0의 분포치(分布値)에 영향(影響)을 주지 않았다. 천흉근지질(淺胸筋脂質)의 대부분(大部分)을 이루는 인지질(燐脂質)에서 18 : 0의 급여(給與)로 18 : 1이 많아졌고, 18 : 2의 급여(給與)는 18 : 1과 16 : 0의 분포치(分布値)를 저하(低下) 시키고 다시 18 : 0의 분포치(分布値)를 높였다. 또한 18 : 2의 급여(給與)는 20 : 3의 분포치(分布値)를 저하(低下) 시키고 20 : 4의 분포치(分布値)를 높였다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.209-219
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• 1986

본 실험에서는 식물성이면서 포화도가 높은 팜유와 동물성이면서 불포화도가 높은 어유를 병아리에 섭취시켜 혈액과 간내의 cholesterol 및 TG 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 그 결과 에너지 섭취량은 각 첨가 지방의 에너지가가 g당 9kcal로 가정하고 다른 원료 사료들은 각각의 대사에너지 함량을(Scott, 1976) 기준해서 계산하였는데 그 결과 지방 첨가 수준이나 첨가 지방의 종류에 관계없이 에너지 섭취량이 전반적으로 비슷하게 나타났다. 체중 증가량도 대체로 처리간에 통계적인 처리가 없었고, 단지 실험 1에서 동물성 지방급여구가 식물성 지방급여구보다 유의하게 적게 나타났다. 그리고 체중 100g당의 무게로 나타냈을때 간의 무게는 실험 1의 어유구와 실험2의 경화어유구에서 각각 가장 무거웠고, 심장의 무게는 실험2에서 두 어유구가 모두 가장 무겁게 나타났다. 한천 간장의 총지방 함량은 실험2에서 우지구가 팜유구보다 유의하게 더 많았다. 고리고 간장의 cholesterol 함량은 실험1에서만 어유구가 팜유나 우지구보다 더 높게 나타났고, 혈액 cholesterol 함량은 실험2에서 어유구가 가장 낮았다(P〈0.05). 또 간장의 TG함량은 실험2에서 채종유, 우지 및 경화어유구등이 팜유구보다 더 높았고, 실험3에서는 C/P 비율이 164인 구가 대조구보다 간에 더 많은 TG를 함유한 것으로 나타났다 (P〈0.05). 그러나 혈액 TG는 전반적으로 개체 변이가 심해서 유의한 차이를 볼 수 없었다. 이상의 결과를 다시 첨가된 각 지방별로 요약하면, 옥수수유, 대두유, 채종유등은 여러 측정치에서 유사한 결과를 보여주었고, 채종유의 경우에는 심잠의 무게를 증가시킬 것으로 예상했었으나 그렇지 않았다. 그리고 팜유는 우지나 경화어유보다 간의 총지방 함량이나 간장의 TG를 더 낮추는 효과를 보였고 cholesterol에 대한 효과도 다른 식물성 지방과 유사하게 나타났다. 어유는 실험 1에서 간의 중량을 무겁게 하고, 간내의 cholesterol 함량을 높였는데 실험2에서는 심장의 무게를 각각 무겁게 했고 한편 혈액 cholesterol을 가장 낮은 수준으로 떨어뜨렸다. 그런데 실험 1과 2에서 사용된 어유는 각각 다른 source에서 구한 것으로서 여러 어종의 것이 아니기 때문에 비교하기가 곤란하다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.1188-1191
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• 1999

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) of White Leghorn chicken embryos as a donor were transferred to Rhode Island Red chicken embryos as a recipient. At 48-50 h (stage 13-15) of incubation of fertilized eggs, donor PGCs, which were taken out from blood vessels of donor embryos, were injected into blood vessels of recipient embryos. Sex of the treated embryos was determined after the transfer of PGCs using remaining blood samples. In the present experiments, survival rate of the treated embryos was 33.3% for homo-sexual and 35.4% for hetero-sexual transfers of PGCs, respectively, when determined at 17 days of incubation. In this study, most of the treated embryos could not survive more than 18 days of incubation, though the reason for that was not clarified in the present work. The gonalds removed from embryos that died after 18 days of incubation and the organs from newly hatched chicks were examined for morphological and histological features. The gonads removed from the embryos with homo-sexual transfer of PGCs showed normal development in appearance. On the contrary, some (35.3%) of the embryos with hetero-sexual transfer of PGCs possessed abnormal gonads similar to ovotestis by histological observation. In cases where the gonads developed to be normal organs (64.7%) the sex of embryos was the same as recipient ones. The present results suggest that hetero-sexual transfer of the PGCs may bring about the possibility of development of the embryos bearing sexually different gametes, spermatogonia or oogonia.