• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.2 s.81
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• pp.91-100
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• 1997

Production of alkaline carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and xylanase by batch and fed-batch cultures of alkalophilic Cephalosporium sp. RYM-202 was investigated. Of carbon sources tested, wheat bran gave the highest production of those enzymes. The high levels of CMCase on carboxymethyl cellulose and xylanase on birchwood xylan suggest that the biosynthesis of CMCase and xylanase in Cephalosporium sp. RYM-202 is regulated separately at the level of enzyme induction. The temperature and pH for maximal production of those enzymes was $20^{\circ}C$ and 9.0, respectively. High concentration of wheat bran in batch fermentation resulted in the lower and delayed production of the enzymes by catabolite repression. In fed-batch fermentation with controlled feeding of 5% final wheat bran concentration, the highest activities of CMCase and xylanase were 0.39 and 9.2 units/ml, respectively, and 1.22 and 1.36 times higher respectively than those in batch fermentation on 5% wheat bran.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1148-1155
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• 2020

Objective: The objective was to determine standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in cereal grains and various co-products fed to growing pigs. Methods: Ten feed ingredients tested were barley (9.3% CP), lupin kernels (31.1% CP), and wheat (11.3% CP) as cereal grains, and 2 sources of corn gluten feed produced in China (21.6% CP) and Korea (24.6% CP), corn gluten meal (65.3% CP), lupin hulls (11.6% CP), rice bran (14.5% CP), soybean meal (44.8% CP), and wheat bran (15.4% CP) as co-products. Ten experimental diets were formulated to contain each ingredient as a sole source of N and an N-free diet was used to correct basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. All diets also contained 0.5% Cr₂O₃ as an indigestible index. A replicated 11×6 incomplete Latin square design with 11 dietary treatments, 6 periods, and 22 animals was employed. Twenty-two barrows with an initial body weight of 64.6±4.9 kg were equipped with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. An experimental period consisted of a 4-d adaptation period and a 2-d collection period. Results: The SID of CP in the barley, lupin kernels, wheat, 2 sources of corn gluten feed, corn gluten meal, lupin hulls, rice bran, soybean meal, and wheat bran were 84.7%, 90.5%, 90.4%, 77.4%, 74.6%, 89.5%, 90.4%, 74.4%, 86.9%, and 63.4% (standard error of the mean [SEM] = 5.3, p = 0.006), respectively. The respective SID values of Lys were 75.5%, 88.4%, 83.9%, 74.7%, 62.4%, 80.3%, 83.9%, 78.5%, 88.0%, and 71.2% (SEM = 3.3, p<0.001), and the SID values of Met were 83.6%, 88.7%, 89.4%, 85.7%, 78.3%, 88.9%, 89.4%, 85.3%, 91.1%, and 77.0% (SEM = 2.4, p<0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids varies among the feed ingredients fed to pigs.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 1996

To improve the quality of Choungju. a kind of rice wine, two different types of koji were prepared and compared : one from wheat bran with Aspergillus usamii mut. shirousami Y-79 and the other from rice with A. oryzae, and yeast strains from cereal wine mashes were newly isolated and applied for the brewing method. Levels of the related enzymes such as glucoamylase, ${\alpha}-amylase$ and acid protease in the wheat bran koji were higher than those in the rice koji, whereas vice versa in the case of acid carboxypeptidase. An amount of $2{\sim}3%$ wheat bran koji to the weight of total rice was adequate for saccharification of the mash and resulted in improved duality of the fermented mash, accompanied by decrease in koji ordor and amino acidity. When the solution of wheat bran koji and the isolated yeast strains were employed, the better Choungju taste was obtained in comparison with those fermented with Japanese sake yeasts, the strain K-7 and 9, due to the lower content of organic acids especially succinic acid. The amino acidity of the fermented mash was able to be controlled to some extent, when the rico types of koji and the isolated strains were employed, by changing the ratio of the two koji types. However, the application of the rice koji with the isolated strains was not desirable for the brewing process because organic acids were produced in excess and ethanol fermentation was retarded.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.77-85
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• 1980

This experiment was conducted to investigate the conditions for production and the characteristics of pretenses. Aspergillus oryzae KC-15, which is selected as a superior strain for the production of the protease, was used in this study. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The optimum culture time for the production of acid, neutral and alkaline protease on wheat bran medium were about 48, 48 and 72hr, respectively. The protease-produced by the strain were mainly alkaline and neutral one, but the production of acid protease was feeble extremely. 2. The addition of NaH$_2$PO$_4$, Na$_2$HPO$_4$, glucose, rice powder and Na-glutamate respectively to wheat bran media were effective for the production of alkaline and neutral protease, and the addition of (NH$_4$)$_2$HPO$_4$, glucose and rice powder respectively were effective for the production of acid protease. 3. Characteristics of professes(equation omitted) 4. As a heat resistance agent, NaH$_2$PO$_4$was the most effective one. The optimum amount of NaH$_2$PO$_4$was 10mg for alkaline and neutral protease, and 5mg for acid protease. 5. The heat resistance of the Protease by NaH$_2$PO$_4$was not recognized mostly above 6$0^{\circ}C$. 6. After the treatment of enzyme solution with 10mg of NaH$_2$PO$_4$for 30 minutes at 55$^{\circ}C$, the residual activities measured for alkaline, neutral and acid protease were 58, 57 and 55％ respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.861-867
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• 2005

Feeding values of soybean hulls (SH) were compared to those of wheat bran (WB) for swine diets by chemical compositions, a digestion trial, a preference test by self-selection, and two feeding trials. The SH and the WB appeared to have, on airdry basis, 11.1 vs. 15.4% CP, 32.5 vs. 8.7% crude fiber (CF), 36.8 vs. 10.7% ADF, 0.6 vs. 0.1% Ca, and 492 vs. 92 ppm Fe, respectively. Lysine and total sulfur-containing amino acids in the SH were 0.66 vs. 0.37%, respectively. Apparent digestibility values of the SH were 71% for dry matter, 50% for CP, and 74% for CF. Apparent digestible energy and MEn values of the SH were 2,420 and 2,370 kcal kg$^-1$, respectively, which were comparable to those of the WB, 2,420 and 2,275 kcal kg$^-1$ (NRC, 1998), respectively. The first feeding trial was conducted with 72 crossbred growing pigs with an average weight of 29.6 kg. The pigs when fed the diets containing 0, 6 and 10% SH by replacing the WB on a weight basis for 42 days did not show significant differences in body weight gain and feed/gain ratio among the treatments. The same trends were observed in the second trial with 60 crossbred finishing pigs with an average weight of 64.5 kg when fed the diets containing 12% SH or WB for 41 days. Back-fat thickness and adjusted loin eye muscle area of the finisher pigs were also not significantly different between the two groups. When allowed to self-select from two different feed troughs containing 10% SH or WB for two weeks, two groups of 80 pigs with 10 pigs per pen consumed the two diets exactly in equal proportion. In conclusion, the soybean hulls can be included up to 10 and 12% for growing or finishing pig diets, respectively, replacing the wheat bran on a weight basis without any adverse effects on palatability of diets and animal performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.263-270
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• 2004

A repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design was conducted with eight ileal cannulated castrates to examine the effect of source of starch and fiber on nutrient balance and energy metabolism. Pigs were fed on one of the four experimental diets: Control diet (C) mainly based on cooked rice; and diets P, S and W with the inclusion of either raw potato starch, sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, respectively. With the exception of an increased (p<0.05) energy loss from methane production with diet S observed, no significant differences (p>0.05) in the ratio of metabolizable energy (ME)/digestible energy, the utilization of ME for fat deposition and for protein deposition, energy loss as hydrogen and urinary energy were found between diets. The efficiency of utilization of ME for maintenance was lower (p<0.05) with diets P and S than with diet C. The inclusion of fiber sources (sugar beet pulp or wheat bran) or potato starch reduced the maintenance energy requirement. The fecal energy excretion was increased (p<0.05) with either sugar beet pulp or wheat bran supplementation, while it was unaffected (p>0.05) by addition of potato starch. In comparison with diets C and P, a lowered ileal or fecal digestibility of energy with diets S and W was observed (p<0.05). Feeding sugar beet pulp caused increased (p<0.05) daily production of methane and carbon dioxide and consequently increased energy losses from methane and carbon dioxide production, while it did not influence the daily hydrogen production (p>0.05). An increased (p<0.05) proportion of NSP excreted in feces was seen by the supplementation of wheat bran. Higher NSP intake caused an increased daily amount of NSP in the ileum, but the ileal NSP proportion as a percentage of NSP intake was unaffected by diets. Feeding potato starch resulted in increased daily amount of starch measured in the ileum and the proportion of ileal starch as a percentage of starch intake, while no significant influence on fecal starch was found. Higher (p<0.05) daily amount of fecal starch and the proportion of fecal starch as a percentage of starch intake were found with fiber sources supplementation compared with diets C and P. By increasing the dietary NSP content the fecal amount of starch increased (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1422-1427
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• 2002

Fifteen crossbred cattle bulls of about 22-24 months age (mean body weight ranged from 291.0 to 298.1 kg) were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 animals following randomized block design. Animals in group 1 were fed concentrate mixture containing wheat bran 97%, mineral mixture 2% and salt 1% plus ad libitum chopped green sugarcane tops (SCT) as a roughage source. Animals in group 2 were fed concentrate mixture containing lentil chuni 97%, mineral mixture 2% and salt 1% while group 3 concentrate contained wheat bran 48.5%, lentil chuni 48.5%, mineral mixture 2% and salt 1% plus ad libitum chopped green SCT to meet their maintenance requirements. During metabolism trial period, the mean total intake and digestibility of DM in groups 1, 2 and 3 was $8.09{\pm}0.41$, $8.41{\pm}0.49$ and $7.86{\pm}0.16kg/d$ and 60.24, 63.24 and 65.05%, respectively. The intake of CP (p<0.05) and EE (p<0.01) was significantly higher in group 2 and group 1, respectively as compared to remaining 2 groups, which were comparable. Digestibility of CP and EE was significantly (p<0.01) higher in group 3 and that of CP was comparable with group 2. The intake and digestibility of total carbohydrates, NDF, ADF, Hemi-cellulose and cellulose were similar among 3 groups. The mean body weight changes in group 1, 2 and 3 were 173.4, 253.4 and 203.4 g/d, respectively, which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in group 2. The total nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) intakes were significantly higher in group 2 and group 1, respectively. The total volatile fatty acids, ammonia-N, trichloro-acetic acid precipitable nitrogen (TCA ppt.-N; p<0.05), total-N concentrations and pH were significantly (p<0.01) higher in group 3, however, pH and TCA ppt.-N was comparable with group 2 and 1, respectively. From the results, it may be deduced that the feeding of chopped green SCT supplemented with a concentrate mixture having both wheat bran (48.5%) and lentil chuni (48.5%) has shown a better performance with respect to intake and digestibility of nutrients and growth as well.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.97-105
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• 1985

Fifteen 1-yr old roosters were employed in order to investigate the influence of various dietary fibers on the water and Na metabolism of chicken. Wheat bran, pure cellulose and ground rice straw replaced corn in the control diet at 10% level; Pectin replaced corn at 8% level. Three roosters were allotted per dietary treatment and one rooster per replicate. The limit of probability accepted as being significant was P$\leq$.05. The dry matter metabolizabilities of cellulose and rice straw diets were significantly lower, and those of control and pectin diets were significantly higher than that of the wheat bran diet. Pectin fed roosters seemed to drink more water than did the other birds. Also, excreta from roosters fed the pectin diet were significantly wetter than those from other treatments. However, no difference in water intake and fecal moisture were found when !he roosters were colostomized. It was also found that the colostomized birds drank more water than did intact ones. Data of water holding capacity and bulk density of dried excreta showed that cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order were strong in fibrous property. There were no significant differences in C$_{Na+}$ , Cosm and C$_{{H_2}O}$ among all treatments. When the values of urine volume, urine osmolality and C$_{{H_2}O}$ were put together, it can be concluded that 11 out of 15 roosters developed diuresis. More severe diuretic symptoms were developed in roosters when they were fed more fibrous diets. In conclusion, when the four dietary fibers were graded in terms of fibrous property, it turned out to be pectin, cellulose, rice straw and wheat bran in decreasing order.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.279-288
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• 1986

One hundred and fifty one mutant strains were obtained from the parent strain Aspergillus oryzae MF by ultra-violet ray irradiation. Among those mutants a strain, Asp. oryzae UM-36 which hyperprodued protease, was selected and its morphological characteristics and the production of enzymes protease, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and glucoamylase on wheat bran koji and on soy-sauce koji were studied. The results obtained were as follows 1. The selected mutant showed slower growth and weak sporulation on malt agar and on Czapek agar than the parent strain. 2. The conidiophores of the mutant were generally shorter than those of the parent when grown on malt agar. 3. Sectoring in colonies was not found when grown on malt agar and on Czapek agar. 4. The level of protease production by the mutant was increased approximately 1,4-fold higher on wheat bran koji and 2-fold higher on soysauce koji than by the parent. 5. The production of ${\alpha}$-amylase and glucoamylase by the mutant were also increased as compared with the parent on wheat bran koji and on soy sauce koji. 6. In the case of parent strain and mutant strain, the highest activity of protease appeared after three days in wheat bran medium at $30^{\circ}C$ incubation, but the highest activities of ${\alpha}$-amylase and glucoamylase appeared after two days.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.409-415
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplementation of fermented wheat bran (FWB) on growth and blood characteristics in weaned pig. A total of 36 weaned pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$; BW, $7.78{\pm}0.04kg$) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments with different FWB concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1.0%), and each treatment had 3 replicate pens with 4 pigs per pen. The FWB was obtained from a mixture of wheat bran and two microbes (Lactobacillus plantarum M10 and Saccaromyces cerevisiae) and was determined to contain $10.19{\pm}0.27log\;CFU/g$ of L. plantarum and $7.73{\pm}0.38log\;CFU/g$ of S. cerevisiae. Experimental diets were prepared by mixing 0 (control), 0.5, or 1.0% of the FWB to the basal diet, and fed to the weaned pigs for 7 weeks. During the experimental period, the pigs had access to the diet and water ad libitum. Feed intake increased significantly in the 1.0% FWB group compared to the control and 0.5% FWB groups (p < 0.05), whereas the other growth parameters were not different among the treatment groups. White blood cells and lymphocytes were significantly decreased in the FWB treatment groups compared to the control group, but other blood corpuscles were not different among the treatment groups (p < 0.05). The pigs fed 0.5% FWB showed greater serum IgG than the control and 1.0% FWB groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the FWB fed to weaned pigs did not negatively affect their growth performance, but rather reduced mortality by fortifying immunity.