• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.252-257
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of skate (Raja kenojei) flour on the functional and sensory characteristics of Mandupi. Mandupi samples were prepared with wheat flour along with the addition of different amounts of skate flour, followed by functional measurements and sensory evaluations. According to the amylograph data, the composite skate flour-wheat flour samples had increased gelatinization temperatures with increasing skate flour content; whereas initial viscosity at $95^{\circ}C$, viscosity at $95^{\circ}C$ after 15 minutes, and maximum viscosity were reduced. In terms of color values, L and b values decreased, but the a-value increased with increasing skate flour content. Furthermore, the addition of skate flour increased hardness, springiness, chewiness, and adhesiveness in the samples. Overall, based on sensory evaluations, the Mandupi containing 5% skate flour was preferred over the other samples.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.686-697
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• 1994

The hardness of hard red winter (HRW) wheat had an effect on the yield of farina , as it positively correlated with the coarse fraction (over 34W) and negatively correlated with the flour fraction from farina milling. But it did not show any significances on flour milling from the micromilling process. The flour yields was better correlated with the break flour fraction (r=0.730 than with reduction flour (r=0.27). The farina yield was controlled by a fraction over 34W (coarse granule0. Protein was the most important single factor for the quality of cooked farina spaghetti, but not for flour milling or farina milling. On the other hand, hardness was important in the production of farina milling , whereas it did not govern spaghetti cooking quality, Environmental factors affected the quality of cooked spaghetti as much as varieties of HRW wheats. The quality of cooked farina spaghetti generally correlated with the protein in the location composites of wheats. Higher protein content wheats showed better spaghetti cooking quality.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.211-220
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• 2021

The aim of the study is to implement a factor analysis of the determinants of pricing in a state-regulated competitive market using economic and mathematical modelling methods and to develop ways to improve the pricing environment of the market under study. The purpose of the work defines the main objectives: (i) to investigate the features of the competitive model of the Ukrainian flour market; (ii) to analyse the current price conjuncture of the flour market and the dynamics of the main determinants of pricing; (iii)to develop ways of improving the price situation on the flour market on the basis of the factor analysis on the results of economic and mathematical modelling. In order to ensure the reliability and validity of the research results, the following methods were applied: the logical-dialectical method of scientific knowledge in the study of the main theoretical aspects of flour market functioning, the method of logical generalisation and synthesis, comparison, factor analysis, correlation and regression analysis, the graphical method, etc. It has been shown that pricing in a state-regulated competitive market has its own characteristics. For example, in the flour market the price of goods cannot be influenced by producers (sellers) by any methods, therefore determinants of pricing by indirect influence have been taken into account. The five-factor power model of wheat flour price has been constructed. It was substantiated that the price of wheat flour in Ukraine is mostly influenced by consumer price index (0.92 %). The received complex model of wheat flour price may be used also for medium-term forecasting and working out the ways of price formation optimization in the flour market.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.48-51
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the retardation effect of commercial wheat flours on starch retrogradation using a model system, the rice cake (garaetteok). Rice cakes were prepared with four different commercial wheat flours in various concentrations (0.1-0.7%). The rice cakes were vacuum-packed and stored for 4 days at room temperature. The rice cakes containing > 0.3% wheat flour were not able to maintain their original appearance due to enzymatic decomposition, whereas the rice cakes containing 0.1% wheat flour did not reveal any retrogradation-retardation effect. Garaetteok containing 0.2% wheat flour maintained its shape well and showed considerably lower hardness than that of the control, thereby demonstrating a retrogradation-retardation effect. The commercial wheat flours clearly showed the retardation effect on starch retrogradation, and thus, it is important to use a proper amount. On the other hand, the retrogradation-retardation effect of the different wheat flours was not significantly altered possibly due to the same origin of wheat grain.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 2002

In the fabrication of sponge cakes, wheat flour was substituted by Dioscorea Japonica flour at 3%, 6%, and 9% (C1, C2, and C3, respectively), and the sensory, physicochemical, texture properties, viable cell counts and chromaticity of the samples were investigated and compared with the control cake (C0). The addition of Dioscorea Japonica flour increased the density of the sponge cake, but decreased the size and moisture content of the cakes (C0〉C1〉C2〉C3). The pH value increased with increasing Dioscorea Japonica flour in the sponge cakes, and the microbial growth was remarkably suppressed by Dioscorea Japonica flour compared with the control. There was an increase in the chromaticity of the sponge cakes with increased Dioscorea Japonica flour in the cakes. Also, the hardness, gumminess, and chewiness were enhanced approximately two times higher than those of control by increasing Dioscorea Japonica flour. In the sensory evaluation, the addition of Dioscorea Japonica flour into sponge cakes showed a significant increment in the internal color, size/uniformity of the voids, and the sweetness, while the adhesiveness and moistness were the highest in the control. The overall preference was in the order C0〉C2〉C3〉Cl, and therefore, the substitution of 6% of wheat flour by Dioscorea Japonica was recommended in the fabrication of sponge cakes.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 1982

In order to improve the nutritional and cooking quality of noodle, and to develop the utility of mungbean, the mungbean-wheat composite flour which contained 20, 40 and 60% mungbean flour were prepared. The characteristics and the noodle-making properties of the composite flours were examined. The water absorption of the composite flour decreased with the increase of the mungbeen content. Amylograph data showed that the more mungbean the composite flour contained the higher the initial pasting temperature of the flour was. The composite flour containing 40% mungbean flour showed the maximum viscosity. Analysis of the textural characteristics of the noodles indicated that the more mungbean flour the noodle contained the more hard, cohesive and gummy the noodles were. Analysis of the turbidity of the fluid obtained after cooking the noodles showed that the turbidities of noodles containing 20 and 40% mungbean were lower than that of wheat flour alone. The quality and sensory tests showed that the noodles of the composite flour containing 20 and 40% mungbean flour were superior to those of wheat flour alone.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.22 no.6 s.96
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• pp.923-929
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• 2006

Sponge cakes were prepared by replacing wheat flour with rice flour ranging from 10-40% and their physico-chemical, textural and sensory properties were examined. Rice flour addition decreased the moisture content and increased the total sugar and protein contents of the sponge cake. The viscosity and specific volume of batter increased with rice flour addition. 'L' values of crumb of sponge cakes with 20% or more rice flour were lower, whereas corresponding 'a' values were higher than those of the control. Textural hardness was increased, and textural cohesiveness and springiness were decreased with the addition of 30% or 40% rice flour. perceived that sponge cake with 20% or more rice flour had a weaker sweet flavor than the others. With the addition of 30% or 40% rice flour, sponge cake showed a stronger roasted and weaker greasy flavor, and less softness and cohesiveness than the other sponge cakes. The sensory did not find my significant difference in overall acceptability between the control and rice flour-added sponge cakes. Therefore, wheat flour could be replaced by rice flour up to 40% without reducing acceptability.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.418-424
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• 2002

This study was undertaken to develop the optimum baking formular and process in making the improved soy-wheat composite breads furtified with soy flour, which has been known for a source of biologically active phytochemicals and for more vegetable proteins as well. The effects of the addition of soy flour on a rheological properties of dough, on the sensory characteristics of breads, and on the possibilities of commercialization of these functional breads were investigated. As the added amount of soy flour increased, water absorption, development time and the weakness value of dough were increased, but dough stability were decreased in the farinograph. In the extensograph, the more soy flour was added, the less the extensibility and the resistance to extention were shown. As the amount of soy flour increased, gelatinazation point was increased in the amylograph, but the maxium viscosity was decreased. As the added amount of soy flour was increased, b value(yellowness) was obviously increased, L value(lightness) was slightly decreased. However, a value(redness) was not nearly changed in the color of cut loaves. In sensory evaluation, the more soy flour was added, the less the external, the internal characteristics and the eating qualities were shown. Accorting to the addition of soy flour, the toughness and the brittleness tended to be increased proportionally. The dough of 10% soy-wheat composite flour(SF10) was the most favorable on the baking performance.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

Flour characteristics of Korean winter wheat grown in Suwon in 1997 and 1998, and in Suwon and Deokso in 1998 were evaluated. Korean winter wheat cultivars were significantly influenced by years and locations in flour properties such as ash content, protein content, damaged starch content, starch swelling volume and power. Protein content was highly correlated with starch damage and alkaline water retention capacity. There were highly significant correlations between mixing time of mixograph and SDS sedimentation volume. Swelling properties of flour and starch were highly correlated with pasting properties of flour and starch, respectively. Compared to commercial flours for baking, Alchanmil, Gobunmil, Keumkangmil and Tapdongmil showed similar protein content, SOS sedimentation volume and mixograph mixing time. Eunpamil, Geurumil, Olgeurumil, Suwon 258, Suwon 261, Suwon 265, Suwon 275, Suwon 276, Suwon 277, Suwon 278 and Urimil had similar values to commercial noodle flours in SDS sedimentation volume. Alchanmil, Olgeurumil, Suwon 274, Suwon 275, Suwon 276 and Urimil showed higher swelling and pasting properties than the others. Chokwang, Olgeurumil, Suwon 277 and Urimil were similar to commercial cookie flours. Friabilin-absence lines showed higher protein content and starch damage than those of friabilin-presence lines. Absence lines of 1D$\times$2.2 + 1Dy12 subunit in high molecular weight glutenin subunits showed higher SDS sedimentation volume and mixing time of mixograph than those of presence lines.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.321-325
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine the effects of wheat flour ferment cultured by Lactobacillus acidophilus on the physical characteristics of cooked noodle. Different scanning calorimeter(DSC) analysis results for noodle gelatinization showed that the noodles containing flour ferment had higher enthalphy values than the control noodle. And based on the degree of retrogradation for the noodles containing the flour ferment, enthalpy decreased as the amount of the ferment increased, resulting in the delay effect on the retrogradation. According to textural property evaluations over a storage period, the noodles containing the flour ferment had increases in hardness and cohesiveness, and the springiness of the control group was higher than that of the noodles containing the flour ferment; however, this difference between groups gradually disappeared with increasing storage time. Finally, the noodles containing 10% flour ferment had a higher overall preference score than the control group, indicating that the addition of the flour ferment during noodle production can have a beneficial effect on the preference.