• 무역상무연구
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• 제23권
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• pp.71-91
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• 2004

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects and problems of acceptance with modifications according to CISG Art. 19, comparing with UCC ${\S}2-207$. First of all this author raised two legal issues encountered when there is an acceptance with modifications. Scenario one is as follows : "Before either party has taken further action, there is a rise or a fall in the price of goods, was there a binding contract ?" The UCC rules provide for a contract if a purchaser sends out a purchase order and the seller sends back a sales acknowledgement form, and the items on the front(the price, description, and quantity) match up. The CISG on the other hand, is that most of the terms and conditions on the backs of the forms are important. Therefore, if they are different, there should not be a contract. Scenario two is as follows : "There has been performance, A disputes arises. What terms and conditions apply ?" The CISG and the UCC will probably lead to different results in the event the parties exchange conflicting forms and subsequently perform. Assuming that the offeree's reply contains terms that are materially different from the offer, the UCC provides that the resulting contract will include only those terms on which the writings of the parties agree, excluding conflicting terms. The CISG treats the material additions as a counter-offer and, in accordance with Art. 18, the offeree's performance may be regarded as an acceptance of a contract containing all of the offeror's terms ; or the offeror's performance may be regarded as an acceptance of a contract containing all of the offeree's terms. Second, this author raised three problems in the Art. 19 as follows ; 1) It is very difficult in practical application to decide what is material alterations even if the CISG lists material terms as an example. 2) There is a possibility for the offeror to speculate in the circumstance of market fluctuation as he has a change to object to the discrepancy in the offeree's reply. 3) There is also a possibility of inducement for the offeror or the offeree to send its own reply as a last shot.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1998년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.214-216
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• 1998

Parameterizing a model is one of the most efficient ways of conducting "virtual prototying" i.e. exploring the "What if?" scenario. But it is very difficult to construct parameterized models in commercial based FEM programs, because they usually adopt the mouse inputs in their GUI, which cannot be parameterized. We consolidated a parametric modelling technique in OPERA-3d preprocessor, which is one of world leading electromagnetic analysis programs, by combining the mouse inputs in GUI with it's FORTRAN-based self script command language.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2010

The development of advanced nuclear fuel cycle(ANFC) technology is essential to meet the national mission for energy independence via a nuclear option in Korea. The action target is to develop environmentally friendly, cost-effective measures to reduce the burden of long term disposal. The proper scenarios regarding potential radionuclide release from a repository have been developed in this study based on the advanced korean Reference Disposal System(A-KRS). To predict safety for the various scenarios, a new assessment code based on the GoldSim software has also been developed. Deterministic analysis indicates an environmental benefit from the ANFC as long as the solid waster from the ANFC act as a proper barrier.

• 대기
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.149-161
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• 2012

Going by the research results of the past, of all the uncertainties resulting from the research on climate change, the uncertainty caused by the climate change scenario has the highest degree of uncertainty. Therefore, depending upon what kind of climate change scenario one adopts, the projection of the water resources in the future will differ significantly. As a matter of principle, it is highly recommended to utilize all the GCM scenarios offered by the IPCC. However, this could be considered to be an impractical alternative if a decision has to be made at an action officer's level. Hence, as an alternative, it is deemed necessary to select several scenarios so as to express the possible number of cases to the maximum extent possible. The objective standards in selecting the climate change scenarios have not been properly established and the scenarios have been selected, either at random or subject to the researcher's discretion. In this research, a new scenario selection process, in which it is possible to have the effect of having utilized all the possible scenarios, with using only a few principal scenarios and maintaining some of the uncertainties, has been suggested. In this research, the use of cluster analysis and the selection of a representative scenario in each cluster have efficiently reduced the number of climate change scenarios. In the cluster analysis method, the K-means clustering method, which takes advantage of the statistical features of scenarios has been employed; in the selection of a representative scenario in each cluster, the selection method was analyzed and reviewed and the PDF method was used to select the best scenarios with the closest simulation accuracy and the principal scenarios that is suggested by this research. In the selection of the best scenarios, it has been shown that the GCM scenario which demonstrated high level of simulation accuracy in the past need not necessarily demonstrate the similarly high level of simulation accuracy in the future and various GCM scenarios were selected for the principal scenarios. Secondly, the "Maximum entropy" which can quantify the uncertainties of the climate change scenario has been used to both quantify and compare the uncertainties associated with all the scenarios, best scenarios and the principal scenarios. Comparison has shown that the principal scenarios do maintain and are able to better explain the uncertainties of all the scenarios than the best scenarios. Therefore, through the scenario selection process, it has been proven that the principal scenarios have the effect of having utilized all the scenarios and retaining the uncertainties associated with the climate change to the maximum extent possible, while reducing the number of scenarios at the same time. Lastly, the climate change scenario most suitable for the climate on the Korean peninsula has been suggested. Through the scenario selection process, of all the scenarios found in the 4th IPCC report, principal climate change scenarios, which are suitable for the Korean peninsula and maintain most of the uncertainties, have been suggested. Therefore, it is assessed that the use of the scenario most suitable for the future projection of water resources on the Korean peninsula will be able to provide the projection of the water resources management that maintains more than 70~80% level of uncertainties of all the scenarios.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:소프트웨어및응용
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.543-554
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• 2004

요구 공학에서 초기에 요구 사항을 추출하고 분석하는 것은 성공적인 소프트웨어 시스템을 개발하기 위한 중요한 작업이다. 그러나 시나리오 기반의 분석, 목표기반의 분석, 시나리오를 이용한 목표기반의 분석 등과 같은 다양한 분석 기법이 있음에도 불구하고, 각 기법들은 장, 단점을 가지고 있기 때문에, 하나의 기법만을 가지고 요구 사항을 분석한다면, 개발할 시스템 전체의 요구 사항을 정확하게 이해하기가 쉽지 않다. 또한 각각의 기법들은 요구 사항 추출 단계를 지원하지 않으므로 분석을 위한 가공되지 않은 데이타(raw data)를 다루기 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 요구 사항 분석을 위한 데이타 획득과 여러 기법들을 효율적으로 통합하는 통합적 요구 사항 분석 방안을 제안한다. 통합적 요구 사항 분석 방안은 2가지 관점에서 기술된다. 첫째는 어떤 요소들이 통합될 수 있는지를 기술하고, 두 번째는 그 요소들이 어떻게 통합되어야 하는지를 기술한다. 본 논문에서 제안된 방안이 어떻게 적용되는지를 미팅예약시스템(Meeting Reservation System)을 예로 설명한다. 또한 다른 기법들과의 비교를 위해 30여명의 요구 사항 분석 실무 경험자를 대상으로 한 실험의 결과를 통해 제안된 기법의 효과를 검증한다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.469-476
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• 2013

In a postulated severe core damage accident in a PHWR, multiple failures of core cooling systems may lead to the collapse of pressure tubes and calandria tubes, which may ultimately relocate inside the calandria vessel forming a terminal debris bed. The debris bed, which may reach high temperatures due to the decay heat, is cooled by the moderator in the calandria. With time, the moderator is evaporated and after some time, a hot dry debris bed is formed. The debris bed transfers heat to the calandria vault water which acts as the ultimate heat sink. However, the questions remain: how long would the vault water be an ultimate heat sink, and what would be the failure mode of the calandria vessel if the heat sink capability of the reactor vault water is lost? In the present study, a numerical analysis is performed to evaluate the thermal loads and the stresses in the calandria vessel following the above accident scenario. The heat transfer from the molten corium pool to the surrounding is assumed to be by a combination of radiation, conduction, and convection from the calandria vessel wall to the vault water. From the temperature distribution in the vessel wall, the transient thermal loads have been evaluated. The strain rate and the vessel failure have been evaluated for the above scenario.

• Asian Journal for Public Opinion Research
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.304-326
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• 2023

News shows often deliver crosscutting information to their audiences by inviting commentators from rival political parties. If these news shows foster the formation of informed and balanced views of the audience, mass media could provide countermeasures against political polarization. To test the effect of such news shows, this study conducted an experiment with two variants of a simulated radio talk show. In the partisan scenario, the two guest commentators' affiliations suggested their ideological orientation. In the non-partisan scenario, the commentators had neutral affiliations. We divided participants into two ideology groups, liberals and conservative, and compared each group's evaluation of the commentators in the two scenarios. Two multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) tests were conducted to analyze the effect of the perceived ideology of the commentators on respondents' attitudes toward the commentators' arguments depending on their own ideological inclinations. The analyses results did not support the hypothesis that anticipated partisan attitudes towards the commentators' arguments. It was only the liberal respondents who showed statistically significant different attitudes toward commentators' arguments in each of the two scenarios. The findings suggest that such broadcast shows do not automatically trigger partisan message processing and may help the audience to develop informed and balanced opinions. While the current study failed to find conclusive evidence to support the hypotheses, it also found that the perceived ideology of the information source may trigger partisan attitudes for certain types of issues. Future studies with different experiment designs are needed to investigate the issue further.

• 한국경영정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국경영정보학회 2008년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.957-962
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• 2008

We propose a model for the line expansion problem in the AMOLED (Active Matrix Organic Light Emitting Diodes) industry, which now faces market uncertainty: for example, changing customer needs, technological development path, etc. We focus on the optimal investment time and size of the AMOLED production lines. In particular, employed here is the ROV (Real Options Valuation) model to show how to capture the value of line expansion and to determine the optimal investment time. The ROV framework provides a systematic procedure to quantify an expected outcome of a flexible decision which is not possible in the frame of the traditional NPV (Net Present Value) approach. Furthermore, we also use Monte Carlo simulation to measure the uncertainty associated with the line expansion decision; Monte Carlo simulation estimates the volatility of a decision alternative. Lastly, we present a scenario planning to be conducted for what-if analysis of the ROV model.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.81-99
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• 2013

One of the most defining characteristics of arbitration is that an arbitral tribunal's jurisdiction is established by parties' mutual agreement. If a party to the arbitral proceedings believes that a tribunal constituted lacks jurisdiction to conduct the arbitral proceedings, it may challenge the jurisdiction of the tribunal in different ways. Although the concept of kompetenz-kompetenz and the grounds to challenge the Tribunal's jurisdiction are readily accepted in the arbitration community, what parties often fail to observe is the time limit imposed by the relevant laws in bringing such objections. This article aims to examine several main ways of challenging the tribunal's jurisdiction and the applicable time limits in each scenario. The article will then focus on the consequences of a party's failure to adhere to the strict time limits and its effect at the post-award stage. These issues will be considered in the light of case law from different Model law jurisdictions with particular illustrations from the arbitration law of Singapore.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국시뮬레이션학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.217-217
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• 1999

The main objective of this study is to simulate the design and operational policies of the assembly shop of an automotive plant for planning purposes and to find possible improvements. The simulation study was used to answer the following questions: How does the sequence affect the daily throughput\ulcorner What are the bottlenecks to the assembly lines in a given scenario\ulcorner A Simulation model was developed in accordance with the objective of this study. The model incorporates detailed workstation logic to accurately model downtime results through the use of a pull cord system. It is written with SIMAN. The discrete event feature of SIMAN does not adequately model the conveyor systems of the asembly shop. As a result, a few subroutines were added to the SIMAN modeling structures to mimic the operations of the assembly shop. Use of the model uncovered attractive improvement opportunities, such as a tremendous gain in annual volume if four additional spaces were added to a between-line buffer.