• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.31-35
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• 2017

Recently, international attention has been focused on the development of non-traditional energy resources such as shale gas and oil sands, due to the steep increase in the demand for natural resources. The materials incorporated in an oil gas plant module experience extreme environments, and are prone to various problem such as fracture, corrosion and abrasion due to low-temperature brittleness. In order to improve the plant life, it is necessary to perform characteristics study and performance evaluation of the materials. In particular, this paper explains the main set of materials which are most frequently used in oil sands plant project. In order to investigate wear characteristics, the authors carried out abrasive wear tests of TP 316, stainless steel and SS 400, structural rolled steel. For the analysis of the abrasive wear resistance of an oil sands plant, the authors carried out the test according to ASTM G 105 "Standard Test Method for Conducting Wet Sand/Rubber Wheel Abrasion Test" standard guidelines. The authors have derived the results from the data associated with the loss of mass with respect to wear rate. During the test, for a given wear length for 10,000 revolutions, the rotational speed and applied force of the rubber wheel were varied.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2015

Recently, many researchers and industry are looking for ways to decrease the use of lubricants because of economical and environmental reasons. One of the lubrication technologies is the MQL method. This study presents a research of MQL and Wet milling processes of Al 6061 material. For this experiment, the test specimen is suggested, and various machining conditions are applied. And, shape of micro-pattern which has been recently spotlighted is included in the test specimen. In order to compare MQL with Wet machining, several milling experiments were carried out, varying feed rate, cutting speed, depth of cut, etc. Finally, the surface roughness results of machining tests according to the process conditions were measured. It is expected that the results of machining experiments can be used to predict the surface roughness of various MQL milling processes.

• 소성∙가공
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.285-289
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• 2004

Micro tensile test specimens of thin film single crystal silicon for the most useful structural materials in MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical System) devices were fabricated using SOI (Silicon-on-Insulator) wafers and MEMS processes. Dimensions of micro tensile test specimens were thickness of $7\mu\textrm{m}$, width of 50~$350\mu\textrm{m}$, and length of 2mm. Top and bottom silicon were etched using by deep RIE (Reactive Ion Etching). Thin film aluminum markers on testing region of specimens with width of $5\mu\textrm{m}$, lengths of 30~$180\mu\textrm{m}$ and thickness of 200 nm for measuring tensile strain were fabricated by aluminum wet etching method. Fabricated side wall angles of aluminum marker were about $45^{\circ}~50^{\circ}$. He-Ne laser with wavelength of 633nm was used for checking fringed patterns.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.501-511
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• 2023

The strengthening efficiency of biopolymer treated soil depends on biopolymer type, concentration ratio, soil type, initial water content, curing time and mixing method. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of xanthan gum (XG) treated kaolinite were investigated through compaction test, Atterberg limit test, triaxial test and unconfined compression test. The results indicated that the optimum water content (OWC) increased from 30.3% of untreated clay to 33.5% of 5% XG treated clay, while the maximum dry density has a slight increase from 13.96 kg/m³ to 14 kg/m³ of 0.2% XG treated clay and decrease to 2.7 kg/m³ of 5% XG treated clay. Meanwhile, the plastic limit of XG treated clay increased with the increase of XG concentration, while 0.5% XG treated clay can be observed the maximum liquid limit with 79.5%. Moreover, there are the ideal water content about 1.3-1.5 times of the optimum water content achieving the maximum dry density and curing time to obtain the maximum compressive strength for different XG contents, which the UCS is 1.52 and 2.07 times of the maximum UCS of untreated soil for 0.5% and 1% XG treated clay, respectively. In addition, hot-dry mixing can achieve highest UCS than other mixing methods (e.g., dry mixing, wet mixing and hot-wet mixing).

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권10호
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• pp.3988-3997
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• 2010

숏크리트 공법은 공기압으로 콘크리트를 대상 면에 뿜어 붙이는 방법으로, 주로 터널 및 지하구조물의 1차 지보재, 경사면 보호에 사용되며, 최근에는 구조물 유지보수 등에도 적용되고 있다. 특히, 건식방법(Dry-Mix Process)은 습식방법(Wet-Mix Process)에 비해 소형장비가 요구되고 청소 및 유지관리가 용이하고 속경성 재료의 사용이 가능함으로 건식방법이 구조물 보수에 경제적이며 적합하다. 건식 숏크리트의 품질관리는 주로 코아시편을 이용한 압축강도로 규정되어있으나, 이 방법은 코아 시편을 얻는데 많은 어려움을 내포하고 있으며, 특히 속경성 보수재료의 조기강도 평가는 그 어려움을 더 크다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 속경성 시멘트를 이용하여 초속경 건식 숏크리트의 조기강도를 평가하기 위해 정방형 시험편 압축강도시험, 코아 압축강도시험, 인발시험, 성숙도시험을 실시하여 이들의 상관성을 분석하였다. 코아 압축강도, 정방형 시편 압축강도, 인발시험으로부터 추정된 압축강도 실험결과를 상관성 분석한 결과 모두 90%이상의 높은 상관성이 나타났다.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.21-32
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• 2018

Objectives This study was designed to investigate the effects of wet cupping on Wisu (BL12) in non-acute low back pain patients. Methods We recruited 30 participants for this study. Fifteen patients were randomly assigned to the Wisu (BL21) treatment group (WT group) and 15 were assigned to the non-acupoint treatment group (NT group). Both groups were treated with the pricking-cupping bloodletting method three times. Values at baseline and follow-up were analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test and the differences between the two groups were determined by Wilcoxon rank sum test. p-values less than 0.05 were considered significant. The primary outcome was the visual analogue scale (VAS), and secondary outcomes were the Oswestry disability index (ODI), Rolland-Morris disability questionnaire (RMDQ), Euroqol-5 dimension questionnaire (EQ-5D) and finger-to-ground distance (FTGD). These outcomes were measured on the day of first treatment before the procedure and on follow-up 7 days after the last treatment. Results Significant changes were identified in the VAS for pain and ODI in each group after wet cupping treatment on Wisu (p<0.05). However, no significant changes were found between groups. Meanwhile, RMDQ and EQ-5D were significantly decreased only in the NT group (p<0.05) without any differences between groups. FTGD was decreased in both groups, but not significantly. Conclusions Wet cupping with both Wisu treatment and non-acupoint had significant effects on non-acute low back pain, although there were no differences between the two groups. A large-scale study is needed to identify the effect of wet cupping on Wisu.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.56-59
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• 2020

Porcelain insulators are typically exposed to surface discharge and lightning impulse in service. This study investigates the insulation characteristics of the external and internal discharges of a porcelain insulator with respect to its flashover for a 154 kV transmission line. The experiments are also conducted using a wet flashover test and an impulse test based on the external discharge and the internal penetration, to classify the flashover voltage-time curve of the porcelain insulator. When an impulse with a strength of 2,500 kV/㎲ was applied three times to 6.5 mm ceramic samples, electrical penetration of approximately 70% occurred. The impulse experiment confirmed that the electrical penetration inside the porcelain insulator coincided with the area where the electric field was concentrated. The wet flashover voltage test revealed that the flashover threshold voltage increases by approximately 7% after cleaning of the surface.

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.314-321
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• 2005

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to compare the shade changes in wet and dry conditions of natural teeth using two different intra-oral colorimeters. Materials and methods. Twenty volunteer subjects have no restorations and fillings in the maxillary central incisors were involved in this clinical study. The color of tooth was measured by two different instruments that were a Shade $Scan^{TM}$ System and a VITA $Easyshade^{(R)}$, Five times consecutive measurements were done for each subject with both instruments. Groups of measurement are an initial wet condition as control, dry in 5 minutes, 15 seconds after re-wetting with saliva, re-wetting after 5minutes and re-wetting after 30 minutes. Using ShadeScan $System^{TM}$, tooth image was captured and converted to the mapping image of Vitapan 3D master. Three main shades were chosen from each subject and calculated the area in Global Lab Image software. Data were analyzed using paired T-Test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranked Test. Using VITA $Easyshade^{(R)}$, color differences($\Delta$E) between measurements were analyzed with one sample T-test. Results. Using ShadeScan $System^{TM}$, there were significant differences between control group and dry(P=.023), dry and re-wetting 15 seconds, 5 minutes, 30 minutes as well(P=.021, P=.017, P=.030) in comparison of primary shade. However, comparing three main shades, there was no significant difference between control and dry(P=.105). Using VITA $Easyshade^{(R)}$, color differences($\Delta$E) between control and dry, dry and re-wetting 30 minutes were statistically different(P=.002, P=.022). Conclusion. Primary shade could be changed in dry and wetting procedure in time, however there was no significant shade changes in overall.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.251-258
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• 2005

지금까지의 대부분의 방수 방식 및 보수 등의 보호마감설계는 외부환경으로부터 콘크리트의 보호차원에서 목표재료성능을 중시 하였으나 시공과정에서 콘크리트바탕자체와의 상응성을 충분히 검토하지 못함으로서 그 요구수명을 다하지 못한 사례가 많다. 따라서 본 연구는 상하수시설 및 항만시설 등과 같은 콘크리트구조물에 있어서 콘크리트를 보호하기 위한 방식피복재의 내구성으로 수밀성, 내화학성 및 내마모성의 평가 결과 방식피복재 A 및 B형 모두 성능이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 바탕의 건조/습윤 조건, 방식피복재 도포후의 양생조건 및 다양한 온도조건에서 부착성능을 평가한 결과, 모든 경우에 있어서 기준치인 부착강도 $15kgf/cm^2$보다 정도 큰 값을 나타내었다. 또한 현장 적용성 평가로 실구조물 2곳에 대한 시험시공 결과 방식피복재 A 및 B형 모두 기준값 이상으로, 상하수도 및 지하철 시설물과 같은 콘크리트 구조물의 방수 방식 및 보수재료로서 사용이 적합한 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.490-502
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• 2012

The use of recycled aggregate, even for low-performance concrete, has been very limited because recycled aggregate, which contains a large amount of old mortar, is very low in quality. To produce a high-quality recycled aggregate, removing the paste that adheres to the recycled aggregate is very important. We have conducted research on a complex abrasion method, which removes the component of cement paste from recycled fine aggregate by using both a low-speed wet abrasion crusher as a mechanical process and neutralization as chemical processes, and well as research on the optimal manufacturing condition of recycled fine aggregates. Subsequently, we evaluated the quality of recycled fine aggregate manufactured using these methods, and tested the specimen made by this aggregate. As a result, it was found that recycled fine aggregates produced by considering the aforementioned optimal abrasion condition with the use of sulfuric acid as reactant showed excellent quality, recording a dry density of 2.4 and an absorption ratio of 2.94. Furthermore, it was discovered that gypsum, which is a reaction product occurring in the process, did not significantly affect the quality of aggregates. Furthermore, the test of mortar using this aggregate, when gypsum was included as a reaction product, showed no obvious retarding effect. However, the test sample containing gypsum recorded a long-term strength of 25.7MPa, whereas the test sample that did not contain gypsum posted a long-term strength of 29.4MPa. Thus, it is thought to be necessary to conduct additional research into the soundness and durability because it showed a clear reduction of strength.