• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.134-145
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• 2023

Background: The flowering and fruiting periods play an important role in biological processes. The deciduous dipterocarp forest is an important forest type in Thailand, however the phenological studies are still limited, particularly in different plant life forms. Thus, the present study focused on the flowering and fruiting phenology of herbs, climbers, shrubs, and trees in the deciduous dipterocarp forest at Lampang province of Northern Thailand. Field visits were made to record plant life forms and observe reproductive phenological events at monthly intervals from November 2018 to October 2019 and September to December 2020. Results: The phenological observations were based on 126 species of 45 families and 102 genera. Flowering and fruiting periods showed similar patterns in herbaceous plants, climbers, and shrubs. Most of these species produced flowers and fruits from the end of the rainy season (October) to the winter season (November-January). Whereas most of flowering and fruiting trees were found from the summer season (March-April) to the beginning of the rainy season (May-June). Most of the dry-fruited species occurred during the dry period (winter and summer seasons), while the majority of fleshy-fruited species dominated in the wet period (rainy season). The statistical analysis supported the phenological patterns of flowering and fruiting in the present study. There were significant negative correlations between the number of flowering and fruiting species and temperature. The number of flowering and fruiting species is significantly impacted by the interaction between seasons and plant life forms. Conclusions: Plant life form seems to be the important factor that affects the different phenological patterns in the studied plants. The abiotic and biotic factors play major roles in reproductive phenology. However, long-term study and in-depth phenological observations are necessary for better understanding.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.939-944
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• 2002

We have screened the microorganisms from pigs feces for the development of probiotics which have acid-and bile-tolerance. Among them, a strain which was identified as Enterococcu durans LP44 was selected. Sixty Duroc$\times$Yorkshire$\times$Landrace pigs (6.30$\pm$0.04 kg average initial body weight) were used in a 14 days growth assay to determine the effects of Enterococco duran Lf44 culture on growth performance of weaned pigs. Dietary treatments included 1) DF (dry feeding),2) W (wet feeding),3) WF+5ED (wet feeding+5% Enterocucu duran LP44 culture),4) WF+ 10ED (wet feeding +10% Enterococcus durans LP44 culture). For overall periods, average daily gain in pigs fed % diet tended to increase compared to pigs fed DF diet without significant difference. Also, there was no significant difference in gain/feed. At 5 days after the onset of the experiment, pigs fed WF+5ED and WF+10ED diets were significantly increased in dry matter and nitrogen digestibilities compared to pigs fed DF and W diets (p<0.05). At 14 days after the onset of the experiment, pigs fed WF+ 10ED diet were significantly increased in dry matter digestibility compared to pigs fed DF diet (p<0.05). Also, pigs fed WF + 10ED diet were significantly increased in nitrogen digestibility compared to other treatments (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplemental Enterococcus durans LP44 was an effective means of improving ADG and nutrient digestibility.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.219-231
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to provide basic information necessary for the cleaning of excavated costumes. For the purpose, these researchers reviewed previous records of the actual cleaning of excavated costumes and then implemented and documented the processes of cleaning the Yeosan Song's costumes excavated at Mokdal-dong, Daejeon, which could date back to the early and mid periods of Choseon Dynasty. The excavated clothes of the family provide good examples for comparing men's costume of the 15th century with men's and women's of the mid and late 16th century. The total quantity of excavated remains were 184 and textiles were cotton, silk, hemp, ramie, and union cloth. The clothing remains were processed through wet or dry cleaning in accordance with their fabric condition and the extent to which they were worn or polluted. In detail, the excavated costumes of the Yeosan Song family were cleaned in two stages. For wet cleaning, both anionic(LAS) and nonionic(Triton X-100) surfactants were respectively used as cleaning agents and for dry cleaning, a mixture of n-hexane and n-decane(the ratio of 4 to 6) and petrolic dry cleaning solvent were used. After first cleaning, some cotton, ramie and hemp which had still the stains were processed bleaching and silk which were good condition was processed dry cleaning with the organic solvent again.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.473-487
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• 2023

Korea's multi-purpose dams, which were constructed in the 1970s and 1980s, have a single outlet located near the bottom for hydropower generation. Problems such as freezing damage to crops due to cold water discharge and an increase the foggy days have been raised downstream of some dams. In this study, we analyzed the effect of water intake depth on the reservoir's water temperature stratification structure and outflow temperature targeting Hapcheon Reservoir, where hypolimnetic withdrawal is drawn via a fixed depth outlet. Using AEM3D, a three-dimensional hydrodynamic water quality model, the vertical water temperature distribution of Hapcheon Reservoir was reproduced and the seasonal water temperature stratification structure was analyzed. Simulation periods were wet and dry year to compare and analyze changes in water temperature stratification according to hydrological conditions. In addition, by applying the intake depth change scenario, the effect of water intake depth on the thermal structure was analyzed. As a result of the simulation, it was analyzed that if the hypolimnetic withdrawal is changed to epilimnetic withdrawal, the formation location of the thermocline will decrease by 6.5 m in the wet year and 6.8 m in the dry year, resulting in a shallower water depth. Additionally, the water stability indices, Schmidt Stability Index (SSI) and Buoyancy frequency (N²), were found to increase, resulting in an increase in thermal stratification strength. Changing higher withdrawal elevations, the annual average discharge water temperature increases by 3.5℃ in the wet year and by 5.0℃ in the dry year, which reduces the influence of the downstream river. However, the volume of the low-water temperature layer and the strength of the water temperature stratification within the lake increase, so the water intake depth is a major factor in dam operation for future water quality management.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.190-194
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• 2015

The splash zone is the most corrosive area of the marine environment, and the corrosion of steel structures exposed in this area is a serious concern. DH36 steel is one of most commonly used steels for offshore oil platforms in China, and its corrosion behaviour in splash zones was studied in this paper. Polarization curves were obtained from the corroded steel exposed in this area while the morphologies and rusts of the rust steel were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Double rust layers were formed in the splash zone. The inner layer contained magnetite and fine flaky lepidocrocite, and the outer layer was composed of accumulated flaky lepidocrocite and a small amount of goethite. In the wet period, the iron dissolved and reacted with lepidocrocite, and magnetite appeared, while the magnetite was oxidized to lepidocrocite again during the dry period. Electrochemical reduction and chemical oxidization cycled in intermittent wetting and drying periods, and magnetite and lepidocrocite were involved in the reduction reaction, leading to serious corrosion.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.683-689
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate physiological responses such as rectal temperature, skin temperature, micro climate, sweat rate and subjective sensations using cold protective clothing with five different clo value. The clo value was measured by thermal manikin in windless condition. Healthy five 20's males volunteered as subjects for wearing trial experiment. The climate chamber was controlled at $50^{\circ}C$, 65% RH. The experiment consisted of repeated exercise and recovery periods. We found that the higher clo value has, the higher mean skin temperature, micro climate and sweat rate show. They felt warm and wet with higher insulation clothing. Thermal comfort increased in the last recovery period after exercise. There was significant difference between five cold protective clothing. In correlation analysis of clo value, it showed that correlation coefficient(r) values were more than 0.8. Therefore, in terms of clothing insulation, we found that correlation between thermal manikin experiment and wearing trial experiment was high. Clothing insulation could be variable according to many factors such as body movement, covering area, clothing gap, layering and design. Considering the body movement, we thought that insulation measurement need to carry out both thermal manikin experiment and wearing trial experiment.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.727-732
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of flame-proof clothing on physiological responses and subjective sensation. We measured rectal temperatures, local skin temperature, clothing microclimate, blood pressure, heart rate, body weight loss and subjective sensation during 90 minutes (30 min of rest, 45 min of exercise and 15 min of recovery periods). Seven male subjects wore flame-proof clothing or reformed flame-proof clothing under the environmental condition of $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $45{\pm}5%$ RH and $25{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}5%$ RH. The results of this study were as follows; Rectal temperature, mean skin temperature, clothing microclimate and blood pressure were significantly lower levels in reformed flame-proof clothing. Heart rate and body weight loss were also showed lower levels. Subjects replied less hot, less uncomfortable and less wet in wearing a reformed flame-proof clothing. Our present results suggest that the ventilation through of gusset in underarm seam and zipper in sideseam of slacks are qualitatively useful for physiological needs.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 1999

To examine the increase of paper strength by solvent-bonding using N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMMO), a paper was treated with aqueous solutions of NMMO, concentrated at $90^\circ{C}$ for selected periods of time, and pressed for 5 seconds followed by washing and drying. The effect of the increasing NMMO concentration on bonding state and some important properties of samples were mainly investigated. With increasing concentration of NMMO, the degree of bonding between fibers was increased, the fiber cross-sectional shape was changed from 'thin ribbonlike' to 'round rodlike' by swelling with solvent, and the longitudinal waves (crimp) were introduced to fibers, hence the shrinkage, weight per unit area, and thickness of paper were increased. Consequently, the tensile strength and elongation, under standard and wet conditions, and the stiffness were increased, and the water absorption was decreased generally with increasing concentration of NMMO. The moisture regain of treated samples was lower than that of the untreated sample, because of the reduction of space between fibers. But the moisture regain was increased a little with increasing concentration of NMMO due to the fiber swelling with NMMO followed by structural relaxation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 1999

The formation conditions of Na-cellulose II with three fold helix were investigated by an x-ray diffraction method. Na-cellulose II was formed through Na-cellulose I. It seems that the concentration of sodium hydroxide in Na-cellulose II is higher than both those of Na-cellulose I and Na-cellulose III. Na-cellulose II was formed well by different rinsing and drying methods even though the sample treatment was carried out in very short periods of time. Metal-complexed Na-cellulose swollen in the mixture of $Cu(OH)_2$ and sodium hydroxide is stable in wet state, and changed to a different polymorph by drying.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 1996

Dried tobacco leaf debris infected with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was subjected to heat treatment (6$0^{\circ}C$~10$0^{\circ}C$) with or without addition of moisture and to room temperature for natural decay to examine the periods of time required for the inactivation of PMV in the inoculum source. Wet conditions (60% moisture content of the debris) for heat treatment were more efficient than dry conditions to inactivate the virus at 7$0^{\circ}C$~10$0^{\circ}C$, and which decrease of temperature, the time needed for the viral inactivation increased greatly. At 6$0^{\circ}C$ and 7$0^{\circ}C$, the temperaturein a compost heap during the actively decomposing period, it takes about 15 days or more for the complete inactivation of the virus. However, considering the decrease of the viral infectivity during the decomposition, a shorter period of time will be required to inactivate TMV in the conditions mentioned above, suggesting that a well decomposed organic manure containing tobacco leaf debris may not have infective TMV and may not provide a potential inoculum source.