• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.16
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• pp.71-110
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• 1989

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influential factors creating the modern library thought in the latter part of Yi Dynasty. After Korea was forced to make a treaty opening up the country in 1876, Western civilization was introduced and reforms were carried out eventually. Various influential factors could be taken into consideration as follows. (1) The envoys to Japan after 1876 (2) Tourists party to Japan organized by Gentlemen in 1982 (3) The persons who studied abroad (4) Establishment of modern schools and development of publications: on the new learning. (5) News media and others Above all, the persons who studied abroad, such as Yu Gil Jun, Yun Chi Ho, etc., in early stage has contributed most to the extension of public recognition for modern library in Korea. Therefore it can be said that the formation of modern library thought in Korea was based on the theory of the Western library as was the Japan in the period of Meiji Restoration. Patriotic intelectualls in these days believed that reform of the educational system and the diffusion of knowledge was very much meeded in order to preserve an independent Korea and to build up national strength, and then nation-wide campaign for enlightenment was earried on. For that reason the movement of the national library establishment in 1906 also should be regarded from the same point of view, that is, as a part of the enlightenment campaign. Therefore it should not go unheeded that strong patriotism was always streamed under the ground of the library campaign as well as the new learning and new education campaign. Unfortunately every plan of Korean library movement had broken down and missed the chance for having experience of self-development because of the Japanese invasion.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.27
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• pp.363-386
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• 2009

This paper's aim is to articulate the educational ideas and methodology of Confucian philosophy in contrast with western classical Philosophy. The ideas and methodology of western classical philosophy is manifested on "the similes of cave" in The Republic of Plato. "The similes of cave" teaches us that 1) philosophy begins with criticism of everyday's consciousness, 2) philosophy is based upon radical philosophical attitude, 3) philosophy request absolute knowledge of the ultimate, 4) philosopher enlightenments the people with absolute knowledge of the ultimate. Confucius said, "at fifteen, I had my mine bent on learning, ⋯⋯ at fifty I knew the decrees of Heaven, ⋯⋯ at seventy, I could follow what my heart desired, without transgressing what was right." This is a typical of philosophical life. Therefore, What the Great Learning as one of confucian Four Books represents, is 1) to illustrate illustrious Virtue, 2) to renovate the people, 3) and to rest in the highest excellence.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.37
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• pp.377-410
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• 2009

In the East Asian Confucianism society, Hakmun was aimed to bring human beings and nature into harmony, and to explore a unity between knowledge and conducts. For example, Neo-Confucianism aspired they could explain the human existence and society through a single concept of Iki(理氣, the basic principles and the atmospheric force of nature). In this philosophy, humanics and natural sciences had not been differentiated at all. The East-West cultural interchanges at the beginning of modernity caused a crack in the traditional academic concepts. Through the Hundred Days of Reform(變法自疆運動, a movement of Strenuous Efforts through Reforming the Law), the Western Affairs Movement(洋務運動) in China, Meiji Restoration(明治維新) in Japan, or Innovation Movements(開化運動) and the Patriotic Enlightenment Movement(愛國啓蒙運動) in Korea, the traditional meanings of Hakmun was degraded while it became a target of the criticism of the enlightenment movements. Accordingly, East Asians' perception of Hakmun rapidly began to change. Although there had been the Silhak(實學, practical science) movement in Korea, which tried to differentiate its conceptualization of Hakmun from that of Neo-Confucianism during the 18th and 19th century, the fundamental shift in meaning occurred with the influx of the modern Western culture. This change converted the ultimate objective of Hakmun as well as its methods and substances. The separation of humanics and natural sciences, rise in dignity of the technological sciences, and subdivision of learning into disciplines and their specialization were accelerated during the Korean enlightenment period. The inflow of the modern western science, humanized thought, and empiricism functioned as mediators in these phase and they caused an irreversible crack in the traditional academic thoughts. Confronting the western mode of knowledge, however, the East Asian intellectuals had to explain their new learning by using traditional terms and concepts; modification was unavoidable when they tried to explain the newly imported knowledge and concepts. This presentation focuses on the traditional concepts of 'gyeogchi'(格致, extending knowledge by investigating things) and 'gungni'(窮理, investigation of principles), pervasively used in philosophy, physics and many other fields of study. These concepts will mark the key point with which to trace changes of knowledge and to understand the way how the concept of Hakmun was converted into a modern one.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 1985

The purpose of the study was to establish a new view of textbook which may contribute to the abolishment of the instruction mainly based on the only textbook and to the promotion of creativities of students. We first reviewed science textbooks and related teaching-learning materials of foreign countries with emphasis on the relationship among textbook and teaching-learning materials and practical use of them. In western countries the roles of traditional textbook has been changed. That is, various kinds of materials such as reading book, work-book, worksheet, experimental guidebook, filmstrips are used to raise effect of instruction besides of traditional type of textbook. Secondary, we identified the problems related to the science textbook-view of textbook, textbook contents, practical use of textbook-through opinion survey administered to principals akd teachers of elementary schools. The results of the survey are as follows; Concerning the view of textbook, most teachers did not recognize textbook as an absolute materials. They thought that textbook contents could be taught reorganized according to their judgements. On the contrary, teachers responded to the question of whether or not they follow contents of textbook as they are presented in it were approximately 30%. Further, more than 75% of them have seldom used instructional materials except textbooks. In order to revise the problems of our present textbook as stated above, a new view of textbook should be established. We, above all, established 4 basic premises for searching a new view of textbook. 1) Textbook should not be considered as the only material but as being at the center of various teaching -learning materials. 2) The importance of textbook should be illustrated Among Curriculum, textbook and related teaching-learning materials, instruction and evaluation. 3. Textbook contents should not be regarded as definitely fixed or absolute ones. 4. Human being can understand environment more fully by commanding his swnsory organ multilaterally. Under these premises we disscussed about curriculum and textbook, textbook, and instruction, akd evaluation method.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.355-363
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• 2020

In this paper, we propose a deep learning training method for accurately classifying Kuzushiji-MNIST and Kuzushiji-49 datasets for ancient and medieval Japanese characters. We analyze the latest convolutional neural network networks through experiments to select the most suitable network, and then use the networks to select the number of training to classify Kuzushiji-MNIST and Kuzushiji-49 datasets. In addition, the training is conducted with high accuracy by applying learning methods such as Mixup and Random Erase. As a result of the training, the accuracy of the proposed method can be shown to be high by 99.75% for MNIST, 99.07% for Kuzushiji-MNIST, and 97.56% for Kuzushiji-49. Through this deep learning-based technology, it is thought to provide a good research base for various researchers who study East Asian and Western history, literature, and culture.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.757-766
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• 2022

To train deep learning algorithms, a sufficient number of data are required. However, in most engineering systems, the acquisition of fault data is difficult or sometimes not feasible, while normal data are secured. The dearth of data is one of the major challenges to developing deep learning models, and fault diagnosis in particular cannot be made in the absence of fault data. With this context, this paper proposes an anomaly detection methodology for rotating machines using only normal data with self-labeling. Since only normal data are used for anomaly detection, a self-labeling method is used to generate a new labeled dataset. The overall procedure includes the following three steps: (1) transformation of normal data to self-labeled data based on a pretext task, (2) training the convolutional neural networks (CNN), and (3) anomaly detection using defined anomaly score based on the softmax output of the trained CNN. The softmax value of the abnormal sample shows different behavior from the normal softmax values. To verify the proposed method, four case studies were conducted, on the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing dataset, IEEE PHM 2012 data challenge dataset, PHMAP 2021 data challenge dataset, and laboratory bearing testbed; and the results were compared to those of existing machine learning and deep learning methods. The results showed that the proposed algorithm could detect faults in the bearing testbed and compressor with over 99.7% accuracy. In particular, it was possible to detect not only bearing faults but also structural faults such as unbalance and belt looseness with very high accuracy. Compared with the existing GAN, the autoencoder-based anomaly detection algorithm, the proposed method showed high anomaly detection performance.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.319-328
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• 2022

Bearing plays an important role in the operation of most machinery, Therefore, when a defect occurs in the bearing, a fatal defect throughout the machine is generated. In this reason, bearing defects should be detected early. In this paper, we describe a method using Convolutional Neural Networks (SN-CNNs) based on continuous wavelet transformations and Switchable normalization for bearing defect detection models. The accuracy of the model was measured using the Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) bearing dataset. In addition, batch normalization methods and spectrogram images are used to compare model performance. The proposed model achieved over 99% testing accuracy in CWRU dataset.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.70-85
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• 1992

Relaxation technique is an independent nursing intervention used in various stressful situations. The concept of relaxation must be explored for the meaning given by the people in their traditional thought and philosophy. Korean relaxation technique, wanting to become culturally acceptable and effective, is learning to recognize and develop Korean concepts, experiences, and musics of relaxation. This study was aimed at discovering Korean concepts, experiences and musics of relaxation and contributing the development of the relaxation technique for Korean people. The subjects were 59 mursing students, 39 hospitalized patients, 61 housewives, 21 rural residents and 16 researchers. Data were collected from September 4th to October 24th, 1991 by interviews or questionaires. The data analysis was done by qualitative research method, and validity assured by conformation of the concept and category by 2nursing scientists who had written a Master's thesis on the relaxation technique. The results of the study were summerized as follows; 1. The meaning of the relaxation concept; From 298 statements, 107 concepts were extracted and then 5 categories "Physical domain", "Psychological domain", "Complex domain", "Situation", and "environment" were organized. 'Don't have discomforts, 'don't have muscle tension', 'don't have energy(him in Korean)', 'don't have activities' subcategories were included in "Physical domain". 'Don't have anxiey', 'feel good', 'emotional stability', 'don't have wordly thoughts', 'feel one's brain muddled', 'loss of desire' subcategories were included in "physical domain" 'Comfort body and mind', 'don't have tension of body and mind', 'be sagged' 'liveliness of thoughts' subcategories were included in "Complex domain". 'Rest', 'sleep', 'others' subcategories were included in "Situation domain". And 'quite environment' & 'comfortable environment' subcategories were included in "Environmental domain". 2. The experiences of the relaxation; From 151 statements, 59 experiences were extracted. And then 9 categories-at rest after physical activities, after problem solving, fancy, bathing in the bed, situation, rest, particular time, others-were organized. 3. The musics of the relaxation; From 229 statements, 108 musics were extracted. and the 9 categories- Western classical music, semi classical music, Korean song, Korean popular classical music, song, western popular sonhg, hymn, characteristics of music, others - were organized. In conclusion, There are some differences between Korean concepts, experiences and musics of relasation and western concepts, experiences and musics of relaxation.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 2019

Objectives : Korean medicine practice is not specifically described in medical law, and then has always been a quarrel. So far The criteria for judgment in Korean Medicine Doctor's Medical Devices Using should clinically prove it only by Korean medicine theory and academic Traditionally descending from old ancestors. Comprehensively review of Korean Medicine Doctor's Medical Devices Using and Duty of Care, and then present a new understandings to determine future Korean Medicine Practice. Method : An existing court cases of Korean Medicine Doctor's Medical Devices Using and Duty of Care were reviewed. After reviewing various papers published for several years, various opinions were reviewed and suggested. Results : The range of Korean Medicine Doctor's Medical Devices Using has changed since the 1951 National Medical Law stipulated Korean medicine as medical professionals. The issue of the recent ruling that distinguishes medical practice from Korean medicine practice were condensed into what emphasis to interpret amongst 1) The basic principles of learning, 2) Curriculum and professionalism, 3) Risks. The Constitutional Court's ruling was important in order of 'Risk', 'curriculum and expertise', and 'basic principles of learning.' A duty of Care means an obligation to pay attention to something. A duty of Care does not mean a "highest level," but requires a "best care" and does "best under given conditions." Even in the duty of Care, Because Korean medicine has a purpose to protect and promote the health of the people, Some standards of western medicine have to be adapted to the current general medical technology. Korean Medicine doctors can recognize the duty of care in the "some basic range" of knowledge belonging to western medicine. Conclusions : The interpretation of Korean Medicine practice are currently in compatible the argument that should clearly divide Korean medicine from Western medicine, and that should be changed in light of the changing medical environment. Therefore If Korean medicine's standard is applied to the extent to which Korean Medicine doctors are educated, it is necessary to define a new definition to actively interpret Korean Medical practice. The academic basis of Korean medicine and the level of Korean medicine practice based on the books that are traditionally available, and then current textbooks of Korean Medicine College, Korean Medicine Clinical Care Guidelines, and classification of Korean standard medical practices should be standardized. Increasingly, Korean Medicine practice should be interpreted according to reality, focusing on protecting and promoting the health of the people rather than academic differences.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2020

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder causing dementia worldwide, and is mainly characterized by aggregated β-amyloid (Aβ). Increasing evidence has shown that plant extracts have the potential to delay AD development. The plant sterol β-Sitosterol has a potential role in inhibiting the production of platelet Aβ, suggesting that it may be useful for AD prevention. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of β-Sitosterol on deficits in learning and memory in amyloid protein precursor/presenilin 1 (APP/PS1) double transgenic mice. APP/PS1 mice were treated with β-Sitosterol for four weeks, from the age of seven months. Brain Aβ metabolism was evaluated using ELISA and Western blotting. We found that β-Sitosterol treatment can improve spatial learning and recognition memory ability, and reduce plaque load in APP/PS1 mice. β-Sitosterol treatment helped reverse dendritic spine loss in APP/PS1 mice and reversed the decreased hippocampal neuron miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency. Our research helps to explain and support the neuroprotective effect of β-Sitosterol, which may offer a novel pharmaceutical agent for the treatment of AD. Taken together, these findings suggest that β-Sitosterol ameliorates memory and learning impairment in APP/PS1 mice and possibly decreases Aβ deposition.