• 대한가정학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.79-85
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• 1982

The objective of this study is to apply the modular furniture system, which has been developed actively in western Europe and America since 1970's, to Korean contemporary furniture having converted into western style gradually. The factors requiring the modular furniture system in today's residential environment are as follows; 1. Population increase and urbanization 2. Development of industrial technology 3. Improvement of living condition and change of life style. As these factors increase the problem of diminishing space, multiple functional modular furniture concept has become a solution. Reviewing the current scene of the western modular furniture system, it is classified into modular seating system, mopular wall system, modular commode system and modular storage system. Korean wardrobe, which is am mixed style of traditional and contemporary furniture, should change to a closet eventually because of the grand size and unpractical use of space. Since most Korean family, however, have wardrobes already, it will be necessary to have a turning period to systemized the closet space in Korean residential interior. For the turning period, application of the modular wall system would be one answer to substitute the wardrobe.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.406-420
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• 2009

유럽연합의 경제적 통합과 지리적 확대는 역내 회원국간 교역흐름과 교역구조에 많은 변화를 가져왔다. 첫째, 유럽연합의 역내 교역량은 경제통합과 단일시장 확대로 지속적으로 증가해 왔다. 이러한 교역량 확대는 시장통합에 따른 회원국간 무역창출 및 무역전환효과에 의한 것이기도 하지만, 신규 회원국의 가입에 따른 시장확대에 의해 이루어졌으며 신규 회원국의 가입이 교역량 증대에 미치는 효과는 점차 약화되고 있다. 둘째, 경제통합과 단일시장 확대에 따른 무역확대로 서부유럽은 물론 남부유럽과 중 동부유럽의 역내시장에 대한 수출 입 의존도는 증대되었다. 특히 남부유럽 및 중 동부 유럽의 역내 수출 입 의존도가 상대적으로 더 높게 증가하였다. 셋째, 유럽연합의 역내 회원국간 교역구조는 상품의 자유로운 이동과 단일시장 확대로 규모경제가 가능해짐으로써 상품의 차별화에 의한 산업내 교역이 증가하였다. 산업내 교역에서도 수평적 산업내 교역은 감소하고 수직적 산업내 교역은 증가하였다. 그리고 산업내 교역은 서부유럽의 교역에서 높았으며 산업간 교역은 남부유럽 및 중 동부유럽의 교역에서 상대적으로 높게 나타났다. 그러나 남부유럽 및 일부 중 동부유럽국가의 교역구조도 산업간 교역에서 산업내 교역으로 변화되고 있다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.57-74
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• 1998

이 글은 1970년대 이후 서유럽 선진산업국가들에서 새로운 사회정치적 갈등으로서 재흥한 지역주의를 그 전개양상과 유형, 성격을 중심으로 살펴보고, 그에 대한 논리적 설명들을 개념적 차원에서 분류 서술한 것이다. 특히 사회과학에서 사회발전론으로서 지배적 위상을 지닌 근대화론을 개괄하고, 그 논의를 바탕으로 지역주의를 둘러 싼 제반 테제들을 분화론, 지속론, 과정론, 수렴론 그리고 탈분화론으로 나누어 발견론적이로 구성적 관점에서 접근하였다. 이들 테제를 실증적 자료에 의거하여 모두 구체적으로 검토하기에는 여전히 어려움이 있으나 지역주의가 사회과학 일반에서 이론적으로 주목받을 만한 가치가 있으며, 또한 지역에 대한 상이한 메타이론적 개념구성은 사회지리학에서 지역개념을 정교화하는 데에도 시사점을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2003년도 추계학술대회 논문집(II)
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• pp.305-310
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• 2003

This study is intended to outline the lessons that can be learned from European experience of the opportunities and challenges involved in operating train ferries to carry freight. The study considers the various train ferry routes that have operated over recent years in Europe, examines their characteristics, and then proceeds to evaluate the economic viability of train ferries in general. On the basis of this analysis, we have attempted to outline the conditions that appear to be required under which Train Ferries may be competitive. This study shows that long crossing train ferries in Europe have survived where the adjacent railway systems handle a significant volume of domestic traffic and do themselves playa serious role in the transport industry. There is no reason to suppose railway wagons cannot be carried economically over long distances. Experience in Western Europe is that they are best operated as mixed road trailer and rail wagon services. Only the lower deck need carry railway wagons, which greatly simplifies loading and the physical construction of the ship. Existing road based ro-ro ferries can be adapted to become rail ferries. It is, however, essential that there is commercial clarity as to the responsibility for ensuring the overall service is viable. To that end, the ferry company is responsible for marketing the service and managing relationships between the two railway authorities.

• 복식
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.21-36
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• 2000

History confirms that the eastern style was reflected in various parts of the western culture including clothing. In this paper we show some evidence that the influence of India on the French clothing during the neo-classical period(1789-1820) was substantial. Among others, the use of muslin, kashmir shawl and banyan during the period is greatly emphasized. The muslin imported from India was used as the textile for the chemise mown, a typical clothing during the period. Indian muslin was used, because it was of better quality compared to the muslin manufactured in England and France and it was not expensive. The kashmir shawl imported from kashmir in India was also a popular item in Europe not only because it matched well with simple color of chemise gown, but because it expressed the tone of Greek and Roman. Banyan which was most popular clothing worn by men in 18th century Europe originally came from India, which goes back to the Kaftan clothing in the Central Asia. Banyan was an informal home style clothing different from the conventional tight men's wear. It is true that the muslin, kashmir shawl, and banyan also became fashion items throughout the 19th and 20th century to the English and other European people. However, we limited our attention to the influence of India on France because we think the French Revolution and Napoleon's conquest of Egypt are far more important factors when considering the influence of Indian culture on Europe.

• Mycobiology
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.199-202
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• 2008

Inonotus obliquus is a fungus that causes white heart rot on several broad-leaved species. This fungus forms typical charcoal-black, sterile conks (chaga) or cinder conks on infected stems of the birche (Betula spp). The dark brown pulp of the sterile conk is formed by a pure mycelial mass of fungus. Chaga are a folk remedy in Russia, reflecting the circumboreal distribution of I. obliquus in boreal forest ecosystems on Betula spp. and in meridional mountain forests on beech (Fagus spp.) in Russia, Scandinavia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. Distribution at lower latitudes in Western and Southern Europe, Northern America, Asia, Japan, and Korea is rare. Infected trees grow for many years without several symptoms of decline. The infection can penetrate through stem injuries with exterior sterile conks developing later. In the Czech Republic, cinder conk is found on birches inhabiting peat bogs and in mountain areas with a colder and more humid climate, although it is widespread in other broad leaved species over the Czech Republic. The most common hosts are B. pendula, B. pubescens, B. carpatica, and F. sylvatica. Less frequent hosts include Acer campestre, Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Alnus incana, Fraxinus excelsior, Quercus cerris, Q. petraea, Q. robur, Q. delachampii, and Ulmus sp.

• 경영과학
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• 제4권
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• pp.12-41
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• 1987

FMS has received a great deal of attention in the past two decades as a possible breakthrough for the new technologies in manufacturing. Some people say that the era of FMS has just begun. We have seen the potential benefits of FMS to the manufacturing industries. But it seems that FMS has generated a large number of problems to solve. The objective of this paper is to provide a groundwork for researches in the area of FMS by discussing the current status and prospect. The current status of installations and operations of FMS worldwide is reviewed. U.S.A., Japan, Western Europe, U.S.S.R. and Eastern Europe, and domestic status are discussed briefly. The current status of researches that are related to the FMS is also reviewed. Lastly, the prospect of hardware and software is discussed.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.79-95
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• 2019

This article presents a brief reconstruction of the historic journey of Benedict the Pole and John of Pian de Carpine, the first known Europeans after A.D. 900 who completed a successful return journey east of Baghdad and gave surviving accounts of their travels. The article, which focuses mainly on the role of Benedict the Pole, is divided into five parts: the reasons and organization of the deputation sent to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV from 1245-1248, the route travelled by the Papal envoys, the existing versions of the two surviving accounts of the mission, the role of Benedict the Pole as the secretary and translator to the papal legate Pian de Carpine, and the outcome of the journey as seen from the perspective of Europe-Asia contacts.

• Acta Via Serica
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-56
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• 2020

The study of Putin's Russia should be placed in a broad historiographical context, prevailing in the West. While in the beginning of the post-Soviet era, most observers believed that Russia would reach a Fukuyamian "end of history," the situation is quite different now. At present, Western observers see Putin's Russia as the manifestation of authoritarianism. While this assumption is undoubtedly true, it does not provide much insight into the regime's operational model. Here, a comparison with Renaissance and early modern Europe might provide a clue to the operational model of the regime. Similar to early modern European rulers, Putin limits the use of direct and wide use of force, preferring manipulation, corruption, and the targeted killing of his most important enemies. In foreign policy, Putin has tried to avoid wholesale conflicts and broadly uses mercenaries, whose relationships with the Kremlin are downplayed. The similarities between Putin's regime and early modern European regimes do not mean that their destinies will be the same. In Europe, the Renaissance led to centralized states, whereas in Russia, the "Renaissance" could well lead to the country's disintegration.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.14-31
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• 2022

Worn by both males and females the kimono is the national dress of Japan. Previous research highlights that this national dress is fading from tradition and evolves to develop with the times and fashion trends. This research aims to investigate what a kimono represents both historically and currently within Western society. The idea of the kimono being more than a national dress representing Japan, the main three themes researched will be (1) Shape (2) Narrative (3) Journey from East to West. Based on both primary and secondary sources this research indicates that there is a strong relationship between the universal increase of kimono wearers in Eastern and Western societies from history through to present day. Primary research is utilised in the form of two types of interviews. Primary outcomes bring a personal perspective to how and why kimono is worn nowadays within Europe. Secondary sources include online lectures held by kimono specialists as well as subject relevant books. From the 19th century where the Dutch were the only European country to trade with Japan, an exchange of fabrics took place which later led to the exchange of: fit, fashion and pattern (primarily within Western womenswear fashion.) This distinct garment never gets discontinued and evolves with social demands within society today.