• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.308-315
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• 2003

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of three legume species in a zero-tillage, non-fertilized rice field in a temperate zone. Before the experiment for 5 years, from 1995 to 1999, plant growth patterns of three legume species grown as over-wintering (October-May) cover crops on a paddy field were maintained to study N balance and $\textrm{N}_2$ fixation. Decrease in plant density accelerated from after winter to flowering from 1,090, 320, and 5 to 732, 232, and 6 plants $\textrm{m}^{-2}$ in Chinese milk vetch (CMV), white clover (WC), and hairy vetch (HV), respectively. Total dry weights of plants above-ground level were 0.05, 0.11, and 2.43 g $\textrm{plant}^{-1}$. in WC, CMV and HV respectively but steeply increased at ripening up to 0.77, 2.33, and 26 g $\textrm{plant}^{-1}$. The root dry weight of HV and CMV rapidly increased while in WC, root dry weight increased slightly towards flowering. The highest nodule numbers were recorded in CMV to April thereafter WC produced the highest. Nodule size was distributed within 7mm in CMV but it was larger in HV varying from 1 to 10mm. Shoot N (g $\textrm{m}^{-2}$) greatly increased from over-wintering to flowering in CMV, HV and WC and it ranged from 1.66, 0.5 and 1.92 to 12.6, 3.1 and 13.02 g $\textrm{m}^{-2}$, respectively. After wintering, the initial shoot N content (%) was more in CMV. Root N content (%) was constant or slightly decreased in HV and WC. Soil total N in the control plot (clean fallow) was the highest on Mar. 2 then decreased rapidly to flowering. Soil N content was constant in HV plots whereas it was low in WC plots for the entire growth period except just after winter. Maximum nitrogenase activities were 9, 37.8, and 131 mol $\textrm{C}_2\textrm{H}_4$ $\textrm{plant}^{-1}$ $\textrm{hour}^{-1}$. in CMV, HV, and WC, respectively. Nitrogenase activity showed a direct correlation with nodule number, size and fresh weight. As a cover crop preceding a rice crop, CMV is more suited to colder regions due to its earlier ripening characteristics. Hairy vetch and WC are recommended for regions with a mild winter and a long summer owing to their late ripening and great N fixation activity.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.313-321
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• 2005

Digital halftoning is a process to produce a binary image so that the original image and its binary counterpart appear similar when observed from a distance. Among digital halftoning methods, error diffusion is a procedure for generating high quality bilevel images from continuous-tone images but blurs the edge information in the bilevel images. To solve this problem, we propose the improved error diffusion using local spatial information of the original images. Based on the fact that the human vision perceives not a pixel but local mean of input image, we compute edge enhancement information(EEI) by appling the ratio of a pixel and its adjacent pixels to local mean. The weights applied to local means is computed using the ratio of local activity measure(LAM) to the difference between input pixels of 3$\times$3 blocks and theirs mean. LAM is the measure of luminance changes in local regions and is obtained by adding the square of the difference between input pixels of 3$\times$3 blocks and theirs mean. We add the value to a input pixel of quantizer to enhance edge. The performance of the proposed method is compared with conventional methods by measuring the edge correlation. The halftone images by using the proposed method show better quality due to the enhanced edge. And the detailed edge is preserved in the halftone images by using the proposed method. Also the proposed method improves the quality of halftone images because unpleasant patterns for human visual system are reduced.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.25-45
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• 1992

Many phychiatrists have reported that the change of serotonin concentration would cause mental disorder and affect the pathological conditions such as schizophrenia, depression and eating behabior. The end product of serotonin metabolism was excreted as 5-HIAA in urine. Serum lipids, according to the report, were concerned with obesity, said it was. This study aims to observe the changes of plasma serotonin, urinary 5-HIAA and serum lipids, making use of Fat Cell Mass rate of 27 normal persons and 42 psychosomatic patients. For this, I also observed the change of serotonin, 5-HIAA and lipids of the psychosomatic patients by the use of 3 kinds of herbs as treatment medication on the basis of physical symptoms and the results were obtained as follows; 1. Urinary 5-HIAA is correlated with the body water rate(r=0.381), while reversely correlated with the Fat Cell Mass rate(r=-0.330). 2. Compared the control group with the patients group for the serum lipids value, they showed the significant results ; $146.4{\pm}5.71$ mg/dl and $166.9{\pm}6.56$ mg/dl in the total cholestrol value over- weights, $471.2{\pm}42.99$ mg/dl in the total lipid value, and $158.1{\pm}6.50$ mg/dl and $181.1{\pm}6.30$ mg/dl in the phospholipid of the obesity, respectively. 3. With comparison of each group to other group to the others for Fat Cell Mass rate, the total cholesterol showed the significant differences when the Fat Cell Mass rate was 20% or more, HDL-cholesterol value when 30% or more, and triglyceride when 30% or more, respectively. 4. there was significant variations in the relations between Fat Cell Mass rate and body water, which body mass index was increased as the body water was decreased. 5. Fat Cell Mass rate was correlated with Cholesterol(r = 0.420), triglyceride (r = 0.443), and $\beta$-lipoprotein(r = 0.450) of serum lipids, while reversely correlated with HDL -Cholesterol(r = -0.354) and urinary 5- HIAA had the correlation coefficient of -0.330. 6. What related with body water rate urinary 5-HIAA (r = 0.381) and $\beta$-lipoprotein(r = -0.405). 7. there were significant changes in the total cholesterol value and HDL-Cholesterol Value of serum lipids after dose of Ondamtang, significant increase in the 5-HIAA value after dose of Samulansintang, and significant devrease in the Trigylceride value of serum lipids after dose of Shihosogansan. As a result, it was seen that there was direct correlations among the Fat Cell Mass, urinary 5-HIAA, and serum lipids and stress from the mental conditions was not correlated directly to Serotonin, 5-HIAA, and serum lipids. I would like to conclude, therefore, that the detailed study should be performed on the function of serotonin of hypothalamus.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.142-146
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• 2003

To obtain information on the inheritance of grain weight and grain size of japonica cultivar, Sobibyeo which has high yielding potential and large grain in rice, the genetic variation, heritability and phenotypic correlation of 1,000 grain weight, grain length, width and thickness were investigated in two crosses, Iksan 429/Sobibyeo and Iksan 430/Sobibyeo. The gram characteristics of $\textrm{F}_1$ hybrids exceeded mid-parental values, while grain length: width ratio was intermediate between the parents. In $\textrm{F}_2$ populations, the average grain length, width and thickness were intermediate as mid-parental values, but grain weight exceeded the mid-parental values. In $\textrm{F}_2$ populations of Iksan 429/Sobibyeo and Iksan 430/Sobibyeo, mean 1,000 grain weights were 24.86g and 25.04 g on the average, and ranged 18.4g-32.2g and 19.5g-33.4g, respectively. The segregation mode for grain weight was regarded as a nearly normal distribution in two crosses of $\textrm{F}_2$ populations. Estimates of broad sense heritabilities for grain weight in Iksan 429/Sobibyeo and Iksan 430/Sobibyeo were high as 89.00% and 89.06%, and grain length showed the highest heritability among grain characteristics as 97.45% and 97.35%, respectively. Grain weight was highly correlated with grain length, width and thickness, and grain length was highly correlated with grain width and thickness. These grain characteristics were apparently controlled by polygenes. Accordingly, these traits will be readily improved through selection in the early segregating generations.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.327-345
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• 2020

The effects of ground vibration on lava tubes during construction were studied to aid design of management and preservation measures for lava tubes. Ground conditions were assessed by RMR (Rock mass rating) and Q-system classifications for the Geomunoreum lava tubes, and vibration velocity was measured during in situ blasting tests in the Manjanggul and Yongcheondonggul lava tubes. Results indicate that the higher the rock quality, the greater the effect of vibration, although there is no clear linear relationship due to ground heterogeneity. A relationship derived between vibration velocity (PPV) and intensity (dB(V)) on the basis of blasting tests indicates that a vibration level of < 0.285 cm/sec meets the regulatory limit of 0.371 cm/sec and 65 dB(V) during daytime, and 0.285 cm/sec and 60 dB(V) during night. For blasting vibrations, square- and cube-root scaled distances are linearly correlated, with R² ≥ 0.76. On the basis of this correlation, explosive-charge weights meeting the 0.2 cm/sec vibration criterion for cultural heritage were estimated to be 2.88 kg at 50 m distance, and 11.52 kg at 100 m.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.624-633
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• 2020

In those day, Incheon and Busan local government are arguing about establishment of a maritime court. This study aims to develop a model that evaluates the priority orders for the establishment of maritime courts using maritime casualties counts based on the integrated ELECTRE-CRITIC-ISM technique, as well as to verify its usefulness in the establishment of maritime courts in Korea. For this purpose, a total of 22 ports, excluding nine ports where maritime accident data were integrated and managed among the 31 international trade ports, were matched with the jurisdiction of six alternative high courts. Second, the CRITIC method was used to calculate the weights of the number of maritime casualties during a 5-year period that were evaluation factors and combine with the ELECTRE method. Finally, the ELECTRE&ISM method was used to analyze the concordance and discordance between high courts and evaluate the priority orders considering the fluctuations of maritime casualties counts. As the final evaluation result considering the mean values in fluctuations of maritime casualties counts, the Busan High Court ranked first, the Gwangju high court second, the Seoul high court third, the Daejeon and the Daegu high court forth (equal), and the Suwon high court sith. Therefore, it is necessary to preferentially establish a maritime court in the jurisdiction of the Busan High Court.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1395-1403
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• 2008

The objective of the present study was to estimate genetic parameters for economic traits in Markhoz goats. Data collected from 1993 to 2006 by the Markhoz goat Performance Testing Station in Sanandaj, Iran, were analyzed. The traits recorded as body weight performance at birth (BW), weaning (WW), six month (6MW), nine month (9MW), yearling (YW) and yearling fleece weight (YFW) were investigated. Least square analyses were used for estimation of environmental effects. Genetic parameters were estimated with single and multi trait analysis using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) procedures, under animal models. By ignoring or including maternal additive genetic effects and maternal permanent environmental effects, five different models were fitted for each trait. The effects of sex, type of birth, age of dam and year of birth on the all body weights were significant (p<0.01), but had no effects on YFW except year of birth. Age of kids had significant influences on WW and 6MW (p<0.01). A log likelihood ratio test was carried out for choosing the most suitable model for each trait. Total heritability estimates for YFW and growth traits varied from 0.16 for YFW and WW to 0.41 for YW. For all traits, maternal heritability was lower than direct heritability, ranging from 0.06 for BW to 0.01 for 6MW and 9MW. The magnitude of $c^2$ was more substantial for BW than the others, and relative importance was reduced from 0.12 for BW to 0.04 for 9MW. The direct additive genetic correlations estimates were positive and varied from 0.21 between BW-YW to 0.96 between WW-6MW. Direct additive genetic correlations between YFW and body weight traits were positive and ranged from 0.14 between BW-YFW to 0.67 between 6MW-YFW. For all traits, the corresponding estimates for phenotypic correlation were positive and lower than genetic correlations. The maternal additive genetic correlations between various traits were varied and ranged from -0.19 between 9MW-YFW to 0.96 between 6MW-9MW. The estimates of the maternal permanent environmental correlations between various traits were positive and ranged from 0.33 between WW-YFW to 0.93 between WW-6MW. Also, the environmental correlations between various traits ranged from 0.01 between BW-YFW and WW-YFW to 0.70 between 9MW-YW. Estimates of genetic parameters for various traits in this study confirm that selection should be applied on WW for genetic improvement in Markhoz goats.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.214-222
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• 2016

As information becomes more sophisticated with the advancing technology of our times, the usability of software is considered an important factor. However, the research on usability of weapons system software graphical user interfaces (GUIs) remains insufficient. For this reason, this paper focuses on developing checklists for the usability of GUIs in weapons systems. In the first step, design principles are collected from various design guidelines on usability and from career soldiers. In the second step, a survey is conducted for factor analysis, and in the third step, factor analysis is conducted on 12 principles, with two principles excluded, as a result, due to less correlation with weapons system usability. In Step 4, the weights for design characteristics and design principles are derived using AHP. In the final step, the checklists are developed by mapping the GUI design factors and from the results of factor analysis. This research could be utilized as a foundation for usability evaluation of GUIs in weapons systems.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.323-336
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• 2020

Owing to climate change, the annual precipitation in Korea has increased since the 20th century, and it is projected to continue increasing in the future. This trend of increasing precipitation will raise the possibility of floods; hence, it is necessary to establish national adaptation plans for floods, based on a reasonable flood risk assessment. Therefore, this study focuses on developing a framework that can assess the flood risk across the country, as well as computing the flood risk index (FRI). The framework, which is based on IPCC AR5, is established as a combination of three indicators: hazard, exposure, and capacity. A data-based approach was used, and the weights of each component were assigned to improve the validity of the FRI. A Spearman correlation analysis between the FRI and flood damage verified that the index was capable of assessing potential flood damage. When predicting scenarios for future assessment using the HadGEM3-RA based on RCP 4.5 and 8.5, the flood risk tends to be lower in the early and mid-21st century, and it becomes higher at the end of the 21st century as compared with the present.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1174-1178
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary zinc levels on carbohydrate metabolism and serum zinc, magnesium and chromium contents in obese rats. Animals were divided into three groups by zinc levels, such as low (15 ppm), adequate (30 ppm) and high (60 ppm) levels of dietary zinc. The food intake, weight gain and feed efficiency ratio were not changed by zinc levels. There were no significant differences in liver, kidney and spleen weights. However, serum glucose concentration significantly decreased as the levels of dietary zinc increased, in particular, that of obese rats fed the high level of zinc was remarkably decreased. Insulin concentration of rats fed high level of zinc diet was significantly higher than that in the other groups. However, there were no significant differences in serum zinc and chromium contents, although serum magnesium fed zinc deficient diet was significantly higher than that of the other two groups. Glucose concentrations had negative correlation with insulin concentrations, and positive correlations with serum magnesium content. In conclusion, serum glucose concentrations were decreased and insulin concentrations were increased as the levels of dietary zinc increased in obese rats. These results suggested that zinc supplement at higher level than adequate one would increase insulin concentration and may improve hyperglycemia problem in obese groups.