• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.75-86
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• 2007

In Korea, it is significantly deficient in the study about tourism geology, which is a new branch of applied geology that would support the growth of ecotourism world-wide. The objectives of this study include (1) the promotion in geodiversity of tourism geology using the data for type and distribution patterns of geological and geomorphological landscape resources and (2) the redoubling of diversity in the environmental interpretation programs offered by the Korea National Parks Service (KNPS). Our field study discovered 212 geological and geomorphological landscape resources distributed in the area of Taean seashore national park. Coastal topography is the most discovered type followed by weathering topography. It is our belief that the aforementioned resources can be utilized as a tourism geological site in assisting the public to understand geological science and to draw their attention and interests after sorting and filtering it out through discussions with geologists and geomorphologists of a consortium. Furthermore, in order to promote the activation of developing user-oriented geotourism sites, it is recommended to keep monitoring on demographical characteristics of geotourists, behavioral characteristics of geotouconrists within the geotourism site and ducting analysis for developing geotourism program and events. And, the research support of geological engineering dealing with the estimation of weathering degree and the development of conservation techniques for the object of geotourism along with the research of environmental science aspects will improve the activation of tourism geology.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.3 s.172
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• pp.355-367
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• 2005

In Korea, it is reported that the study about tourism geology, which is a new branch af applied geology that would support the growth of ecotourism world-wide, is significantly deficient. The objectives of this study include (1) the promotion in geodiversity of tourism geology using the data for type and distribution patterns of geological and geomorphological landscapes resources, and (2) the redoubling of diversity in environmental interpretation programs offerend by National Parks Authority (NPA). According to this research results, 62 geological and geomorphological landscape resources in Naejangsan national park were observed. Weathering topography is the most discovered type followed by river, mountain and tectonic topography in decreasing order. It is thought that the above-mentioned data can be utilized to sort and filter by the discussion through consortium organized by geologist and geomorphologist. Furthermore, in order to promote the activation of developing user-oriented geotourism sites, the monitoring on demographical characteristics of geotourists, behaviora characteristics of geotourists within geotourism site, and the analysis for developing geotourism program and events should be accompanied. And, the support of geological engineering dealing the estimation of weathering degree and development of conservation techniques for the object of geotourism will improve the activation of tourism geology.

• 한국문화재보존과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.15-24
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• 2004

The Seokgatap pagoda composed of mainly alkali granite and other minor pink-feldspar granite, fine-grained granite, granodiorite, diorite, gabbro, and tuff. Despite the small loss and damage derived from joints, its peel-off and exfoliation are serious enough to cause the heavy deterioration on the stone surface. The chemical and petrological weathering has partly replaced the original rock-forming minerals with clay minerals and iron oxyhydroxides. Based on the petrogenesis, rock materials of the pagoda is very similar to rocks of Dabotap pagoda and the Namsan granite in the Gyeongju. The central fart of the pagoda has sunken highly, which caused all the corners to split and the structural transformation to become worse. The reverse V-shaped gaps between the materials have broken stones filled in a coarse way. The iron plates inserted between the upper flat stone laid on other stones and tile pagoda body in the north and east side has been exposed in the air and corroded, discoloring of the adjacent stones. The overall diagnosis of the Seokgatap pagoda is the deteriorated functions of the stone materials, which calls for a long-term monitoring and plans to reinforce the stone surfaces. But the main body including the pagoda roof stone needs washing on a regular basis, and the many different cracks should be fixed with glue by using the fillers or hardeners designed for stone cultural properties after removing the cement mortar. In case of the replacement of the stone materials with new stones, it's necessary to examine the pagoda for the center of gravity and support intensity of the materials. The structural stability of the pagoda can be attained by taking a reinforce measure in geotechnical engineering and making a drainage. The ground humidity, which has aggravated weathering and structural instability, should be resolved by setting up a humidity reduction facility. The contamination of lichens and bryophyte around the pagoda and on the surface is serious. Thus biochemical treatments should be given too in order to prevent further biological damages and remove the vegetation growing on the discontinuous planes.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.199-212
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• 2021

The Sebyeonggwan Hall (National Treasure No. 305) is located on the Naval Headquarter of Three Provinces in Tongyeong, and it has partly undergone with several rebuilding, remodeling, repairing and restorations since it's the first establishment in Joseon Dynasty (AD 1605) of ancient Korea. This study focuses on 50 foundation stones that comprise the Sebyeonggwan. These stones are made of six rock types and currently have various shapes of the surface damages. As the foundation stones, the dominant rock type was dacitic lapilli tuffs, and provenance-based interpretation was performed to supply alternative stones for conservation. Most of the provenance rocks for foundation stones showed highly homogeneity with their corresponding stones of petrography, mineralogy and magnetic susceptibility. According to surface deterioration assessments, the most serious damages of the stones were blistering and scaling. The deterioration mechanism was identified through the analysis of inorganic contaminants, and the primary reason is considered salt weathering caused by sea breeze and other combined circumstances. Based on the mechanical durability of the stones, there was no foundation stone that required the replacement of its members attributed to the degradation of the rock properties, but conservation treatment is considered necessary to delay superficial damage. The foundation stones are characterized by a combined outcome of multiple petrological factors that caused physical damage to surfaces and internal defects. Therefore, it's required to diagnosis and monitoring the Sebyeonggwan regularly for long-term preservation.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2023

As the intensity of urban underground space development increases, more and more tunnels are planned and constructed, and sometimes it is inevitable to encounter situations where tunnels have to underpass the river embankments. Most previous studies involved tunnels passing river embankments perpendicularly or with large intersection angle. In this study, a project case where two EPB shield tunnels with 8.82 m diameter run parallelly underneath a river embankment was reported. The parallel length is 380 m and tunnel were mainly buried in the moderate / slightly weathered clastic rock layer. The field monitoring result was presented and discussed. Three-dimensional back-analysis were then carried out to gain a better understanding the interaction mechanisms between shield tunnel and embankment and further to predict the ultimate settlement of embankment due to twin-tunnel excavation. Parametrical studies considering effect of tunnel face pressure, tail grouting pressure and volume loss were also conducted. The measured embankment settlement after the single tunnel excavation was 4.53 mm ~ 7.43 mm. Neither new crack on the pavement or cavity under the roadbed was observed. It is found that the more degree of weathering of the rock around the tunnel, the greater the embankment settlement and wider the settlement trough. Besides, the latter tunnel excavation might cause larger deformation than the former tunnel excavation if the mobilized plastic zone overlapped. With given geometry and stratigraphic condition in this study, the safety or serviceability of the river embankment would hardly be affected since the ultimate settlement of the embankment after the twin-tunnel excavation is within the allowable limit. Reasonable tunnel face pressure and tail grouting pressure can to some extent suppress the settlement of the embankment. The recommended tunnel face pressure and tail grouting pressure are 300 kPa and 550 kPa in this study, respectively. However, the volume loss plays the crucial role in the tunnel-embankment interaction. Controlling and compensating the tunneling induced volume loss is the most effective measure for river embankment protection. Additionally, reinforcing the embankment with cement mixing pile in advance is an alternative option in case the predicted settlement exceeds allowable limit.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.445-453
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• 2013

The Uiseong Tapriri Five-Storied Stone Pagoda (National Treasure No. 77) is typical stone cultural heritage in Unified Silla Dynasty, Korea. The pagoda has been occurred black, brown discoloration and microcrack, exfoliation, granularity decomposition with white discoloration because of continuous weathering. As the results of analysis for the contaminants, chemical weatherings are generated that black contaminant by manganese oxide, brown contaminant by iron oxide, white contaminants by gypsum and taranakite. And physical weatherings, such as microcrack, exfoliation, are occurred by salt(gypsum) crystallization. Therefore, these need to remove the contaminants according to the conservation treatment manual, and regular monitoring using P-XRF to preserve long-term the Five-Storied Stone Pagoda at Tapri-ri, Uiseong.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Groundwater Environment
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.70-79
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• 1996

The Friar Tuck Abandoned Coal Mine site is one of the most complexly disturbed areas in the midwestern United States. The deposits of gob and tailings contain high concentrations of pyrite, whose oxidation contributes to the acidification of soil and water and prevents the growth of vegetation. In an effort to quantitatively evaluate the effects of reclamation techniques, detailed monitoring program was performed. Water samples were collected from surface water, groundwater, and pore water from the unsaturated zone during a period of five years. According to the results, The spoil deposits are a relatively minor source of contamination and gob piles are the source of severe contamination to surface water and groundwater. But, loess and till beneath the gob piles effectively prevent the contaminated water migration from the source. Surface layers of the gob piles and the tailing deposits are less toxic than the interior of the deposits as a consequence of weathering over several decades. Acid mine drainage is in a post-peak stage and acid formation potential is probably situated in the unsaturated zone of refuse.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.20
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• pp.43-54
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• 2007

The Muryangsa temple five-storied stone pagoda (Treasure No. 185) was geographically located in the area of the Baekje Kingdom. The architectural style of the Muryangsa temple five-storied stone pagoda is the pagoda at the early Goryeo Dynasty that was succeeded technique of the Baekje Kingdom and form of the Shilla Kingdom. Because this pagoda is located outside during old time that it received serious petrological and biological weathering in rock blocks and occurred the center subsidence in the upper capstone. This study executed ground stability interpretation in order to know what central subsidence in the upper capstone occurred for soft ground. The ground stability interpretation used seismic survey, electrical resistivity survey and GPR survey by non-destructive method. As the result, the ground appeared in the condition which is good. Specially, high resistance zone appeared from electric resistivity survey which come to seem with ground reinforcement harden. Consequently, central subsidence condition in the upper capstone is not by the instability of ground, and is judged with the thing by the structure instability in rock blocks over the upper capstone. This will be applied basic data with the long-term monitoring or preservation countermeasure of the pagoda.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.421-431
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• 2018

Analyses of the three-storied stone pagoda at the Bulguksa temple in Gyeongju were carried out in order to identify the cause for material characteristics of inorganic contaminants and conservation treatment materials. Results indicated that foreign soil or weathering soil caused yellow discoloration of the pagoda, reddish-brown contaminants were formed by goethite (FeOOH), an iron oxide mineral, and black pollutants were formed by manganese (Mn) oxide, leading to discoloration of the rock. Among the restoration materials used in the past, cement mortar could cause whitening by reacting with the external environment. The results were used as basic standards to evaluate the material characteristics of the surface contaminants and identify a set of effective conservation treatments. Nevertheless, continuous monitoring is required, as there is a high possibility of regeneration of pollutants in the future because of the continuous exposure of the pagoda to the external environment.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.190-198
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• 2013

Ambers have been used mostly as beads, jewelry and ornaments from ancient times and excavated as a buried artifact. When excavated, they are severely weathered to be cracked, exfoliated and disintegrated. Monitoring of changes in composition of amber according to weathering is very important for diagnosing the condition of amber and applying conservation materials and techniques. In this study, we tried to find the components of amber by analyzing amber with pyrolysis/GC/MS. The changes in the composition of pyrolzates after artificial ageing for 60 days under heat and oxygen were also observed. Abietic acid was detected as a main component of fresh amber and monoterpene, alkene, aromatic hydrocarbon were detected as major pyrolyzates. Changes with artificial ageing was estimated by comparing the peak area ratio of 23 components, and it was found that abietic acid abruptly decreased in the presence of heat and oxygen together, revealing that oxygen is a key factor to the deterioration of amber. It was also tried to understand the weathered surface of original amber gemstone based on the result of this ageing experiment.