• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 1998

Four feeding trials with 260 pigs were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplementing the diet with different amino acids on growth performance and blood metabolites for weanling, growing and finishing pigs. One hundred twenty weanling pigs (Exp. 1, BW 8 kg), eighty growing pigs (Exp. 2. BW 20 kg), thirty growing pigs (Exp. 3, BW 29 kg) and thirty finishing pigs (Exp. 4, BW 50 kg) were randomly allotted to different dietary treatments according to sex and body weight. Pigs weight and feed consumption were measured at initiation and termination of each trial with 4 weeks. At the end of trial, blood samples from three pigs selected in each pen (Exp. 1) and each pig (Exp. 2) were obtained to determine the level of blood urea nitrogen, glucose, insulin and cortisol in the serum. In Exp. 1, pigs fed diet supplemented both with lysine and methionine had the best feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05), but no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in ADG and ADFI. Pigs receiving control diet obtained the obtained the optimal ADG (p < 0.05), ADFI (p < 0.05) and F/G for the whole period. No differences were detected in serum glucose, insulin and cortisol concentrations. In Exp. 2, pigs receiving the control diet exhibited the lowest serum urea nitrogen (p < 0.05), ADG, F/G and serum insulin concentration increased linearly (p < 0.05) with the inclusion of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan in diets. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were detected for glucose and cortisol content in pigs serum among dietary treatments. In Exp. 3 and 4, pigs growth rate increased linearly (p < 0.01), and feed conversion efficiency was also improves by addition of lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan. In conclusion, pigs fed diets supplemented with lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan together obtained optimal growth performance in growing and finishing periods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.64-70
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• 2017

Objective: In the present study, role of increasing levels of Ecklonia cava (seaweed) supplementation in diets was investigated on growth performance, coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, serum immunoglobulins, cecal microflora and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs. Methods: A total of 200 weaned pigs (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc; initial body weight $7.08{\pm}0.15kg$) were randomly allotted to 4 treatments on the basis of body weight. There were 5 replicate pens in each treatment including 10 pigs of each. Treatments were divided by dietary Ecklonia cava supplementation levels (0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, or 0.15%) in growing-finishing diets. There were 2 diet formulation phases throughout the experiment. The pigs were offered the diets ad libitum for the entire period of experiment in meal form. Results: The pigs fed with increasing dietary concentrations of Ecklonia cava had linear increase (p<0.05) in the overall average daily gain, however, there were no significant differences in gain to feed ratio, CTTAD of dry matter and crude protein at both phase I and phase II. Digestibility of gross energy was linearly improved (p<0.05) in phase II. At day 28, pigs fed Ecklonia cava had greater (linear, p<0.05) Lactobacillus spp., fewer Escherichia coli (E. coli) spp. (linear, p<0.05) and a tendency to have fewer cecal Clostridium spp. (p = 0.077). The total anaerobic bacteria were not affected with supplementation of Ecklonia cava in diets. Polynomial contrasts analysis revealed that villus height of the ileum exhibited a linear increase (p<0.05) in response with the increase in the level of dietary Ecklonia cava. However, villus height of duodenum and jejunum, crypt depth, villus height to crypt depth ratio of different segments of the intestine were not affected. Conclusion: The results suggest that Ecklonia cava had beneficial effects on the growth performance, cecal microflora, and intestinal morphology of weanling pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.129-133
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• 1995

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of crude protein concentration (44% vs 48%) and extrusion processing of soybean meal (SBM) on the performance of weanling and growing pigs. One hundred and ninety two (96 pigs of each sex) 3 way crossed (Landrace ${\times}$ Hampshire ${\times}$ Duroc) weaned pigs were allotted to 12 pens each of 16 pigs (8 pigs of each sex). Three pens were assigned to each of the 4 treatment; $T_1$; 44% SBM diet, $T_2$; extruded 44% SBM diet, $T_3$; 48% SBM diet and $T_4$; extruded 48% SBM diet. The 44% SBM diet was formulated to have 18% CP for the starter phase (5-10 wk of age) and 15% CP for the grower phase (10-15 wk of age). The other treatments used equivalent amount of each SBM, replacing the 44% SBM. Chemical assay showed that extrusion processing generally decreased amino acid content especially total lysine and available lysine. Extrusion increased Hunterlab color +a value and decreased the urease activity index. The body weight gains for the $T_3$ and $T_4$ pigs were significantly(p < 0.05) greater than for those on $T_1$ and $T_2$ for the starter phase, but not the grower phase. Extrusion processing did not improve weight gain. Feed intake for the overall period was significantly(p < 0.05) different among treatments. The feed conversion ratios were not significantly different among treatments. An economic analysis showed that the high protein (48%) SBM diet was more cost effective than the low protein(44%) SBM diet, for the starter phase.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.21.1-21.8
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• 2015

The digestibility of different vegetable protein sources were investigated and the effects of supplementing canola meal (CM) as partial inclusions were studied in growing pigs, to determine the performance parameters and its economic importance. In Exp. 1, four pigs (average initial $BW=15.4{\pm}0.35kg$, 5 weeks of age) fitted with simple T-cannula at terminal ileum, were fed four diets following repeated $4{\times}4$ Latin square design having adoption period of 7 days. Diet 1 was Nitrogen free diet containing corn starch. Diets 2, 3, and 4 were the basal diet supplemented with soybean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM), and domestic CM respectively. The AID of crude protein was decrease in RSM in comparison to SBM supplementation. The AID of Dietary indispensable amino acids (DIAA) such as Lys, Meth, Pha, and dispensable amino acid Ala, Pro, Asp were decreased (P < 0.05) in RSM supplemented diets. The SID of DIAA does not differ but the SID of Asp was higher (P < 0.05) in RSM and CM diets while SID of Pro was lower (P < 0.05) in RSM in comparison to SBM supplemented diets. In Exp. 2, 192 growing pigs (average initial BW $24.76{\pm}2.55kg$) were randomly allotted to four dietary treatments with increasing levels of CM i.e. 0, 3.75, 7.50, and 11.25 % respectively. Diets were fed in meal form for 35 days. Increasing CM levels in diets had no effects (P > 0.05) on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy. Total weight gain, total feed intake, and feed cost per kg weight gain were not affected by increasing levels of CM in diets but total feed cost (TFC) per pigs was linearly reduced (26.463 to 25.674; P < 0.05). Broadly, the AID, and SID of amino acid was reduced in RSM but was not effected in CM in comparison to SBM supplemented pigs. Moreover, increasing levels of CM in pigs diet had no effect on the ATTD and performance but TFC per pig was reduced. Thus CM inclusion of up to 11.25 % in diets can be used for reducing the production cost in growing pigs without any negative effect.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권9호
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• pp.1491-1498
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• 2021

Objective: This research was carried out to investigate the effects of corn particle size on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients fed to pigs at four different growth stages and therefore to provide basis for better application of corn in pig feeds. Methods: Eighteen weanling piglets, 18 growing barrows, 24 gestating sows and 24 lactating sows were used in this study. Within each stage, pigs were allotted to 1 of 3 or 4 corn-soybean meal diets which were formulated with different corn particle size in a completely randomized design with 6 replicate pigs per diet. Each stage lasted for 19 days, including 7 days for cages adaptation, 7 days for adaptation to diets and followed by 5 days for total collection of feces and urine. Results: For nursery and growing stages, the results showed that digestible energy content and ATTD of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was increased (p<0.05) as the corn particle size reduced. Meanwhile, the metabolizable energy content and ATTD of crude protein (CP) tended to increase. For gestating sows, no differences were found in the ATTD of nutrients among dietary treatments. As for lactating sows, there were linear and quadratic increases (p<0.05) in the ATTD of DM, GE, NDF as the corn being finer milled. Quadratic response in ATTD of ADF and CP (p<0.05) were observed as sows fed with four different diets. Conclusion: Reducing corn particle size can increase digestibility of nutrients fed to young pigs and lactating sows. No effects were observed in present experiment when gestating sows were fed with different particle sized corn.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.551-558
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• 2003

본 시험은 쑥(Artemisia montana Pampan) 분말을 이유자돈 사료에 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% 및 2.0% 수준으로 대체하여 급여할 경우 증체량, 사료섭취량, 사료요구율, 영양소 소화율 및 분의 유해가스 발생량에 미치는 영향과 적정 첨가수준을 구명하기 위하여 4처리, 4반복, 반복당 7두로서 총 112두를 공시하여 4주간 사양시험을 실시하였다. 0${\sim}$14일령 동안의 일당증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료요구율은 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구에서 개선되는 경향을 나타내었고 15${\sim}$28일령 동안의 일당증체량과 사료요구율은 처리간의 유의차가 없었으나 사료섭취량은 대조구에 비해 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구가 증가하였고(P<0.05) 쑥분말 0.5% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구는 다소 증가하는 경향만 나타냈다. 한편, 전 기간 동안의 일당증체량은 대조구에 비해 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구가 증가하는 경향을 보였고 사료섭취량은 모든 쑥분말 첨가구에서 증가하는 경향을 보여서 사료요구율은 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구와 2.0% 첨가구에서 개선되는 경향을 나타냈다. 영양소 소화율에 있어서 건물 소화율은 대조구에 비해 모든 쑥분말 첨가구에서 증가하는 경향을, 조단백질 소화율은 쑥분말 1.0% 첨가구에서 증가(P<0.05), 인 소화율은 쑥분말 2.0% 첨가구에서 증가(P<0.05)한 것으로 나타났다. 질소와 인 배설량은 대조구에 비해 쑥분말 2.0% 첨가구에서 감소하였고(P〈0.05) 쑥분말 0.5% 첨가구와 1.0% 첨가구에서는 감소하는 경향만을 나타냈다. 분의 유해가스 발생량에 있어서 $NH_3$ 발생량은 48시간 발효시에 대조구에 비해 모든 쑥분말 첨가구들에서 뚜렷하게 감소하였고(P<0.05) $H_2S$ 발생량은 전반적으로 쑥분말 첨가구들에서 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면 이유자돈 사료에 쑥분말을 1.0${\sim}$2.0% 수준으로 첨가하여 급여하는 것이 생산성 향상과 유해가스 발생량 감소에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 1999

Vitamin and mineral deletion from swine diets can result in reduced growth if done during the period wher muscle and bone development is occurring. Several of the vitamins and minerals decline in the serum during the starter period, suggesting a higher dietary inclusion may be necessary postweaning. Vitamin research with grower-finisher pigs is limited, but results suggest that rapidly growing lean pigs may have a higher dietary requirement for the B vitamins. Several studies have suggested that early weaning and pigs of a lean genotype may have a dietary requirement for vitamin C, CI and Cr. High dietary vitamin E levels are fortified in the diet and seems to be effective in preventing mulberry heart problems in weanling and grower pigs. Organic Se is more effectively retained in muscle tissue than inorganic Se, approximately 20% less is excreted, but the bioavailability of organic Se for glutathione peroxidase activity is only 80 to 90% to that of sodium selenite. The active form of thyroxine (T4) is dependent upon a Se containing enzyme. Withdrawal of vitamins and minerals during the latter part of the finisher period has not affected pig performance responses, but studies with poultry suggest that the vitamin content of the meat may be reduced if the vitamins are withdrawn prior to marketing. High levels of vitamin E have been shown to improve pork quality, by reducing drip loss. Studies with vitamin C and Se have suggested that they may also be involved in pork quality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1595-1604
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• 2012

Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of anti-diarrhoeal herbs on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality in pigs. In Exp 1, 150 weanling-growing piglets (average BW = $7.5{\pm}0.24$ kg, average age = $27{\pm}1$ d) were allotted into one of the five dietary treatments, including: i) CON, basal diet, ii) DP, basal diet+1 g/kg date pits, iii) JH, basal diet+0.5 g/kg Japanese-honeysuckle, iv) HCT, basal diet+1 g/kg houttuynia cordata thunb, and v) LE, basal diet+1 g/kg laquer tree extract. From wk 0 to 5, the JH, HCT and LE groups presented higher (p<0.05) ADFI, ADG and gain/feed ratio (G/F) than CON and DP groups. During wk 5 to 10, Pigs fed JH, HCT and LE diets indicated higher (p<0.05) ADG and ADFI than the pigs fed CON and DP diets. During the entire experimental period, a significant increase of ADG appeared in JH, HCT and LE (p<0.05). Pigs fed JH, HCT and LE diets got a higher (p<0.05) ADFI than the pigs fed CON and DP diets. Pigs fed diets with supplementations of herb additives revealled lower (p<0.05) score of diarrhea pigs during d 2 to d 6 compared with pigs fed CON diet. In Exp 2, 60 growing-finishing barrows and gilts (average BW = $54.10{\pm}1.20$ kg, average age = $54{\pm}3$ d) were allotted to three treatments: i) CON, basal diet; ii) YG, basal diet+1 g/kg yellow ginger and iii) HR, basal dietary+1 g/kg hoantchy root, respectively. From wk 0 to 5, Dietary supplementation of YG and HR enhanced (p<0.05) ADG. No difference was found between YG and HR treatments. During, wk 5 to 10, ADG also was observed higher in YG and HR treatments than CON group (p<0.05). Additional, YG had the highest ADG (p<0.05) among treatments. There was always an increase of ADG in YG and HR (p<0.05) through all periods. HR treatment showed a lower (p<0.05) score of diarrhoeal pigs on d 1and d 2 compared with CON treatment. Pigs fed YG and HR diets had a higher (p<0.05) longissimus muscle area (LMA) than pigs fed CON diet. In conclusion, anti-diarrhoeal herbs can improve growth performance, and prevent diarrhea incidence in pigs, it can also increase LMA in finishing pigs.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.77-88
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• 2005

Scoria의 입자도를 달리하여 양돈사료내 첨가급여시 돼지의 성장효과, 사료이용성, 도체 특성 그리고 분중의 주요 오염물질인 질소와 인의 함량에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 시 험을 실시하였다. 대조구(기초사료)와 대조구 사료의 $3\%$ 수준을 500, 1,000, 1,700 ${\mu}m$로 제조된 scoria로 대체하여 배합된 사료로 나누어 급여한 처리 등 모두 4처리를 두어 143일간 사양시험을 실시하였는데 각 처리당 3반복(반복당 male 4, 거세돈 3두)으로 총 84두의 이유자돈을 완전임의 배치하였다. 시험종료 후 전두수를 축협공판장(등급판정소)에서 돼지등급판정 기준에 의해 도체등급을 조사하였고, 육색은 Chromameter를 사용하였으며, 분중의 질소와 인의 함량은 A.O.A.C 분석법 (1990)에 따라 분석하였다. 이러한 방법에 의해 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 자돈기에는 scoria 첨가구 모두가 대조구에 비해 증체량이 낮았고, 사료요구율은 높았으며 육성기에는 scoria 입자도 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 급여구가 증체량 및 사료효율이 가장 높았고, 비육기에서는 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 입자도 첨가구가 일당증체량이 높고 사료요구율이 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 전기간($0{\sim}143$일) 동안을 비교하면 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$가 증체량 및 사료효율면에서 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 보다 유리하였다. 2. 도체중은 모든 scoria 첨가구가 유의적 (P<0.05)으로 높았으나, scoria 입자도간 차이는 없었다. 그리고 등지방두께는 처리간 차이가 없었고, 도체등급에서 A+B 등급인 상등급 출현율은 대조구에 비해 scoria 첨가구가 월등히 증가하였으며, scoria 입자도간에는 $500\;{\mu}m$가 A등급 출현율이 가장 높았다. 3. 돼지고기의 육색은 명도(L값)의 경우는 대조구가 약간 높았으나 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 및 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 입자도와는 유의적인 차이가 없었으며, 적색도(a값)는 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 급여구에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 황색도(b값)에서는 처리간 차이가 없었다. 4. 분중의 총질소 함량은 육성기에서 scoria 입자도 $1,000\;{\mu}m$ 급여구가, 비육기에서는 scoria 입자도 $1,700\;{\mu}m$ 급여가 가장 감소효과가 컸고, 인의 함량은 자돈기에서 scoria 입자도간 차이는 없었으나, 육성기와 비육기에는 각각 $1,700\;{\mu}m,\;1,000{\mu}m$의 scoria 입자도에서 배설량 감소효과가 낮았다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.110-118
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• 2011

본 연구는 국내 산야에 널리 자라고 있는 인진쑥을 건조 분말로 제조한 후 이를 이유자돈, 육성돈에 급여하였을 때 돼지에 대한 항생제 대체 효과와 성장능력에 미치는 영향을 조사 하였다. 실험돈으로는 이유자돈(6.8 kg)을 3처리 5반복에 pen 당 10두씩 총 150두를 공시하였고 33일간 인진쑥 분말을 각각 0(대조군), 1, 1.5% 수준으로 급여하였다. 육성돈(24.9 kg)의 경우에는 4처리 5반복에 pen당 8두씩 총 160두를 공시하였고 35일간 인진쑥 분말을 0(대조군과 항생제 처리구), 1, 1.5% 수준으로 급여하였다. 이유자돈(23~37일령)에 대한 인진쑥분말 1.0% 처리구는 증체량에 있어서 항생제 처리구보다 높은 수준을 나타내어 항생제 대체 효과를 나타내었으며 사료효율도 가장 좋은 것으로 나타났다. 이유자돈(40~59일령) 실험의 경우에 있어서도 인진쑥 분말 1.0% 처리구와 항생제 처리구 간에는 사료효율이 차이가 없었으나 인진쑥 분말 1.5% 처리구는 가장 낮은 것으로 나타나 이유자돈 실험과 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 육성돈(63~97일령) 실험에서 항생제 무처리구가 일당증체량이 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났으며, 항생제 처리구와 인진쑥 분말 1.0% 처리구는 비슷한 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, 소화율에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 조단백질, 조지방 및 조회분 영양소 이용률의 경우 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 인진쑥분말을 첨가함으로써 건물과 조섬유 이용률이 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 본 연구 결과로부터 1% 인진쑥분말 급여는 항생제 대체 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으며 생리활성물질로서 사료 첨가제의 가치가 충분히 있을 것으로 예상된다.