• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.491-498
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• 1998

Fog water samples were collected at Chunchon, Korea, by using active fog sampler during foggy Period in fall of 1996 and 1997. The average annual foggy days at Chunchon increased from 37 days, for the yearn 1963 ∼ 1973, to 63 days , for the year 1974∼1993 that followed the construction of Lake Soyang. Volume weighted mean pH of fog water was 5.5 with a range of 4.8 to 7.0 in 1996, and 5.0 with a range of 4.1 to 6.6 in 1997. These pH values were higher than those of rain water sampled in corresponding years. However the concentration of ionic species in fog water were 26 times higher than those of rain water. The major anions in fog water were in order of SO42-, NO3- and Cl-, and their average concentrations were 1770.6meq/ml, 346.2 meq/ml, 216 meq/ml in 1996, and 901.8meq/ml, 269.6meq/ml, 141.0meq/ml in 1997, respectively. The major cations were Ca2+, NH4+, Mg2+ and K+, and their average concentrations frere 408.5meq/ml, 280.0meq/ml, 43.8meq/ml, 45.2meq/ml in 1996, and 400.4 meq/ml, 299.0meq/ml, 73.1meq/ml, 44.5meq/ml in 1997, respectively. The fraction acidity of fog water was 0.006 and that of rain water was 0.2, which means fog water was much more neutralized than rain water.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 1993

One hundred and eighty-seven water samples were collected from 23 of spring water, 2 of ground water, 1 of tap water in Pusan area and 3 of natural mineral waters. Total coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and microflora were investigated to evaluate water quality of drinking water. The results were as follows: range and geometric mean value of total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's of spring water were 0~1,500/100 ml, 85/100 ml and 0~460/100 ml, 24/100 ml but coliform group was not detected in the samples of tap water and natural mineral water. Viable cell count of spring water, ground water and tap water were lower as 100 cell than the criteria for drinking water but that of natural mineral water was higher as 6.5X 10$^2$~7.4X 10$^3$ /ml. Predominant speces among the 219 strains isolated from the samples were 19.6% Aeromonas spp., 19.2% Enterobacteriaceae, 16% Acinetobacter spp. Especially, spring water and vessels were contaminated by Hafnia spp. and Providencia Spp, inhabitant of the oral cavity.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.271-278
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• 2006

To investigate the variations of physico-chemical factors and microbial population, in ten stations at water region of coastal area of Chagwi-Do, Nutritive salts, water temperature, transparency, suspended solid, salinity, COD, DO, pH, heterotrophic bacteria, coliform group and Vibrio spp. were analysed three times in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005. Heterotrophic bacteria in surface water was $3.5X10^1{\sim}1.16X10^3cfu/ml,\;1.0X10^2{\sim}5.2X10^1cfu/ml\;2.0X10^1{\sim}7.6X10^1cfu/ml$ and bottom water counted $7.0X10^2{\sim}1.0X10^3cfu/ml,\;1.4X10^1{\sim}2.5X10^2cfu/ml\;2.0X10^2{\sim}4.2X10^1cfu/ml$ in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively. The cell number of total coliform bacteria in the surface water amounted to $0{\sim}4.3X10^2cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}6.0X10^1cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}1.0X10^1cfu/ml$ and bottom water amounted $0{\sim}2.2X10^2cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}5.4X0^2cfu/ml,\;0{\sim}2.0X10^1cfu/ml$ in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively. As for Vibrio spp., the cell number in the surface water was $1.0X10^1{\sim}2.5X10^2cfu/ml,\;1.0X10^1{\sim}2.0X10^1cfu/ml,\;0cfu/ml$ and bottom water counted $1.0X10^1{\sim}5.2X10^2cfu/ml,\;0cfu/ml,\;2.0X10^1cfu/ml$ in September, November in 2004 and February in 2005, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2019

Objectives: Although water is essential for life and can supply essential minerals, studies that evaluate calcium intake through drinking water are limited. The aim of this study was to assess calcium contents of natural mineral water (NMW) and its possible contribution to calcium intake in healthy adults. Methods: This study examined water consumption in 640 Korean adults with self-selected diet, analyzed the calcium content of 10 different brands of bottled NMWs sold in Korea, and assessed the amount of calcium intake from drinking water and its daily contribution to the recommended nutrient intake (RNI) of calcium. Results: Mean calcium content in 10 bottled NMWs was 20.9 mg/l. Daily water intakes from food composition database and calculated using energy intake based on 0.53 ml/kcal were 957.2 ml and 1109.8 ml for men and 848.3 ml and 951.6 ml for women, respectively, with a significant difference by gender (p<0.001). Daily drinking water intake was significantly higher among men than women (1203.9 ml vs. 1004.3 ml, respectively, p<0.001). Daily calcium intakes from foods were 564.0 mg for men and 534.2 mg for women. Daily possible calcium intakes from drinking bottled water were 25.2 mg for men and 21.0 mg for women (p<0.001). The contribution of daily calcium intake from drinking bottled water to RNI of calcium was 3.3% for men and 2.9% for women without significant difference. Conclusions: One half of the daily total water intake was consumed as drinking water, and possible calcium intake through drinking water was about 3% of RNI.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.55-60
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• 2002

In order to investigate the microbiological contamination of spring water, we performed the standard plate count, coliform and psychrotrophilic bacteria in 109 spring waters in Seoul. Of 109 spring waters, geometirc mean standard plate count was 0.19 CFU/ml, and the highest in Mt. Boolam, 4..43 CFU/ml and Mt. Dobong, 3.86 CFU/ml, but not detected in Mt. Woomyun and Mt. Cheonggye. Four spring waters have shown over 100 CFU/ml in standard plate count. The geometric mean psychrotrophilic bacteria was 49.2 CFU/ml, the most prevalent spring water was Mt. Nam, 125 CFU/ml, the lowest Mt. Woomyeun. Among a total of 109, coliform was detected from 21 spring waters(19.3%) and the geometric mean of coliform was 0.005 MPN/100ml. The isolated genera of coliform were 7 isolates of E. coli(33%), 5 Klebsiella(24%), 4 Enterobacter(19%), 3 Citrobacter(14%) and 2 Serratia(10%), respectively. The 22 spring waters(20.2%) failed to meet the standard limits of drinking water based on regulation in Korea. The inappropriate rate of standard plate count in spring water was 4.5%, that of coliform was 81.1% and both of them was 13.6%. There was the significant correlation between standard plate count and psychrotrophilic bacteria in spring water(r=0.95, p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.372-378
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• 1977

The following new techniques have been developed: (A); To a 500ml of sample water, it was adjusted pH 10 with ammonia-anmonium citrate, added 10ml of 1${\%}$ sodium diethyldithiocarbamate and extracted three times with 10ml of CHCl3. The extract was shaken with 10ml of 0.05N $HCl-4{\times}10^{-4}M\;HgCl_2$. The aqueous solution was added 2ml of 2N KCl and washed two times with 10ml of pure $CHCl_3$, and then recorded square wave polarograms. (B); To a 500ml of sample water adjusted pH 10 with ammonia-ammonium citrate, it was added 2ml of 1${\%}$ 8-hydroxyquinoline and extracted three times with 10ml $CHCl_3$. The separated $CHCl_3$ phase was shaken with 10ml of 0.2 N HCl. The aqueous solution was recorded polarograms directly. These methods can be used for determination of the ppb order of metal in water with an error of ${\pm}10{\%}$. The method (B) can not be used for the determination of zinc on account of the free 8-hydroxyquinoline.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.41-57
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• 1990

In order to investigate the effects of Hwang Keum Jag Yag Tang (HJT) water extract on the plasma cortisol concentration in the rabbit and on the analgesic effect in the mouse were administered. The results were summarized as follow: 1. Intravenous administration of HJT water extract at the dose of 0.2ml/kg remarkably increased plasma cortisol concentration after two hour. 2. Intravenous administration of HJT water extract at the dose of 0.4ml/kg significantly increased plasma cortisol concentration after one hour. 3. Intravenous administration of HJT water extract at the dose of 0.2ml/kg, all the experimental period, significantly increased plasma sodium concentration. 4. Intravenous administration of HJT water extract at the dose of 0.4m1/kg significantly decreased plasma potassium concentration. 5. Intravenous administration of HJT water extract at the dose of 0.2ml/kg and 0.4ml/kg, all the experimental period, significantly decreased plasma calcium concentration. 6. The analgesic effect of HJT water extract showed inhibitory effect more than at 0.1ml/20g. According to the results, Hwang Keum Jag Yag Tang water extract remarkably increased plasma cortisol concentration and showed analgesic effect.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.244-250
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• 2008

To evaluate bacteriological water quality, samples were taken from drinking water dispensers placed at S company (S-C) and U highschool (U-H) in Ulsan. The medians of heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) were 53 CFU/ml for the 74 water samples of S-C and 80 CFU/ml for the 36 cold water samples of U-H, and 38% of the S-C and 42% of the U-H samples showed HPC bacterial concentrations higher than 100 CFU/ml. Coliform bacteria were detected from one sample of S-C. To determine the major source of bacterial contamination, water samples were taken daily for $6\sim8$ days from the bottled water containers as well as the faucets of an experimental water dispenser. While the average HPCs in the bottled water containers were 33 CFU/ml for the first and 132 CFU/ml for the 2nd analysis, the HPC concentration in the cold water samples was 1,022 CFU/ml for the 2nd analysis. These results suggest that the majority of bacteria detected in the cold water samples were originated from the biofilms on the surface of water passages within the water dispensers. There was no significant increase in HPC bacterial concentrations within the bottled water container after installation on the water dispenser. We could isolate and tentatively identify 3 genera 6 species of Gram-positive and 7 genera 7 species of Gram-negative bacteria from the plate count agar plates of U-H samples. Among the isolates, 72% were observed as Gram-positive, and Micrococcus spp. was the most abundant with 54% of the total, followed by Sphingomonas paucimobilis with 16%. It appears that most of the HPC bacteria detected in water dispensers originate from indoor airborne bacteria, which may play important roles in the formation of biofilms on the surface of water passages within the water dispensers.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.232-237
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• 2015

The water supplied from dental unit water systems (DUWS) in dentistry may be heavily contaminated with bacteria and thus may be a potential source of infection for both practice staff and patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of heterotrophic bacteria and to confirm the presence of opportunistic pathogens from DUWS in student clinical simulation laboratory of college of dentistry. Water samples were collected from 36 ultrasonic scalers in student clinical simulation laboratory. The levels of heterotrophic bacteria in water samples were quantified by counting colony forming units (CFUs) on R2A agar media. In addition, opportunistic pathogens were detected by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The mean CFUs were 16,095 CFU/ml for water samples and all of water samples exceeded current American Dental Association recommendations of 200 CFU/ml. Pseudomonas species and non-tuberculous Mycobacterium species were detected in the one sample and two samples, respectively, among the 36 water samples by the PCR with specific primers for these bacteria. Our study indicated that DUWS in student clinical simulation laboratory can cause potential infection in students and participants. This study suggested the dental unit water line management and wearing personal protective equipment in student clinical simulation laboratory will be needed to reduce bacterial contamination.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.517-523
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rat intestinal a-glucosidase inhibitor; methanol $(80\%)$, ethanol $(80\%)$ and water extract of Schizandra chinensis in Korea (KS: Schizandra chinensis in Korea) and China (CS: Schizandra chinensis in China). When the final concentration was 1 mg/ml for each sample (KS and CS), methanol extract of KS ($IC_{50}$ 1.62 mg/ml) showed $46.8\%$, ethanol extract of KS ($IC_{50}$ 1.48 mg/ml) showed $47.4\%$, water extract of KS ($IC_{50}$ 1.72 mg/ml) showed $46.3\%$ and methanol extract of CS ($IC_{50}$ 8.35 mg/ml) showed $13.3\%$, ethanol extract of CS ($IC_{50}$ 8.05 mg/lml) showed $16\%$, water extract of CS ($IC_{50}$ 8.37 mg/ml) showed $11.54\%$ of inhibitor for p-nitrophenyl $\alpha-D-glucopyranoside$ (pNPG) $\alpha-glcosidase$ activity, respectively. And the contents of total phenol, flavonoid of Schizandra chinensis were measured. When the final concentration was 1mg/ml for each sample (KS and CS), total phenol and flavonoid in KS were higher than CS, respectively. The order superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity $IC_{50}$ values of each solvent extracts of KS were: 2.006 mg/ml methanol extract, 2.304 mg/ml ethanol extract and 2.5 mg/ml water extract, which were higher than that of each solvent extracts CS as: 2.881 mg/ml methanol extract, 3.085 mg/ml ethanol extract and 3.190 mg/ml water extract.