• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.573-583
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• 2000

In order to investigate the characteristics of PM(sub)2.5 in the background area, the following pollutant were measured from February 1996 to June 1999 in Kanghwa: PM(sub)2.5 mass, sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium. The mean concentration of PM(sub)2.5 mass was 25.8$\pm$1.2$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥(range 5.18~85.74). This value was higher than the annual PM(sub)2.5 US NAAQS(15$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) and the total number of samples higher than the 24-h PM(sub)2.5 US NAAQS(65$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎥) was seven. PM(sub)2.5 masses also showed temporal variations both yearly and seasonally. Total water soluble ions constituted about 45% of PM(sub)2.5 miss, and sulfate, nitrate and ammonium were main components in water soluble ions. Compared with the literature data from other areas, the measured PM(sub)2.5 concentrations were relatively high.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2003

본 실험에서는 천연 추출물중 항산화성이 우수한 추출물을 선발하여 계육 양념육 제품을 개발하고, 둘째. 양념육의 침투속도를 높이기 위하여 수용성 미네랄 성분과 Ge-132를 이용하여 양념계육 제품에 대한 이화학적 특성을 검토하였다. 이상의 게르마늄, 녹차, 수용성 미네랄 및 녹차+게르마늄+수용성 미네랄 복합 첨가 양념 닭고기 제품의 이화학적 결과를 보면, pH는 염지전 가슴부분이 6.00～5.94, 다리부분이 6.55～6.38로 염지 기간 중 처리구간의 pH의 차이는 나타나지 않았으며, 닭고기 부위에 따른 차이는 가슴부분보다 다리부분이 조금 높게 나타났다. 염도와 당도는 염지기간 중 증가하는 경향이었으며, 염도의 경우 염지 24시간째 대조구의 가슴과 다리부분이 각각 1.11%, 1.21%를 나타내었다. 그러나 수용성 미네랄 첨가구 모두 저장 6시간과 12시간째 대조구의 염도보다도 높은 값을 나타내었다. 당도의 경우도 마찬가지로 대조구 24시간째 19.94 brix, 18.89 brix를 저장 6시간째 천연물과 기능수 첨가구 모두 가슴과 다리부분에서 높은 당도를 나타내었다. 가열조리 후 각 처리양념 닭고기제품의 경도 변화는 대조구에 비하여 모든 처리구가 부위에 관계없이 낮은 값을 나타내 었으며 특히, 녹차 첨가구는 가슴부분과 다리부분이 각각 122.59, 142.59kg/$cm^2$로 가장 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 항균성의 경우 대조구의 가슴부분 4.23CFU/g, 다리부분 4.24CFU/g에 비하여 가슴부분은 녹차 첨가구가 3.76CFU/g, 녹차+게르마늄+수용성 미네랄 복합첨 가구가 3.61CFU/g으로 낮은 값을 나타내었고, 다리부분은 녹차 첨가구가 3.49CFU/g, 녹차+게르마늄+수용성 미네랄 복합 첨가구가 3.55 CFU/g으로 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 지방산화도의 경우는 부위에 관계없이 대조구에 비하여 낮은 TBARS값을 나타내었고 특히, 녹차 첨가구가 가슴부분 0.43, 다리부분 0.47로 TBARS값이 낮게 나타났다. 다즙성, 연도 및 종합적인 기호도에서는 대조구에 비하여 녹차, 수용성 미네랄 및 녹차+게르마늄+수용성미네랄 복합 첨가구가 양념 닭고기제품의 다리와 가슴부분 모두에서 유의하게 높은 수치를 나타내었다. 대조구의 유리아미노산 함량 1462.7mg에 비하여 녹차첨가구의 유리아미노산 함량은 1661.46 mg으로 증가하였고, 고기의 추출물에서 맛과 풍미에 중요한 역할을 하는 아미노산인 glutamic acid의 함량이 대조구에 비하여 녹차 첨가구가 534.24mg으로 높은 값을 나타내었다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.413.1-413.1
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• 2002

Purpose To investigate the physico-chemical properties of CB-ph ［2-benzoyloxycinnamaldehyde］, an anticancer drug obtained from Cinnamomum cassia using methylenechloride. and its stability in various aqueous solutions. Results CB-ph was rarely soluble in water but soluble in methanol and very soluble in ether. Kinetic salt effect on degradation of CB-ph in buffer solutions at pH 4.0 and 6$0^{\circ}C$ showed a linear relationship having a positive slope that means reactions between hydronium ions and protonated substrates. (omitted)

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.819-827
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• 2014

This study analyzes the chemical composition of metallic elements and water-soluble ions in $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations in Busan during 2010-2012 were $97.2{\pm}67.5$ and $67.5{\pm}32.8{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, and the mean $PM_{2.5}/PM_{10}$ concentration ratio was 0.73. The contribution rate of water-soluble ions to $PM_{10}$ ranged from 29.0% to 58.6%(a mean of 38.6%) and that to $PM_{2.5}$ ranged from 33.9% to 58.4%(a mean of 43.1%). The contribution rate of sea salt to $PM_{10}$ was 13.9% for 2011 and 9.7% for 2012, while that to $PM_{2.5}$ was 17.4% for 2011 and 10.1% for 2012. $PM_{10}$ concentration during Asian dust events was $334.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $113.3{\mu}g/m^3$ during non-Asian dust events, and the $PM_{10}$ concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 2.95. On the other hand, the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in Asian dust was $157.4{\mu}g/m^3$ and $83.2{\mu}g/m^3$ in Non Asian dust, and the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration ratio of Asian Dust/Non Asian dust was 1.89, which was lower than that of $PM_{10}$.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.715-726
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• 2016

This study investigates the characteristics of metallic and ionic elements concentration, concentration according to transport path, and factor analysis in $PM_{10}$ at Guducsan in Busan in the springtime of 2015. $PM_{10}$ concentration in Guducsan and Gwaebeopdong were $59.5{\pm}9.04{\mu}g/m^3$ and $87.5{\pm}20.2{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Contribution rate of water-soluble ions and secondary ion in $PM_{10}$ concentration in Guducsan were 37.0% and 27.8% respectively. [$NO_3{^-}/SO{_4}^{2-}$] ratio and contribution rate of sea salt of $PM_{10}$ in Guducsan and Gwaebeopdong were 0.91 and 1.12, 7.0% and 5.3%, respectively. The results of the backward trajectory analysis indicates that $PM_{10}$ concentration, total inorganic water-soluble ions and total secondary ions were high when the air parcels moved from Sandong region in China than non-Sandong and northen China to Busan area. The results of the factor analysis at Guducsan indicates that factor 1 was anthropogenic source effects such as automobile emissions and industrial combustion processes, factor 2 was marine sources such as sea salts from sea, and factor 3 was soil component sources.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2004년도 학술대회지
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• pp.71-76
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• 2004

This paper investigate that the effect of the concrete containing mineral admixtures(pozzolanic materials such as fly-ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume and meta kaolin) on the resistance properties to chloride ion invasion. The purposed testing procedure was applied to the concrete added mineral admixtures for $3\sim4$ replacement ratios under W/B ratios ranged from 0.40 to 0.55. Specimens were immersed in $3.6\%$ NaCl solution for 330 days, and penetration depth, water soluble chloride contents and acid soluble chloride contents were measured in 28, 91, 182 and 330 days. Then, diffusion coefficient were calculated using total chloride contents. As a results. the kinds of mineral admixture and replacement ratios had a great effect on the resistance property of the concrete to chloride ion invasion compared with the plain concrete. And the optimal replacement ratios of mineral admixture had a limitation for each admixtures. The amount of acid soluble chloride ions and water soluble chloride ions were varied with the kinds of mineral admixtures and the penetration depth from the concrete skin. Chloride diffusion coefficient of each concretes decreased with the time elapsed. and the diffusion coefficients of the concrete immersed salt water for 330 days had a establishment with the compressive strength measured before immersing.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1079-1088
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• 2004

In order to understand chemical characteristics and dewfall formation in western Busan area, we analysed monthly distribution of dewfall, and investigated the correlation between dewfall formation amount and meteoro­logical factors. This study used the modified teflon plate $(1m{\times}1m)$ at Silla university in Busan from August 2002 to April 2003. In order to estimate qualitatively water soluble components, IC, ICP and UV methods for water soluble ions are also used respectively. Dewfall amount of sampling periods (47 day) collected 3.8 mm. Meteorological conditions for the formation of dewfall above $50\;g/m^{2}$ showed that temperature diurnal $range(^{\circ}C)\;was\;5.6^{\circ}C$ above, cloud amounts (1/10) at dawn of the sampling day was 7/10 below, mean wind speed at dawn (0~6hr) of the sampling day was 4.4 m/sec below, and mixing ratio at 6hr of the sampling day was 3.2 g/kg above. Distribution of water soluble ions in dewfall founded the highest concentration (206.1\;{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;SO_{4}^{2-},\;42.4\;{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;NH_{4}^{+},\;249.2\;{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;Ca^{2+},\;and\;42.0\;{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;Mg^{2+})$ during the March, the lowest concentration $(73.0\;{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;SO_{4}^{2-},\;4.6\;{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;NH_{4}^+\;and\;72.7\;{\mu}eq/{\ell}\;for\;Ca^{2+})$ during the August. Monthly equivalent ratio of $[SO_{4}^{2-}]/[NO_{3}^-]$ showed the highest value (4.99) during the October, the lowest value (1.84) during the August, and the mean value was 3.45.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.461-476
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• 2014

Continuous Water-Soluble Organic Carbons (WSOC) by the Particle Into Liquid Sampler - Total Organic Carbon (PILS-TOC) analyzer were measured at the Seoul intensive monitoring site from June 17 through July 5 in 2014. In addition, the 24 hour integrated PM2.5 collected by Teflon and Quartz filters were analyzed for water soluble ions by Ion chromatography (IC), WSOC by TOC from water extracts, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC) by carbon analyzer using the thermal optical transmittance (TOT) method, and mass fragment ions (m/z) related to alkanes and PAHs (Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer-Thermal Desorption (GC/MS-TD). Based on the statistical analysis, four different Carbonaceous Thermal Distributions (CTDs) from OCEC thermal-gram were identified. This study discusses the primary and secondary sources of WSOC based on the Classified CTD, organic mass fragments, and diurnal patterns of WSOC. The results provide knowledge regarding the origins of WSOC and their behaviors.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.291-302
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• 2011

[ $PM_{10}$ ]measurements were made at two coastal sites, i.e., Taean and Gangneung, for summer to examine the characterization of water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) and inorganic ionic species, and to investigate their difference between the sites. The fractions of three major inorganic water-soluble components ($NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, and $NH_4^+$) at Taean and Gangneung sites were 30.6% (16.2~62.0%) and 25.6% (13.0~52.5%) of the $PM_{10}$, respectively. $SO_4^{2-}$ is the most dominant species of water-soluble ions at both sites, accounting for up to 20.5% (9.1~44.9%) and 16.3% (5.5~34.2%) of their respective PM10 mass concentrations. Using the paired T-test, $PM_{10}$ (p<0.01), $NO_3^-$ (p<0.05), $SO_4^{2-}$ (p<0.01), $NH_4^+$ (p<0.001), and WSOC (p<0.05) concentrations exhibited strong fluctuations on a daily basis between Taean and Gangneung sites. Relationship between the concentrations of $SO_x$ ($SO_4^{2-}+SO_2$) and CO indicates that the slopes of $SO_x$ /CO were 0.007 and 0.019 in the Taean and Gangneung sites, respectively. The smaller $SO_x$/CO slope in the Taean site could be related to the aged air with wet scavenging of $SO_x$ during transport. The correlation between the concentrations of CO and WSOC suggests that WSOC observed in the Gangneung ($R^2$=0.82) be transported from combustion-related sources, while the WSOC at the Taean site could be formed through atmospheric processing of primary volatile organic species during transport.

• 식품산업과 영양
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.54-65
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• 2005