• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.153-170
• /
• 1977

Considering the ways for the possible improvement of soil test for upland crops, various methods for the evaluation of K supplying power and testing of available soil K were reviewed in terms of theoretical principles and practical usefulness of the each method. The review was also made on the characteristics of upland crops in K requirement and on the chemical properties of major korean upland and lowland rice soils in terms of K availability. Following is the few remarks drawn from the review. 1. Quite large number of methods have been known for the evaluation of K supplying power and testing for available soil K. In nature, they can be divided into two categories; capacity-based methods and intensity-based methcds. The capacity-based methods usually measure the exchangeable and some portion of nonexchangeable K, while the intensity-based methods suggest to consider the ractivity ratios of major cations in soil solution and the energy requirement for the replacement of exchangeable soil K into soil solution. 2. As methodology for extraction of interested part of soil K, chemical extraction, electrodialysis and ion exchange methods have been known. Among these, chemical extract ion is favorable because of its simplicity. However, recently suggested Electro-Ultra-Filtration method seems to merit further study for wider use for not only K but also other nutrient availability of soils. 3. The intensity-based methods, although they are more theoretical, because of their complexity, in methods may not be adapted for practical soil tests. 4. The exchangeable K which is rather simple to measure and which well reflects the status of K reserve as nonexchangeable and is immediate pool of water soluble K may be good, if not best, criterion of soil K availability to plant in common soil testing. 5. Because there are evidences that the abundance of available K alone may not be good inclication for availability of K to plant, it is recommendable to interprete the exchangeable K data as percent saturation of exchangeable K to total C. E. C. of soil for the recommend ation of K fertilizer based on soil tests. 6. Some pot and field trial results showed the trends that percent potassium saturation to total C. E. C. better serve as the parameter for K fertilizer recommendation.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.342-349
• /
• 2014

Methods of establishment of AOEL (Acceptable Operator Exposure Level), application of oral absorption by country, and calculation of exposure dose for operator risk assessment in USA, EU and Korea were investigated. Oral absorption of 141 active substances for pesticides was also investigated, then operator risk assessment was conducted with AOEL including oral absorption and Korean AOEL. Internal dose converted to external dose with oral or dermal absorption in USA and EU, but external dose to which oral absorption was not applied was used for establishment of AOEL in Korea. Oral absorption of 50 active substances among 141 were below 80%. In case of application of oral absorption as a correction factor in below 80%, AOELs of about 36% active substances were considered to be lower than the current Korean AOELs. Operator risk assessment of 28 active substances among 50 active substances with oral absorption below 80% was conducted with EU AOELs. TER (Toxicity Exposure Ratio) of 12 plant protection products including chlorothalonil WG (Water-dispersible Granule) was less than 1 and the risk was high. Operator risk assessment of 24 active substances among 50 active substances with oral absorption below 80% was conducted with Korean AOELs. TER of 6 plant protection products including chlorothalonil WG were less than 1 and the risk was high. Operator risk assessment of 4 plant protection products not having Korean AOEL was conducted with converted EU AOEL into AOEL not including oral absorption. The results indicated TER of 4 products including daminozide WP (Wettable Powder) was over 1 and risk was low. 22 products except 6 products such as oxadiagyl SC (Suspension Concentration) were shown the same results of risk assessment between EU AOELs and Korean AOELs. As a result, it was considered that AOELs including oral absorption was possible to be used for operator risk assessment. It was considered operator risk assessment with AOEL including oral absorption was more like real assessment method, and improvement of assessment was needed for application to evaluate pesticides in registration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.8 no.2
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 1988

A field experiment was conduted to determine the effects of shading degrees (O: full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the proximate components, cell wall constituents (CWC), digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) concentration of grasses grown in forest. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasutre species used were orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover. the experiment was performed at LES in Suwon, 1985 1. Considering proximate components, CWC and digestibility of grasses, ladino clover showed the best quality, and then perennial ryegrass. 2. The contents of crude protein, crude ash, and digestibility of grasses were increased with shadking, regardless of pasture species. As the shading degrees are increased, the contents of crude fibe in orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy were decreased, while that in ladino clover was increased with shading. 3. Grasses grwon in spring showed higher digestibility than those grwon in summer season. 4. The content of WSC was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then ladino clover, orchardgrass, and timothy, in that order. Also WSC was decreased as the shading degrees are in creased. 5. The content of $NO_3$-N was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then orchardgrass, ladino clover and timothy, in that order. Also the $NO_3$-N was significantly increased with higher shading level. In the regression equation between shading degrees and $NO_3$-N ($r^2=0.90^{**},\;r^2=0.95^{**}$), shading degree of 43 to 44% was critical level, causing nitrate poisoning to animal. 6. Considering grass quality, dry matter yield and $NO_3$-N, less than 40% of shading degree (over 60% of full sunlight) was desirable for better grassland improvement, management and utilization in the forest.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.49 no.6
• /
• pp.575-583
• /
• 2017

Germination is a well-known economical technique that has been utilized to enhance the nutritional value of brown rice. Owing to its higher nutritive quality, germinated brown rice has received significant attention in the past decade. In this study, the physicochemical and cooking properties of specialty brown rice (SBR) were analyzed before and after germination. Germination enhanced cooking properties such as water absorption, expanded volume, and increased solid solubility of cooked SBR. The SBR texture measured using tensipresser, was significantly improved by germination. The hardness of cooked SBR was decreased by germination, but stickiness was increased. Pasting analysis of the SBR flours revealed a decrease in all viscosity values (peak viscosity, breakdown, setback, and final viscosity) after germination. However, the gelatinization temperature remains unchanged upon germination. Additionally, amylose content and amylopectin chain length distribution of SBR starch were slightly changed by germination. These results indicate that germination leads to a substantial improvement in the cooking properties and texture of SBR.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
• /
• v.45 no.6
• /
• pp.712-718
• /
• 2002

Purpose : Infantile colic is one of the most commonly encountered problems, characterized by excessive crying in apparently healthy young infants within the first 3 months of life. It is commonly assumed that the infant with colic has distress and possible pain. In recent investigations, it has been found that sucrose has an analgesic effect in newborn infants. The purpose of this study is to examine if sugar solution as sucrose also has an analgesic effect on infant colic. Methods : This prospective randomized, double-blind placebo controlled study examined healthy term infants aged 4 to 12 weeks with colic. A total of 40 infants were randomly assigned into two groups who visited Daedong Hospital from June 1999 to June 2001. Each group received sugar solution or sterile water. All data from parental diaries and interviews were recorded and analysed blindly. Results : The daily crying time and the colic improvement score were significantly better in sugar solution group as compared with the control(P=0.019, 0.045). No significant differences were noted between groups regarding the number of night wakenings(P=0.173). Conclusion : We conclude that sugar solution has an analgesic effect on infantile colic.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.75-86
• /
• 2003

In the near future, the capacity of conventional anaerobic digester is thought to be insufficient because of the increase of the total solids from expansion of intercepting sewer, sewage quantity and direct input of night soil from near apartment districts. The objectives of this study was to investigate the improvement of digestion efficiency using microbial agent(Bio-dh). The system was a pilot-scale, two-staged, anaerobic sludge digestion system. The first-stage digester was heated and mixed. The agitation velocity of the first-stage digester was 120rpm. The second-stage digester was neither heated nor mixed. The Digestion temperature was kept at $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ The detention time of digester was 19 days. The dosage of sewage sludge and microbial agent were $0.65m^3/day$ and $0.5{\ell}/day$, respectively. The experiments was run for 25days. Three times a week, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS of effluent, TS, VS, and biogas production rate were measured. Temperature, pH, and alkalinity were measured daily. The results were as follows ; Without microbial agent, digestion efficiencies ranged 46.0%~50.9%(mean=48.6%), with microbial agent(Bio-dh), digestion efficiencies ranged 52.8%~57.3%(mean=54.2%). Consequently, microbial agent(Bio-dh) increased the sludge digestion efficiency about 12%. Also, Without microbial agent, the mean concentration of $COD_{Mn}$ and SS of second-stage digester effluent were 1,639mg/L, 4,888mg/L respectively. With microbial agent, the mean concentration of $COD_{Mn}$ and SS of second-stage digester effluent were 859mg/L, 2,405mg/L respectively. Consequently, microbial agent(Bio-dh) increased the removal efficiency of $COD_{Mn}$ and SS about 47.6% and 50.8%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.269-274
• /
• 2010

Present state of nationwide marine facilities reported to Minister of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs{MLTM} in Korea for two years 2008 and 2009 was analyzed, and management plan was proposed in this study. As of the end of 2009, total number of nationwide marine facilities was reported to be 672 and to be scattered along the coasts all over the nation. 124 marine facilities reported to Masan regional maritime affairs and port office occupied 18.5% of total nationwide number. 69 marine facilities reported to Mokpo regional office and 69 marine facilities reported to Pohang regional office occupied 10.3%, respectively. 181 marine facilities reported to Busan and Masan regional offices occupied 26.9%, meaning that about a quarter of total nationwide marine facilities concentrated in Southeastern Sea of Korea centering around Busan and Masan. 320 oil and noxious liquid substances storage facilities occupied 47.6% of total nationwide number. 11 pollutant storage facilities occupied 1.6%. 178 ship construction, repair and scrap facilities occupied 26.5%. 7 cargo handling facilities occupied 1.0%. 12 waste storage facilities occupied 1.8%. none of marine facilities for tourism, housing and restaurant were reported. 88 water intake and outlet facilities occupied 13.1%. 37 fishing spots at play occupied 5.5%. 13 other marine facilities occupied 1.9%. 6 integrated marine science base facilities occupied 0.9% of total nationwide number. The guidance and the public relation for national report system of marine facilities, the improvement of national report system and management plan, the advancement and complement of national report affairs-handling guides, and the voluntary participation in national report system and the performance of duties by the owners of marine facilities were proposed for better management plan of marine facilities.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.309-318
• /
• 2003

In order to improve the quality of low-grade seasoned ribs, kiwi powder, pear powder and phosphates were studied. To seasoned ribs, 0.1%, 0.3% or 0.5% of kiwi powder was added and their MFI(Myofibrillar Fragmentation Index) values were 341.4, 368.3 and 405.1, respectively. As the amount of kiwi increased, MFI value increased(p<0.001). Also, when 0.5%, 1.0% or 3.0% of pear powder was added to seasoned ribs, their MFI values were increased as the addition levels of pear powder increased. As the amount of kiwi and pear powder were increased, WHC(Water Holding Capacity) decreased(p<0.001). On the other hand, as the amount of phosphates added increased, WHC increased. In drip loss, as the amount of kiwi and pear powder increased, it increased. However, drip loss was decreased as the amount of phosphates increased. For meat color, ‘L’ values of pear treatment groups were similar to those of control and ‘a’ values were higher in the treatment groups of 0.1${\sim}$0.3% kiwi powder, 0.5${\sim}$1.0% pear powder and 0.3${\sim}$0.5% phosphate than those of control. In sensory evaluation, treatment group of 0.3% kiwi powder and 0.5% phosphate showed the highest values in juiciness, tenderness and acceptability among the treatments(p<0.01).

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.53-66
• /
• 1980

The research work is concerned with the analytical and experimental studies on the heat transfer phenomenon around the underground concrete digester used for biogas production Systems. A mathematical and computational method was developed to estimate heat losses from underground cylindrical concrete digester used for biogas production systems. To test its feasibility and to evaluate thermal parameters of materials related, the method was applied to six physical model digesters. The cylindrical concrete digester was taken as a physical model, to which the model,atical model of heat balance can be applied. The mathematical model was transformed by means of finite element method and used to analyze temperature distribution with respect to several boundary conditions and design parameters. The design parameters of experimental digesters were selected as; three different sizes 40cm by 80cm, 80cm by 160cm and l00cm by 200cm in diameter and height; two different levels of insulation materials-plain concrete and vermiculite mixing in concrete; and two different types of installation-underground and half-exposed. In order to carry out a particular aim of this study, the liquid within the digester was substituted by water, and its temperature was controlled in five levels-35。 C, 30。 C, 25。 C, 20。C and 15。C; and the ambient air temperature and ground temperature were checked out of the system under natural winter climate conditions. The following results were drawn from the study. 1.The analytical method, by which the estimated values of temperature distribution around a cylindrical digester were obtained, was able to be generally accepted from the comparison of the estimated values with the measured. However, the difference between the estimated and measured temperature had a trend to be considerably increased when the ambient temperature was relatively low. This was mainly related variations of input parameters including the thermal conductivity of soil, applied to the numerical analysis. Consequently, the improvement of these input data for the simulated operation of the numerical analysis is expected as an approach to obtain better refined estimation. 2.The difference between estimated and measured heat losses was shown to have the similar trend to that of temperature distribution discussed above. 3.It was found that a map of isothermal lines drawn from the estimated temperature distribution was very useful for a general observation of the direction and rate of heat transfer within the boundary. From this analysis, it was interpreted that most of heat losses is passed through the triangular section bounded within 45 degrees toward the wall at the bottom edge of the digesten Therefore, any effective insulation should be considered within this region. 4.It was verified by experiment that heat loss per unit volume of liquid was reduced as the size of the digester became larger For instance, at the liquid temperature of 35˚ C, the heat loss per unit volume from the 0. 1m$^3$ digester was 1, 050 Kcal/hr m$^3$, while at for 1. 57m$^3$ digester was 150 Kcal/hr m$^3$. 5.In the light of insulation, the vermiculite concrete was consistently shown to be superior to the plain concrete. At the liquid temperature ranging from 15。 C to 350 C, the reduction of heat loss was ranged from 5% to 25% for the half-exposed digester, while from 10% to 28% for the fully underground digester. 6.In the comparison of heat loss between the half-exposed and underground digesters, the heat loss from the former was fr6m 1,6 to 2, 6 times as much as that from the latter. This leads to the evidence that the underground digester takes advantage of heat conservation during winter.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.16-24
• /
• 2015

This study quantified storage and annual uptake of carbon for riparian greenspaces established in watersheds of four major rivers in South Korea and explored desirable strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces. Greenspace structure and planting technique in the 40 study sites sampled were represented by single-layered planting of small trees in low density, with stem diameter at breast height of $6.9{\pm}0.2cm$ and planting density of $10.4{\pm}0.8trees/100m^2$ on average. Storage and annual uptake of carbon per unit area by planted trees averaged $8.2{\pm}0.5t/ha$ and $1.7{\pm}0.1t/ha/yr$, respectively, increasing as planting density got higher. Mean organic matter and carbon storage in soils were $1.4{\pm}0.1%$ and $26.4{\pm}1.5t/ha$, respectively. Planted trees and soils per ha stored the amount of carbon emitted from gasoline consumption of about 61 kL, and the trees per ha annually offset carbon emissions from gasoline use of about 3 kL. These carbon reduction effects are associated with tree growth over five years to fewer than 10 years after planting, and predicted to become much greater as the planted trees grow. This study simulated changes in annual carbon uptake by tree growth over future 30 years for typical planting models selected as different from the planting technique in the study sites. The simulation revealed that cumulative annual carbon uptake for a multilayered and grouped ecological planting model with both larger tree size and higher planting density was approximately 1.9 times greater 10 years after planting and 1.5 times greater 30 years after than that in the study sites. Strategies to improve carbon reduction effects of riparian greenspaces suggest multilayered and grouped planting mixed with relatively large trees, middle/high density planting of native species mixed with fast-growing trees, and securing the soil environment favorable for normal growth of planting tree species. The research findings are expected to be useful as practical guidelines to improve the role of a carbon uptake source, in addition to water quality conservation and wildlife inhabitation, in implementing riparian greenspace projects under the beginning stage.