• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2019년도 학술발표회
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• pp.160-160
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• 2019

Water is a limited source that needs to be properly managed and distributed to the ever-growing population of the world. Rapid urbanization and development have increased the overall water demand of the world drastically. However, there is loss of billions of liters of water every year due to leakages in water distribution systems. Such water loss means significant financial loss for the utilities as well. World bank estimates a loss of $14 billion annually from wasted water. To address these issues and for the development of efficient and reliable leakage management techniques, high efforts have been made by the researchers and engineers. Over the past decade, various techniques and technologies have been developed for leakage management and leak detection. These include ideas such as pressure management in water distribution networks, use of Advanced Metering Infrastructure, use of machine learning algorithms, etc. For leakage detection, techniques such as acoustic technique, and in recent yeats transient test-based techniques have become popular. Smart Water Grid uses two-way real time network monitoring by utilizing sensors and devices in the water distribution system. Hence, valuable real time data of the water distribution network can be collected. Best results and outcomes may be produced by proper utilization of the collected data in unison with advanced detection and management techniques. Long term reduction in Non Revenue Water can be achieved by detecting, localizing and repairing leakages as quickly and as efficiently as possible. However, there are still numerous challenges to be met and future research works to be conducted in this field.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.177-186
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• 2007

The composition of water-friendly space in the port and harbour developments provides the accessibility to the sea and thus resting & recreational function of the local citizen, which should be treated importantly for the eco-friendly coastal development. However, the high demand on water-friendly space can induce another environmental problem because most port and harbour developments require marine reclamation and the water-friendly space are made up on the reclamation area. The present study analysed the problems and suggested matters to be considered in composing the water-friendly space of port and harbour developments. The study also established the management direction by site characteristics of port and harbour. In addition, we attempt to find a plan to avoid the water-friendly space composition with environmental damage and to secure the environmental and public soundness in site selection, land use and facilities plan based on case studies.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.267-272
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• 2002

The electric heat pump requiring HCFCs as a refrigerant has been for most residential air-conditioners in Korea. They cause a surge up electric power demand during summer. Moreover, the use of HCFCs and HFCs causes a serious problem to the global environment such as global warming and ozone layer destruction. An absorption chiller and heater could solve such problems. It was built and tested for analyzing the performance of the absorption chiller/heater. Experiment was done with a 1.5RT household absorption chiller and heater. It was experimented that the cooling capacity, gas capacity, COP were researched by the temperature of cooling water. The change of the cooling water temperature have effect the temperature(or pressure) of the parts on absorption chiller The result of the change of the cooling water temperature have the effects of the absorption chillers. This data will help to operate the household absorption chiller and heater.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2008년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.869-877
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 전국 140여개 가구를 대상으로 조사된 가정용수의 각 용도별 사용량 자료를 바탕으로 가정용수의 용도별 사용량을 도출함으로써 상, 하수도시설설계에 활용할 수 있는 원단위를 제시하고, 또한 용도별 사용특성분석, 영향인자 평가 등을 통하여 가정용수의 변동특성을 이해하고 향후 사용경향을 예측할 수 있는 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 가정용수의 총사용량 기준 원단위는 $165.8{\ell}pcd$였으며, 각 용도별 사용량은 세면용수 $15.4{\ell}pcd$(10%), 욕조용수 $24.7{\ell}pcd$(16%), 싱크대용수 $29.7{\ell}pcd$(19%), 세탁기용수 $30.8{\ell}pcd$(20%), 변기용수 $38.5{\ell}pcd$(25%), 기타용수 $13.5{\ell}pcd$(9%)로 나타났다. 가정용수 중에서 변기용수의 사용량이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났으며, 베란다, 정원용수 등이 포함된 기타용수의 경우 사용빈도가 일정하지 않고 사용량의 편차도 심하여 변동계수와 표준편차가 가장 크게 나타났다. 가정용수의 용도별 사용량을 미국, 영국 가정과 비교한 결과, 기타용수와 실외용수를 제외하고는 미국의 실내용수 사용량과 비율이 우리나라와 매우 유사한 특성을 보였다. 가정에서 물사용에 기초한 생활양식이 미국과 유사하게 변화되고 있음을 간접적으로 보여준 결과이다. 또한 1985년에 서울에서 조사된 용도별 사용량과 금번결과를 비교한 결과, 목욕, 변기, 세탁, 취사용수의 총량은 $23{\ell}$가 증가하였으며, 특히 세면과 욕조용수를 합산한 목욕용수가 $27{\ell}$에서 $40{\ell}$로 크게 늘어났고, 세탁용수도 $17{\ell}$나 늘어났다. 생활양식이 서구화되면서 가정에서의 목욕, 사워문화가 점차 확산되고 대용량 세탁기의 보급이 늘어난 것 등이 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 추측되었다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.447-457
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• 2017

This study derived the unit of industrial water usage reflecting the latest industry trends. Available for establishing plans such as the master plan for water supply system and analyzed changes in the basic unit by a comparison with the current basic unit values. This study analyzed 4,038 samples with a sampling error of less than 1.5 % at the 95 % confidence level after removing outliers according to a log-normal distribution. As a result, the unit of industrial water usage per site area in the whole manufacturing industry was 7.11 m3/1,000m2/d. The ten industrial categories (C10, C13, C20, C21, C22, C25, C27, C30, C32, C33) showed a similar unit value compared to before, and the four industrials categories (C11, C17, C22, C31) showed a more unit value than before. With regard to the nine industrial categories (C14, C15, C16, C18, C19, C24, C26, C28, C29), the unit value decreased. Cases that companies examined before were the same as the companies examined in this study were analyzed. The result that the changes in the unit industrial water usage were reasonable was obtained. However, in some industrial categories (C17, C14, C24, C29), the unit value was changed by a small number of companies with large-scale water use or unit value of sampling had a large deviation. It was considered necessary to survey them periodically. The unit of industrial water usage derived by the survey in this study reflects the current industrial trends in 2016. Water use in manufacturing companies has continuously changed by the development of manufacturing technologies and simplification of manufacturing processes. In order to deal with this, it is considered necessary to survey the usage of industrial water periodically from a long-term perspective.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

In this year, Koreans have a shortage in agricultural and drinking water due to severe algal blooms generated in major lakes. Waste oyster shells were obtained from temporary storage near the workplace at which oysters were separated from their shells. Heating ($1000^{\circ}C$ for 1 h in air) was employed to convert raw oyster shell powders into calcium oxide powders that reacted efficiently with phosphorus and nitrogen to remove algal blooms from eutrophicated wastewater. As the dispersed amount of heated oyster shell powders was increased, water clarity and visual light penetration were improved. Coagulation, precipitation and carbonation process of the heated oyster shell powders in a water purifier facilitated removal of eutrophication nutrient such as phosphorus and nitrogen, which is both beneficial and economically viable. $CO_2$ implantation by carbonation treatment not only produced thermodynamically stable CaO in oyster shells to derive precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) but also accelerated algal removal by activation of coagulation and precipitation process. The use of oyster shell powders led to a mean reduction of 97% in total phosphate (T-P), a mean reduction of 91% in total nitrogen (T-N) and a maximum reduction of 51% in chemical oxygen demand (COD), compared with the total pollutant load of raw algal solution. Remarkable water quality improvement of algal removal by heated oyster shell powders and PCC carbonation treatment will allow utilization as water resources to agricultural or industrial use.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권5B호
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• pp.595-601
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 전국 140여개 가구를 대상으로 실측 조사한 자료를 바탕으로 가정용수의 용도별 사용량을 도출함으로써 상 하수도시설설계에 활용할 수 있는 원단위를 제시하고, 용도별 사용특성분석, 영향인자 평가 등을 통하여 가정용수의 변동특성을 이해하고 향후 사용경향을 예측할 수 있는 정보를 제공하고자 하였다. 전국 140가구를 대상으로 약 3여년간 실측한 결과, 가정용수의 총사용량은 165.8 lpcd였으며, 각 용도별 사용량은 세면용수 15.4 lpcd(10%), 욕조용수 24.7 lpcd(16%), 싱크대용수 29.7 lpcd(19%), 세탁기용수 30.8 lpcd(20%), 변기용수 38.5 lpcd(25%), 기타용수 13.5 lpcd(9%)순으로 나타났다. 가정용수 중에서 변기용수의 사용량이 가장 많은 것으로 나타났으며, 베란다, 정원용수 등이 포함된 기타용수의 경우 사용빈도가 일정하지 않고 사용량의 편차도 심하여 변동계수와 표준편차가 가장 크게 나타났다. 가정용수의 용도별 사용량을 미국, 영국 가정과 비교한 결과, 기타용수와 실외용수를 제외하고는 미국의 실내용수 사용량과 비율이 우리나라와 매우 유사한 특성을 보였다. 가정에서 물사용에 기초한 생활양식이 미국과 유사하게 변화되고 있음을 간접적으로 보여준 결과이다. 또한 1985년에 서울에서 조사된 용도별 사용량과 금번결과를 비교한 결과, 목욕, 변기, 세탁, 취사용수의 총량은 23 l가 증가하였으며, 특히 세면과 욕조용수를 합산한 목욕용수가 27 l에서 40 l로 크게 늘어났고, 세탁용수도 17 l나 늘어났다. 생활양식이 서구화되면서 가정에서의 목욕, 사워문화가 점차 확산되고 대용량 세탁기의 보급이 늘어난 것 등이 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 추측되었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.162-174
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• 2023

In order to prevent water pollution caused by organic matter, Total Organic Carbon(TOC) has been adopted indicator and monitored. TOC can be divided into Dissolved Organic Carbon(DOC) and Particulate Organic Carbon(POC). POC is largely precipitated and removed during stream flow, which making DOC environmentally significant. However, there are lack of studies to define spatio-temporal distributions of DOC in stream affected by various land use. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the past DOC concentration using other water quality indicators to evaluate status of watershed management. In this study, DOC was estimated by correlation and regression analysis using three different organic matter indicators monitored in mixed land-use watersheds. The results of correlation analysis showed that DOC has the highest correlation with TOC. Based on the results of the correlation analysis, the single- and multiple-regression models were developed using Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD), and TOC. The results of the prediction accuracy for three different regression models showed that the single-regression model with TOC was better than those of the other multiple-regression models. The trend analysis using extended average concentration DOC data shows that DOC tends to decrease reflecting watershed management. This study could contribute to assessment and management of organic water pollution in mixed land-use watershed by suggesting methods for assessment of unmeasured DOC concentration.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.621-639
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• 2000

High population and economic growth leads to ever increasing demand for water resources, prompting many regional conflicts for the water. With the observation, this paper examines the allocation problem of flowing water between upstream and downstream regions, We offer a two- region model in which the downstream region pays a portion of product to the upstream region in order to induce the upstream region to share the water. Our model shows that the "side-payment" does not always work, because the ex post income of the downstream region could be lower than the income without the side-payment This happens when the externality the upstream region imposes on the downstream region is small. The paper derives the condition under which the incentive mechanism like side-payment is likely to fail (or work). The model also shows that the higher the degree of externality is, the less amount of side-payment should be. The results of the paper suggest that the incentive scheme can help the regional conflicts be solved if the externality effect generated by the water use of upstream region is big enough, which is in fact the case where the conflict is severe.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2022년도 학술발표회
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• pp.294-294
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• 2022

In 2013, the Asian Development Bank classified the Philippines among the countries facing high food security risks. Evidence has suggested that climate change has affected agricultural productivity, and the effect of extreme climatic events notably drought has worsened each year. This had resulted in serious hydrological repercussions by limiting the timely water availability for the agriculture sector. Laguna is the 3^rd most populated province in the country, and it serves as one of the food baskets that feed the region and nearby provinces. In addition to climate change, population growth, rapid industrialization, and urban encroachment are also straining the delicate balance between water demand and supply. Studies have projected that the province will experience less rainfall and an increase in temperature, which could simultaneously affect water availability and crop yield. Hence, understanding the composite threat of climate change for crop yield and water consumption is imperative to devise mitigation plans and judicious use of water resources. The water footprint concept elaborates the water used per unit of crop yield production and it can approximate the dual impacts of climate change on water and agricultural production. In this study, the water footprint (WF) of six main crops produced in Laguna were estimated during 2010-2020 by following the methodology proposed by the Water Footprint Network. The result of this work gives importance to WF studies in a local setting which can be used as a comparison between different provinces as well as a piece of vital information to guide policy makers to adopt plans for crop-related use of water and food security in the Philippines.