• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.5 s.92
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• pp.462-468
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• 2006

Antibiotics are manufactured and used for specific physiological functions, hence they may exert adverse ecological consequences when they are in contact with nontarget organisms. In the last decade, many reports have been made on the occurrences of various antibiotic compounds in surface water, and their potential impact to the environment has become an increasing concern. This study was conducted to prioritize antibiotic substances with potential environment risk in Korea. Human use antibiotics with an EIC (Expected Introduction Concentration) value greater than $1{\mu}g/l$, US FDA's action limit criteria, were selected. In order to calculate a worst-case EIC for each substance, annual production volume (in kg) of each antibiotic substance was derived using the Korea Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (KPMA)'s monetary database. Sixteen substances were preliminarily selected. The EICs of the 16 antibiotic substances were refined with the excretion rate of the parent substances. Ten antibiotic substances were identified to have EIC-corrected greater than $1{\mu}g/l$, which include Amoxicillin ($15.8{\mu}g/l$), Cefaclor ($10.1{\mu}/l$), Roxithromycin ($4.2{\mu}g/l$), Cephradine ($4.5{\mu}g/l$), Cefatrizine ($2.6{\mu}g/l$), Cefadroxil ($3.3{\mu}g/l$), Aztreonam ($2.3{\mu}g/l$), Ceftazidime ($2.8{\mu}g/l$), Ribostamycin ($1.3{\mu}g/l$), and Ceftezole ($1.3{\mu}g/l$). Additional risk assessments for these antibiotic substances are suggested.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2016

최근 기후변화로 인한 수문기상학적인 극한 사상들은 점점 대형화되고 있고, 그 발생빈도 또한 잦아지고 있다. 인구의 증가와 급격한 도시화, 자산 가치의 증가 등으로 물과 관련된 재해로 인한 피해는 점점 더 규모가 커지고 있다. 홍수와 가뭄, 허리케인, 쓰나미와 같이 물과 관련된 재해는 그 영향을 받는 사람들의 수로 본다면 지구상의 재해 중 90%를 차지하고 있을 만큼 그 규모가 크다 할 수 있으며, 전세계적으로 물관련 재해로 인한 재산상의 피해를 약 1,000억 달러 규모로 추산하고 있는데, 2030년에는 그 현재의 두 배가 될 것으로 예측하고 있다. 이와 같은 재해로 인한 피해는 개도국이나 최빈국뿐만 아니라 관련 인프라가 잘 구축되어 있는 선진국 또한 예외는 아니다. 2015년 9월 UN 세계지속가능 정상 회의에서 각국의 수반들 또한 17개의 "지속가능개발목표(Sustainable Development Goals; SDGs)"를 채택함으로서 post-2015 아젠다가 세계를 지속가능하고 균형 있게 바꾸어 나가기 위해서 취해야 하는 가장 시급하고 필요한 과감한 혁신적인 조치임을 인식하였다. 재해경감과 지속가능개발은 2005년 채택된 "효고프레임웍(Hyogo Framework for Action) 2005-2015"에서 도 중요하게 다루어 졌다. 2015년 3월 제3차 세계재해경감대회에서 채택된 "센다이 프레임웍(Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction) 2015-2030"은 Post-2015 개발의제의 첫 번째 합의 결의안이라 할 수 있으며, 인명피해의 실질적인 감소와 재해에 의한 영향으로 피해 보는 사람들의 수를 줄이고, 경제적 손실과 대형 인프라 피해의 경감을 주요 타겟으로 하고 있다. 이와 같은 리질리언스의 중요성은 SDGs의 Goal 11인 "안전하고 지속가능한 도시와 정주지 조성(Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable)"에서 강조되고 있을 뿐만 아니라 다양한 골에서 재해로 부터의 리질리언스 확보에 대한 필요성을 강조하고 있다. 재해 위험을 경감시키기 위해서 국제적으로, 지역적으로 또는 국경을 넘어서는 협력 관계의 구축이 중앙정부나 지방정부를 비롯한 국가적으로 절대적으로 필요한 노력이라 할 수 있다. 특히나, Post-2015 개발 아젠다에 대한 기후변화와 재해경감을 위한 금융지원을 포함한 최빈국, 개도국, 군소 도서국가들과 중견국 선진국들의 양자간이나 다자간 협력 채널을 통한 역량 강화가 필요하다.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.11c
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• pp.532-534
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• 2004

The advancement of electronics and telecommunication technologies has forced the risk management system for underground metallic structures to evolve into the remote monitoring and control system. Especially, facilities such as gas pipelines, oil pipelines and water distribution lines might make hazardous effect on human safety without continuous monitoring and control. As a result, pipeline engineers have applied cathodic protection system to prevent the degradation of their facilities by corrosion and carried out a periodic monitoring of the pipe-to-soil (P/S) potentials at numberous test boxes along their pipelines. The latter action on a road in downtowns, however, is so much dangerous that the inspectors should be ready to suffer the threatening of their lives and maintenance. In order to minimize these social costs and hazards, a stand-alone type corrosion monitoring equipment which can be installed in test box, store the P/S data for given Belied and send the data by wired/wireless telecommunications is under development. In order to obtain the exact P/S data, however, a reference electrode should be located as close to the pipeline as possible. Actually, the measured potential by a conventional portable reference electrode contain inevitably an IR drop portion caused by the current flow from the cathodic protection rectifier or the subway railroad. To minimize this error, it is recommended that the reference electrode should be buried within 10 cm from the pipeline. In this paper, we describe the design parameters for fabricating the permanent type reference electrode and the characteristics of the developed reference electrode.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2015

Objectives : Polygoni Multiflori Radix (Jeokhasuo in Korean) is a Oriental traditional herbs widely used in East Asian countries. Overconsumption of fructose results in hypertension, dyslipidemia, obesity and impaired glucose tolerance which have documented as a risk of cardiovascular diseases. This experimental study was designed to investigate the beneficial effects of an ethanol extract from Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) in high-fructose (HF) diet-induced metabolic syndrome rat model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into three groups; Control group, receiving regular diet and tap water, HF group, and HF + PMR group both receiving supplemented with 65% fructose (n=10), respectively. The HF + PMR group initially received HF diet with PMR (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks. Results : PMR significantly prevented the metabolic disturbances such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension and impaired glucose tolerance. Chronic treatment with PMR significantly decreased body weight, fat weight and adipocyte size, suggesting a role of anti-obesity effect. PMR led to improve the hyperlipidemia through the increase in HDL cholesterol level as well as the decrease in triglyceride and LDL cholesterol level. In addition, PMR suppressed adhesion molecules and endothelin-1 (ET-1) expression in aorta resulting in the decrease of hypertension. In muscle tissue, PMR significantly recovered the HF-induced insulin resistance through increase of insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), p-$AMPK{\alpha}1/2$, and p-Akt expression. PMR improved HF-induced metabolic disorders and its action was caused by energy metabolism-mediated insulin signaling activation. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that PMR may be a beneficial therapeutic for metabolic syndrome through the improvement of hyperlipidemia, obesity, insulin resistance and hypertension.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.9-24
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• 1997

Surfactant-aided in situ soil flushing has been proposed as an alternative for the expensive and time consuming 'pump and treat' technology in remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater Injected surfactants can effectively solubilize contaminants sorbed to the soil matrix or nonaqueous phase liquids(NAPLs) in residual saturation. The contaminants solubilized in groundwater are recovered and treated further. The theoretical background of the technology and the results of the field operations, mostly in the US. were summarized. In addition, the factors crucial to the successful application of the technology were discussed. Cost analyses and technical limitations in current applications were also discussed. In conclusion, it is likely that in situ surfactant flushing become a viable option for soil remediation in limited cases. Currently, further advances with respect to operation cost and to treatment efficiency are required for more extensive application of the technology. However, the current trends in soil remediation, specially the growing emphasis on risk based corrective action and natural attenuation, will increase the competitiveness of the technology. For example, removal of easily washable contaminants by short term soil flushing followed by long term monitoring and natural attenuation can greatly reduce the operation cost and time.

• Journal of Korean Society of societal Security
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.33-39
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• 2010

This study is to reduce the rate of drowning accident by using of buoyancy bag. People are exposed to the high risk of drowning accident when they have water leisure activities due to the lack of safety mind-set and shortage of safety products. In case of drowning accident, the rescue action is normally depending on the other people's assistance. Therefore, rescue activities which relyn the people doesn't improve the ratio of survival in the drowning accidents. The submarine specialists should use the buoyancy products to rescue the people in the drowning accident. The citizen can carry portable buoyancy product in the automobile as well as by hands anywhere and anytime. It will be effective rescue tool to save his/her life in the emergency. In addition, it will contribute to rescue other's life because it can be used immediately. There are 3 positive characteristics on the buoyancy bag. First, it is convenience. Documents and other stuffs can be kept in the bag. Second is safety. The material of buoyancy is placed in the inner of the bag. It is possible to float the person whose weight is 90 kg. Lastly, it is durability. It can be used long-term because the outer of the bag is made of anti-water material and anti-water zipper. As a result of performance analysis, it is evident that the buoyancy bag can be used to rescue the people in the drowning accident as a indirect rescue tool compared with the current other rescue products. It is recommended that the design of outer box and performance of buoyancy are required to be improved in order to contribute more to rescue people in the accident.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.128-128
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• 2015

본 연구는 공적개발원조 사업 중 하나로 개발도상국의 실무자 및 정책결정자의 물 관련 재해위험경감 역량 강화를 위한 교육 훈련 프로그램을 검토하고 개발하는데 목적이 있다. 특히, 물 관련 재해에 대한 구조적, 비구조적 대응방식을 균형있게 논의하고 지방정부 및 관련기관과의 협력, 지역사회기반의 재해경감정책 등 새로운 대응방식관련 교육 프로그램을 검토한다. 2000년-2006년 기간 Emergency Disasters Database (EM-DAT)에 기록된 전 세계 2,163건의 물 관련 재해는 총 29만 명 이상의 인명피해와 4,220억 달러의 재산피해를 초래하였다. 이런 재해는 개발도상국이나 선진국 모두에게 치명적이지만 특히 재해대응역량이 부족한 개발도상국에 막대한 손실을 초래하여 국가개발과 존망에 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 대부분의 개발도상국은 재해관리를 간과하여 빈곤의 악순환에서 벗어나지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구는 2005년 효고행동강령(Hyogo Framework for Action: HFA)의 기본원칙, 2011년 중간평가 검토, 2015년 이후 제시될 새로운 재해위험경감 정책의 틀 속에서 재해위험경감 교육 프로그램을 연구하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 개발도상국 공무원을 대상으로 공적개발원조 프로그램을 운영한 천안의 중앙민방위방재교육원과 일본 고베시의 JICA 등을 방문하여 물 관련 재해 대응의 실질적 개선방향을 모색하였다. 물 관련 재해대응을 위한 교육 프로그램 대상은 실무자와 정책결정자로 설정하고 예방/대비/대응/복구의 유형에 따른 교육과정을 검토한다. 재해 대응 역량강화를 위하여 댐이나 제방 등 홍수위험관리기술과 같은 구조적 방식뿐만 아니라 근본적인 재해위험경감을 위한 홍수위험도 분석과 관리, 도시홍수위험경감계획, 관련 법규제정, 지역홍수위험경감과 민관협력 등과 같은 비구조적 방식에 대한 교육도 포함한다. 이런 측면에서 한국의 경제발전 경험과 물 관련 재해관리 경험을 정책, 사업, 사례와 연관시켜 교육을 진행하고 장단점 비교를 통하여 개발도상국 현지에 적합한 모델을 모색한다. 또한 재해발생시 피해규모를 최소화하게 하는 초동대응을 위해서 행정뿐만 아니라 지역, 시민, 기업 등 다양한 이해 당사자와 주체가 참여하는 종합대책교육을 포함한다. 사회경제발전의 지속을 위해서는 재해에 대한 관리가 매우 중요하다. 특히 인간의 삶에 너무도 익숙하지만 홍수, 가뭄 등으로 치명적인 피해를 야기하는 물 관련 재해에 대응하기 위해서는 물 관리와 관련 재해에 대한 전반적인 이해가 필수적이다. 따라서 한국의 물 관리 경험에 기초한 재해위험경감 교육과 훈련은 개발도상국의 효과적인 재해관리를 가능하게 할 것이다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.2534-2546
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• 2021

Nuclear emergency preparedness and response is an essential part to ensure the safety of nuclear power plant (NPP). Key support technologies of nuclear emergency decision-making usually consist of accident diagnosis, source term estimation, accident consequence assessment, and protective action recommendation. Source term estimation is almost the most difficult part among them. For example, bad communication, incomplete information, as well as complicated accident scenario make it hard to determine the reactor status and estimate the source term timely in the Fukushima accident. Subsequently, it leads to the hard decision on how to take appropriate emergency response actions. Hence, this paper aims to develop a method for rapid source term estimation to support nuclear emergency decision making in pressurized water reactor NPP. The method aims to make our knowledge on NPP provide better support nuclear emergency. Firstly, this paper studies how to build a Bayesian network model for the NPP based on professional knowledge and engineering knowledge. This paper presents a method transforming the PRA model (event trees and fault trees) into a corresponding Bayesian network model. To solve the problem that some physical phenomena which are modeled as pivotal events in level 2 PRA, cannot find sensors associated directly with their occurrence, a weighted assignment approach based on expert assessment is proposed in this paper. Secondly, the monitoring data of NPP are provided to the Bayesian network model, the real-time status of pivotal events and initiating events can be determined based on the junction tree algorithm. Thirdly, since PRA knowledge can link the accident sequences to the possible release categories, the proposed method is capable to find the most likely release category for the candidate accidents scenarios, namely the source term. The probabilities of possible accident sequences and the source term are calculated. Finally, the prototype software is checked against several sets of accident scenario data which are generated by the simulator of AP1000-NPP, including large loss of coolant accident, loss of main feedwater, main steam line break, and steam generator tube rupture. The results show that the proposed method for rapid source term estimation under nuclear emergency decision making is promising.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.365-372
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to implement HACCP system to foodservice of W and D elementary schools with joint-lunch management system in Kyungsan area. Steamed rice with squid was selected and Control Action, Monitoring Procedure and Control measure were identified based on HACCP flowchart to produce safe and healthy food. It was suggested that frozen squid must be thawed under the cold running city water and kept temperature below 1$0^{\circ}C$ and receiving/thawing procedure has to be done within 30 min. Raw vegetables must be washed under three-tube wash stand and whole prepreparation procedures should be done in 20 minutes. Clean and sanitize all the equipment and utensils before and after handling squid. Knives and cutting boards for vegetable and squid should be classified. Sauce for steamed rice with squid should be heated about 21 minutes to reach the temperature of 94$^{\circ}C$ before serving and internal temperature of food must be kept above 84.4$^{\circ}C$ during serving. The ideal temperature of kitchen should be remained 15∼18$^{\circ}C$. The underground water has to be excluded to minimize the risk of contamination in the foodservice facility and the prepreparation place must be separated with cooking place. Also, Personal hygiene Practice should be check in each stage. Further, additional research needs to be conducted to determine models for HACCP implementation for different menu.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-114
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• 2007

This study aimed to investigate the hexachlorobenzene (HCB) dechlorinating ability of sediment microbes collected from a natural canal receiving secondary effluents from an industrial estate and nearby factories. Nine sites along the stream and one in the estuary in the Gulf of Thailand into which the canal spills were specified and sampling for sediment and water. Preliminary analysis of the sediments showed that the first four sites nearest to the discharging location were contaminated by HCB within the range of 0.18 to 1.25 ppm. Apart from that, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene which has never been commercially produced or used in any manufacturing processes except for the transformation from higher chlorinated benzene was also identified in the range of 0.16 to 0.24 ppm. This suggested a possibility of sporadically HCB contamination in this stream. Of more important, people in the community along this canal earn their living by coastal fishery; hence, posing a risk of spreading HCB and its less chlorinated congeners via food chain from caught marine creatures to human. As a result, there is an urgent need to understand the behavior of HCB dechlorination in this stream sediment which can lead to a clean-up action in the future. Serum bottles with sediment slurries (sediment to water ratio of 1:1 (v/v) and filtered to remove particles larger than 0.7 mm) from each site were inoculated with 2 mg/l of HCB, kept anaerobically in the dark at room temperature without any nourishment, and analyzed for HCB and its less-chlorinated congeners every 6 days. Total chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, and volatile suspended solids were in the range of 21,492-73,584, 158,100-518,100 and 6,000-32,700 mg/l, respectively. It was found that all sediment slurries began to dechlorinate HCB in 12 to 30 days and the HCB was completely removed within 42 to 60 days or so. On the other hand, there was no HCB dechlorination occurred in the controlled set which was sterilized by autoclaving prior to the addition of HCB. This implies that the HCB transformation was solely due to microorganisms' activities. HCB was dechlorinated principally via pentachlolobenzene to 1,2,3,5-tetrachlorobenzene and terminated at 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene which is the major pathway as reported by many researchers. Dichlorobenzene has not been detected in any samples within the dechlorination period of 60 days. The results indicate that the microbial matrix in the sediment of this stream has an outstanding capability to dechlorinate HCB. Existing substrates and nutrients which mainly sorbed onto the solid phase and the typical temperature in Thailand were sufficient and suitable to promote the activities of these HCB-dechlorinating microbes.