• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.69-79
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• 1982

The objective of this study is to contribute to drainage planning in the most realistic and economical way by establishing the relationship between rice yield reduction and overhead flooding by muddy water of each growth stage of paddy, which is the most important factor in determining optimum drainage facilities. This study was based on the data mainly from the experimental reports of the Office of Rural Development of Korea, Reduction Rate Estimation for Summer Crops, published by Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Japan and other related research documenta- tion. The results of this study are summarized as follows 1. Damages by overhead flooding are highest in heading stage and have the tendency of decrease in the order of booting stage, panicle formation stage, tillering stage, and stage just after transplanting. Damages by overhead flooding of each growing stage are as follows: a) It is considered that overhead flooding just after transplanting gives a little influence on plant growth and yield because the paddy has sufficient growth period from floo ding to harvest time. b) Jt is analyzed that according to the equation y=11 12x 0.908 which is derived from this study, damages by overhead flooding during tillering stage for 1, 2, 3 successive days are 11.1 %, 20.9%, and 30.2% respectively. c) Damages by overhead flooding after panicle formation stage are very serious because recovering period is very short after damage and ineffective tillering is much. Acc- ording to the equation y=9. 58x+10. Ol derived from this study, damages by overhead flooding fal 1,2,3,5 successive days are 19.6%, 29.2%, 38.8%, 57.9% respectively. d) Booting stage is the very important period in which young panicle has grown up almost completely and the number of glumous flower is fixed since reduction division takes place in the microspore mother cell and enbryo mother cell. According to the equation y=39. 66x 0.558 derived from this study, damages by overhead floodingfor 0.5, 1, 3, 5 successive days are 26.9%, 39.7%, 72. 2% and 97.4%, respectively. Therefore, damages by overhead flooding is very serious during the hooting stage. e) When ear of paddy emerges, flowering begins on that day or the next day; when paddy flowers, fertilization will be completed 2-3 hours after flowering. Therefore overhead flooding during heading stage impedes flowering and increases sterilizing percentage. From this reason damages of heading stage are larger than that of booting stage. According to the equation y-41 94x 0.589 derived from this study, damages by overhead flooding for 0.5, 1, 3, 5, successive days are 27.9%, 63.1 %, 80.1%, and 100% 2. Considering that temperature of booting stage is higher than that of beading stage and plant height of booting stage is ten centimeters shorter than that of heading stage, booting stage should be taken as a critical period for drainage planning because possi- bility of damage occurrence in booting stage is larger than that of heading stage. There-fore, it is considered that booting stage should be taken as critical period of paddy growth for drainage planning. 3. Overhead flooding depth is different depending on the stage of growth. In case, booting stage is adopted as design stage of growth for drainage planning, it is conside red that the allowable flooding depth for new varieties and general varieties are 70cm and 80cm respectively. 4. Reduction Rate Estimation by Wind and Flood for Rice Planting of the present design criteria for drainage planning shows damage by overhead flooding for 1 to 2, 3 to 4, 5 to 7 consecutive days; damages by overhead flooding varies considerably over several hours and experimental condition of soil, variety of paddy, and climate differs with real situation. From these reasons, damage by flooding could not be estimated properly in the past. This study has derived the equation which shows damages by flooding of each growth stage on an hourly basis. Therefore, it has become possible to compute the exact damages in case duration of overhead flooding is known.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.332-340
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• 2001

Flowable composite resin has lower filler content, increased flow, and lower modules of elasticity. It is suggested that flowable composite resin can be bonded to the tooth structure intimately and absorb or dissipate the stress. Therefore, it may be advantageous to use flowable composite resin for the base material of class II restoration and for the class V restoraton. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microleakage and shear bond strength of four flowable composite resins (Aeliteflo, Flow-It, Revolution, Ultraseal XT Plus) compared to Z100 using Scotchbond Multi Purpose dentin bonding system. To evaluate the microleakage, notch-shaped class V cavities were prepared on buccal and lingual surfaces of 80 extracted human premolars and molars on cementum margin. The teeth were randomly divided into non-thermocycling group (group 1) and thermocycling group (group 2) of 40 teeth each. The experimental teeth of each group were randomly divided onto five subgroups of eight samples (sixteen surfaces). The Scotchbond Multi-Purpose and composite resin were applied for each group following the manufacturer's instructions. the teeth of group 2 were thermocycled five hundred times between 5$^{\circ}C$ and 55$^{\circ}C$. The teeth of group 2 were placed in 2% methylene blue dye for 24 hours, then rinsed with tab water. The specimens were embedded in clear resin, and sectioned longitudinally with a diamond saw. The dye penetration on each of the specimen were observed with a stereomicioscope at $\times$20 magnification. To evaluate the shear bond strength, 60 teeth were divided into five groups of twelve teeth each. The experimental teeth were ground horizontally below the dentinoenamel junction, so that no enamel remained. After applying Scotchbond Multi-Purpose on the dentin surface, composite resin was applied in the shape of cylinder. The cylinder was 4mm in diameter and 2mm in thickness. Shear bond strength was measured using Instron with a cross-head speed of 0.5mm/min. After shear bond strength measurement, mode of failure was evaluated with a stereomicroscope at $\times$30 magnification. All data were statistically analyzed by One Way ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls method. The correlation between microleakage and shear bond strength was analyzed by linear regression. The results of this study were as follows ; 1. In non-thermocycling group, the leakage value of Z100 was significantly lower than those of flowable composite resins at the enamel and dentin margin, margin, except that Revolution showed the lower leakage value than that of Z100 at the dentin margin (p<0.05). 2. In thermocycling group, the leakage values of Z100 and Ultraseal XT Plus were lower than those of other subgroup at the enamel and dentin margin, except that Flow-It showed the lower leakage value than that of Ultraseal XT Plus at the dentin margin (p<0.05). 3. The leakage value of Z100 and Ultraseal XT Plus in thermocycling group were not higher than that in non-thermocycling group at the enamel margin. The leakage value of Z100 in thermocycling group was not higher than that in non-thermocycling group at the dentin margin (p<0.05). 4. As for the shear bond strength measurement, there were no statistically significant differences among groups (p<0.05). The shear bond strengths given in descending order were as follows: Z100(16.81$\pm$2.98 MPa), Flow-It(14.8$\pm$4.43 MPa), Aeliteflo(14.34$\pm$3.69 MPa), Revolution(13.46$\pm$4.23 MPa), Ultraseal XT Plus(12.83$\pm$3.16 MPa). 5. Failure modes of all specimens were adhesive failures. 6. There was no correlation between microleakage and shear bond strength.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.137-145
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• 2000

The embryonic and larval development of Chelon lauvergnii (Eydoux & Souleyet) was surveyed by incubating artificially inseminated eggs with parent fishes obtained at Kang-wha island in the mid-western coastal area of Korea on June, 1997. The fertilized eggs were transparent, spherical in shape, measuring 0.95~1.08 mm in diameter, having a large oil globule, and their perivitelline space narrow, and began to hatch at 40 hrs. in water temperature $22{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. The newly hatched larvae were 2.35~2.68 mm in total length with 23 myomeres, anus opened, mouth closed, preanal length 58.7~61.6% of total length, oil globule located in posterior end of yolk sac. Melanophores, branch in shape, were distributed mainly along the ventro-lateral region of trunk part and a few on the anterior end of caudal part and surface of oil globule. The larvae measuring 3.08~3.36 mm in total length absorbed yolk material completely in 3 days after hatching, in which air bladder began to appear and mouth opened. In 8 days after hatching, the larva was measured 5.09 mm in total length, its posterior end of notochord began to flex upward and the caudal fin rays differentiated as 7, finfold of the second dorsal and anal fins appeared. In this time, melanophores, branch in shape, were concentrated in the anterior half region of the caudal part and a few also distributed on the top of head, snout region, ventral margin of lower jaw and isthmus region. In 12 days after hatching, the larva measuring 8.48 mm in total length completed all the fins (D. IV-9; P1. 16; P2. I, 5; A. II, 9) and reached to the juvenile stage. Melanophores, in this time, were distributed on the mid-lateral region of the caudal part in enlargment than before and a few also found in the dorso-lateral region of the trunk part, and in the cheek region.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2000

The aucha perch, Coreoperca kawamebari was collected in Tam-jin river from February to June 1998. It was reared in the laboratory and observed the spawning behavior and early life history. Spawning season was from mid of April to the end of May in the Tam-jin river. The fertilized eggs were demersal of adhesive, transparent and spherical in shape. Egg diameter was 2.21~2.65 mm with several oil globule of 0.058~0.343 mm. Hatching occurred about 194 hours 23 minutes after fertilization at water temperature of $18{\sim}22^{\circ}C$. Newly-hatched larvae were 5.09~5.68 mm in total length(TL, mean: 5.38mm) with 10~11+18=28~29 myotomes and opened mouth and anus. Melanophores were distributed on the eye lens, on the head, around the yolk, on the dorsal part and the abdominal region of the trunk. After hatching 5 days larvae attained 6.12~6.68 mm in TL (mean: 6.47 mm), and the yolk sac was completely absorbed and transformed to postlarva stage. The larvae reached to the juvenile stage with all the fins were formed with complete set of fin rays (D. XII-12~13; A. III-8~10; P. 11~13; V. I-4~5) at the 22 days after hatching and of the larvae was 11.54 mm in total length. In 32 days after hatching, the juvenile was 13.05 mm in TL. This period was similar to adult in body form and the spot.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 1997

The early life history and reproductive ecology of Siniperca scherzeri were studied to obtain fundamental information in aquaculture and reinforcement of natural population in Soyang Lake, Buk-myon, Chunchon-shi, Kangwon-do from June to October 1996. Symptric species with adult fishes (+1 ages) of Siniperca scherzeri were 11 species belonging to 6 families and 10 genera and those with Juveniles (2~3 months) were 5 species belonging to 4 families and 5 genera. The sex radio of this species were 1 (female, 85) : 1.24 (male, 105). Adult and juvenile of this species were predominantly piscivores. Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, Zacco platypus, common carp, Cyprinus carpio, unidentified fish and shrimp were important components of the food items. The spherical eggs were demersal and separative without a colorless transparent chorion and slightly yellowish yolk containing one large oil globule (0.5~0.7mm). The egg just after fertilization were measuring 1.72~2.05mm (n=30), and expanded to 2.27~2.58mm (n=30) in diameter after 30 min. Hatching occurred 130~155 hrs after fertilization at water temperature of $20{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ and newly hatched larvae measuring 5.5~7.1mm in total length. In the newly hatched larvae, numerous branched malanophores were distributed on the yolk and abdomen of caudal peduncle. In ten-day old larvae, the yolk was mostly absorbed and the head spines and the teeth were well developed. All fin rays were formed and total length of the larvae were reached 13.6~15.6mm at 20 days after hatching. In fifty-five day old larvae were similar in both body shape and color to adult. The juvenile stage at 4 months after hatching were attained 86.4~95.3mm (n=7) in total length and 8.77~14.78g (n=7) in body weight.

• The Journal of Natural Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.63-81
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• 2004

It is the purpose of this study to arrange in ornamental trees and shrubs the planting that leads to an appropriate type of templescape. The study was designed primarily as an examples for each Buddhist temple which desires further decoration with several ornamental plants, doubles the effectiveness of the Sen-Buddhist meditation, and boosts tourists' attraction. To investigate the planting status and type of trees and shrubs in the precincts of Buddhism temples, We close three temples : They are Nagsansa, Boolgoogsa and Booseugsa, which are intermonatane area temples all together. The results investigated were summarized as follows :1. Planting status and pattern in temples Open spaces of the Daewoogjeon in all temples, a main Sanctuaries in temple buildings, where Buddha is enshrined in, we could not find any kind of trees of shrubs to be planted.Muryangsujeon, a symbol of "Future", which can be also found at Boosugsa temple, is living in Western Elysium world and takes mercy on mankind of this life. Taxus cuspidata was planted at this Muryangsujeon, known as an immeasurable bliss building, where an Amitabha is enshrined in.Total 25 species of trees and shrubs were planted around Birozani building of Buddhist temples, Birozani is enshrined at the Birojion of Boollgoogsa temple.The buddhist Goddess of Mercy which is a buddhist saint for pursuit of fortune and blessing to relieve the mankind is enshrined at Wonchonjeon, Daebijeon and Kwaneumjeon which are able to observe at both Boolgoogsa and Nagsnsa temples, where Euonymus japonicus trees including other 26 species could be found in common at both temples.2. Correlation between trees/shrubs and temple buildingsTrees and flowers symbolizing Buddha are often planted as material sources of gardening to decorate : They are Logerstroemia indica as Buddha's flower, Viburmum opulus var. calvescens resembling Buddha's head, Tilia mandshurica producing the beads of rosary, Gardenia jaminoides Ellis with white flower blade and flower of bliss, not flower to this day and Lotus flowering clearly in the pond filling with dirty water which is able to clarifies the world full of crime, infidelity and injustification. Among these Buddhist' plants, however, Logerstroemia indica could be found in all three temples, and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Also, Lager stroemia indica was planted at all three temples and Viburmum opulus var. calvescens at both temples of Nagsansa and Boosugsa. Tilia mandshurica and Gardenia jasminoides Ellis were not found in any temples which might become the subject of investigation.In relation of the buildings of each temples as a sanctified space, the planting of trees and shrubs was not considered for the arrangement, templescape architecture or species. And, also, we could not find in the study any special relationship of trees/ shrubs with the characteristics of temples.With the results obtained through precise studies we presented here in this paper newly designed model of templescape in intermane buddhist temple which can be applied for planting and arrangement of trees or/and shrubs. Basic principles of model in mind are:To consider the correlation of the dominant between plants and temple buildings.To plant trees/shrubs for special functions as well as conditions of temple location.To make tree arrangement correlating to Buddhism spirit.To induce environment friendly plants to be planted, suitable to regional conditions.This redecorated model of templescape might be used as a canon of the tree planting and arrangement in the precincts of Buddhism temples.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2012

The Confucian culture of the Chosun Dynasty has a great effect on the construction of ByeolSeo gardens. Among them, especially the gardens built in Gyeongsang Province areas, where a great number of Confucian scholars were produced in the beautiful natural environment, have maintained various heritage of Confucian culture established by the scholars. Along with the Nakdong River, we can find so many cultural assets of buildings such as head houses, ByeolSeo gardens, including the literary remains such as administrative certificates, poetry and prose, and records of pavilions, which show the trace of the scholars who followed the instructions of the doctrines of Chu-tzu. The Geumseonjeog located in Punggi County, Gyeongsangbuk Province, which was the ByeolSeo gardens possessed by Geumgye Whang Jun-ryang(1517-1563), who was the governor of the area and one of the representative students of Toigye Lee Whang. The building is located nearby the Geumseon Valley with beautiful natural scenery under Sobaek Mountain. Especially the pine forest around the valley boasts a unique natural setting. This study is aimed to analyze the value of natural scenic spot of the Geumseonjeong through the surveys on surroundings, topography, vegetation and water system. including the value of humanistic elements focused on the writings such as 'Geumgyejip' written by Whang Jun-ryang and Lee Whang, another 'Geumgyejip' written by Ryu un-ryong, and 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Hong Gyeong-ryeom. And also, the scenic spot value of the signboards such as the 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Ryu un-ryong, 'Geumgyejeong' by Lee Han-il, 'Geumgyejeong' written by Jo Un-hyeong and 'Geumgyejeongsa, written by Lee Jung-gi, was analyzed. And the historical and cultural value was analyzed through the semantic interpretation of the series of poetry and pose and the old map established in 1872. In respect of the scenery, the surroundings of the Geumseon Valley boast the outstanding settings as the clean mountain stream in front of the Geumseonjeong makes a beautiful harmony with the pine forest. The pine forest surrounding the Geumseon Valley has played a secret role in the history of the village. Considering the fact that the pine forest was expressed in the map of Punggi County produced in 1872, it may be assumed that the forest was regarded to have historical and scenic value in those times. Considering the fact that the words like 'Beautiful' and 'Scenic spot' were used in the writings like 'Geumgyejip' and there were meeting places around the valley, we can recognize the value of the place as a scenic spot. The beautiful natural scenery surrounding the ByeolSeo gardens, and the increase in humanistic value of the poetry and prose, including the administrative certificates, has recently brought about the cases in which some scenic spots of the ByeolSeo gardens were designated as cultural assets. According to the value as a scenic spot and semantic interpretation of the Geumseonjeong, the pavilion appeared to have a great scenic spot value as a ByeolSeo gardens, so that this study was designed to prepare criteria with which the pavilion may be designated as a scenic spot of ByeolSeo gardens.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.277-283
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• 1995

Purpose : This study was performed to measure dose alteration at the air-tissue interface resulting from rebuild-up to the loss of charged particle equilibrium in the tissues around the air-tissue interfaces. Materials and Methods : The 6 and 10-MV photon beam in dual energy linear accelerator were used to measure the surface dose at the air-tissue interface The polystyrene phantom sized $25{\times}25{\times}5\;cm^3$ and a water phantom sized $29{\times}29{\times}48\;cm^3$ which incorporates a parallel-plate ionization chamber in the distal side of air gap were used in this study. The treatment field sizes were $5{\times}5\;cm^2,\;10{\times}10\;cm^2\;and\;20{\times}20\;cm^2$. Air cavity thickness was variable from 10 mm to 50 mm. The observed-expected ratio (OER) was defined as the ratio of dose measured at the distal junction that is air-tissue interface to the dose measured at the same point in a homogeneous phantom. Results : In this experiment, the result of OER was close or slightly over than 1.0 for the large field size but much less (about 0.565) than 1.0 for the small field size in both photon energy. The factors to affect the dose distribution at the air-tissue interface were the field size, the thickness of air cavity. and the photon energy. Conclusion : Thus, the radiation oncologist should take into account dose reduction at the air-tissue interface when planning the head and neck cancer especially pharynx and laryngeal lesions, because the dose can be less nearly $29{\%}$ than predicted value.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.199-208
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• 2010

To investigate a comparison of rice yield and quality between organic and conventional cultivation, study for occurrence of rice diseases carried out in rice (Oryza sativa L.) field of Noahn and Bannam region. The results obtained as following: 1) Bactericide and insecticide were applied twice and four times at Noahn and Bannam region in conventional cultivation (C.C) of rice field, respectively, it was applied twice at two region in organic cultivation (O.C). Rice strip virus, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath blight, bacterial leaf blight, rice water weevil, rice leaf folder, and plant hoppers were occurred mainly in rice field. Leaf blast, neck blast, and rice leaf folder were occurred highly at O.C compared with C.C. 2) Growth level of rice in clum and panicle length was lower at O.C than C.C. Number of panicles per hill was by 0.6 higher at O.C than C.C. Number of panicles per hill was by 0.6 higher at O.C than C.C in Noahn region. Number of spikelets per panicle, grain filling ratio, brown/rough rice ratio, and weight of 1,000 grains was lower at O.C than C.C. Number of panicles per hill was by 0.8 lower at O.C than C.C in Bannam region. Number of spikelets per panicle and grain filling ratio was higher at O.C than C.C while brown/rough rice ratio was lower at O.C. Total yield percentage of rice in O.C was level of 84% at Noahn region and 94% at Bannam region compared with C.C. 3) Head rice percentage was lower at in O.C than C.C at two region. Protein and palatability (Toyo value) were lower at O.C than C.C in Bannam region causing occurrence of neck blast and rice leaf folder by oversupply of nitrogen fertilizer. Protein, whiteness, and palatability (Toyo value) were adequate level at O.C in Noahn region by lower nitrogen fertilizer.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.545-552
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• 1998

This study was undertaken to clarify the effects of electrical stimulation on the biochemical properties of plaice sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils at early period of death. The plaices were electrically stimulated (110V/60 Hz) In sea water bath for 15, 35, and 60 seconds, and killed instantly by spiking at the head. Killed samples were investigated for the changes in $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity of FSR (fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum), LSR (light SR), HSR (heavy SR), and SDS-PAGE pattern of FSR. $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity of FSR increased until $45^{\circ}C$ and inactivated over $50^{\circ}C$. $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase activity of FSR remarkably decreased according to the duration of electrical stimulation. Myofibrillar $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity of electrically stimulated plaices in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$ was higher than that of sample instantly killed by spiking. $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity of myofibrils increased by electrical stimulation and the activity decreased during storage at $5^{\circ}C$. Myofibrillar $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity in sample killed by spiking was not affected by $Ca^{2+}$ ion. Myofibrillar $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity of electrically stimulated sample in the absen-re of $Ca^{2+}$ decreased during storage at $5^{\circ}C$, whit $Mg^{2+}$-ATPase activity in unstimulated sample did not show any change. $Ca^{2+}$-sensitivity of myofibrils showed no differences between electrically stimulated sample and sample killed by spiking, and the was no change during at $5^{\circ}C$.