• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.237-248
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• 2008

Development of T. urticae was studied on the leaves of eggplant grown in hydroponics with nitrogen contents of 5 mM, 10 mM, 30 mM, and 60 mM. As the nitrogen level in hydroponics increased, it also increased in the plant whereas that of K, Ca, and Mg decreased. More nitrogen in hydroponics resulted in increased contents of water and crude protein, and decreased ash, carbohydrates, and fibers within the plant. Biomass was the heaviest as 989.5 g at 10 mM and the lightest at 60 mM. Leaf thickness and the content of chlorophyll increased as the content of nitrogen increased. Laboratory leaf disc tests obtained from plants grown at various nitrogen levels revealed that feeding and oviposition preferences of T. urticae were high at 30 mM and low at 5 mM. Ratio of damaged leaf by naturally occurring T. urticae on eggplants of 99 days post-transplant in the greenhouse was the highest as 98% at 60 mM. Degrees of damage on eggplants with and without T. urticae infestation turned up more as the differences in the levels of nitrogen in the hydroponics get bigger. No definite differences in the rate of T. urticae development was found between nitrogen treatment levels but, mortalities in immature stages dropped as the nitrogen levels went up. Adult longevity was the longest of 11.9 for female and 6.9 days for male at 60 mM. Oviposition period was also the longest as 11.7 days at 60 mM and shortened as the level of nitrogen decreased. The number of eggs oviposited was the most as 144.4 at 60 mM while it was the least as 41.0 at 5 mM. Sex ratio was 0.75 in favor of female at 10 mM. $R_o$ and T increased, no trends were detected in $r_m\;and\;{\lambda}$, while Dt decreased as the levels of nitrogen went up.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2018

Hot-air and freeze dried powder from aged black ginger were mixed under the ratio conditions of sample "A" (8:2), "B" (5:5), "C"(2:8), "D" (10:0) and "E" (0:10), respectively. The physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities in the 5 kinds of powder were compared. The water absorption index was significantly higher in freeze dried powder, and it tended to be significantly increased depend on the ratio of freeze dried sample. The browning intensity was significantly higher in the hot-air dried samples, but the color intensity was not significant. Total and reducing sugar contents were significantly higher in freeze dried sample. Total sugar content in mixed sample tended to significantly increased as the amount of freeze dried sample. Total phenol content was significantly higher in the sample "A". The contents of gingerol and shogaol were significantly higher in mixed sample "A", 6-gingerol content showed no significant difference according to the drying method. Cholesterol absorption activity was significantly higher in the freeze dried sample "E". The DPPH radical scavenging activity showed a little difference according to the drying method, but the ABTS radical scavenging activity and reducing power in the hot-air dried sample were significantly higher than those of freeze dried. And the activity of mixed powder "A" was significantly higher than others. These results suggest that aged black ginger was superior in terms of quality and functionality of the hot-air drying compared to freeze-drying, and it would be economically effective to the mixed sample "A".

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.424-431
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• 1995

This study was conducted to evaluate resistance and physiological responses of Zelkova serrata Makino seedlings to ozone in open-top chamber. One-year-old seedlings of Zelkova serrata were planted in pots in April and grown in greenhouse until August. The plants were transferred into two out-door open-top chambers with a dimension of 2.0 m in diameter and 2.0 m in height. First chamber served as a control and was supplied with ambient air. Ozone was added to the second chamber for 5 hours per day(10.00 AM-15.00 PM) for 23 consecutive days at 0.1 ppm. Each chamber housed 70 pots. Every two, three or five days after initiation of exposure, ten pots were randomly removed from the chamber and determined for the contents of chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll and ${\beta}$-carotene in the leaves. Photosynthesis and dark respiration were estimated by measuring $CO_2$ absorption in a gas exchange chamber and oxygen absorption by oxygen monitoring system, respectively. Superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity in the leaves was assayed by a xanthine oxidase method. First visible injury of translucent(water-soaked looking) spots appeared on the leaves 14 days after the initial exposure, and ozone accelerated senescence of old leaves. Contents of chlorophyll a and b decreased by 17%, and 31%, respectively, in ozone treatment two days after exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll b was greater than that of chlorophyll a. Content of ${\beta}$-carotene in ozone treatment decreased by 25% two days after initiation of exposure, but the reduction was recovered with time. Photosynthesis decreased by 45%, and the respiration increased by 28% in the ozone treatment. SOD activity started to increase 4 days after beginning of exposure and increased by 285% 7 days after exposure, and decreased to the level below the control treatment with the advancement of the visible injury.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1829-1836
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• 2013

This study is carried out to investigate the physicochemical characteristics, microbial population, and sensory characteristics during fermentation of Korean traditional rice wine with addition of glutinous rice. The fed-batch fermentation of rice was performed by Nuruk and yeast for 10 days at $28^{\circ}C$ in a water bath. The four fermentation batches included 0, 10, 15 and 20% of glutinous rice based on the total rice contents. The growth of total viable cells, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and yeasts were similar among the four batches during the fermentation period. The population for total viable cells and LAB were increased for the first 3 days, and decreased slowly until 10 days. The number of yeast cells was rapidly decreased after day 6, when the alcohol content reached about 15% for all the fermentation batches. Physicochemical characteristics, such as pH, total acidity, and reducing sugars, were not different with the increase of additional glutinous rice contents. The ethanol production was higher in Korean traditional rice wine from non-glutinous rice (17.1%) than ones from glutinous rice (15.8~16.7%). For the sensory evaluations, Korean traditional rice wine with 15% glutinous rice was highly preferred due to the highest sweetness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.671-680
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the effects and potential mechanisms of action of black soybean extracts and fermented black soybean extracts by Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium animals subsp. lactis BB-12 (BB-12) on proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells (HFDPC). We examined changes in pH, total polyphenol, sugar, and reducing sugar contents according to fermentation period of black soybean extracts. Assay using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was performed to determine cell toxicity levels of the four black soybean extracts [black soybean water extract (BWE), black soybean ethanol extract (BEE), fermented BWE (F-BEW), and fermented BEE (F-BEE)]. Changes in mRNA expression levels of hair growth promoting factors and hair growth inhibiting factors by the four black soybean extracts were measured by real-time PCR. In addition, phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase family proteins were measured by western blot analysis. As a result, fermentation of black soybeans significantly reduced pH, total polyphenols, and sugar/reducing sugar contents. All four black soybean extracts showed no cellular toxicity in HFDPC. In fact, BEE significantly enhanced cell viability of HFDPC at $100{\mu}g/mL$ compared to control. BWE, BEE, and BWE-F significantly increased mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, and all four extracts increased mRNA expression of fibroblast growth factor. However, mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-related genes were not affected by black soybean extracts in HFDPC. Furthermore, BWE, BEE, and BWE-F significantly increased phosphorylation levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinase compared to control. Taken together, we demonstrated that black soybean extracts enhanced proliferation of human follicle dermal papilla cells partially via activation of hair growth promoting factors, although no particular significant effects on proliferation were observed by fermentation of black soybeans.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.319-323
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• 2000

This study was conducted to compare fractionations and availability of heavy metal in paddy soils near five abandoned mining areas. The sequential extraction procedure was used to fractionate the heavy metals in soils into the designated from water $soluble(H_2O)$, $exchangeable(0.5M\;KNO_3)$, organically bound(0.5M NaOH), $oxide/carbonate(0.05M\;Na_2-EDTA)$, and $sulfide/residual(4M\;HNO_3)$. EDTA and $HNO_3$ extractable of Cd, Pb, and Zn, and NaOH and $HNO_3$, extractable of Cu were predominant chemical forms. The ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb were 25.1, 8.7, 4.0, and 0.4%, respectively. The ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable heavy metal were negatively correlated with soil pH, while $EDTA+HNO_3$ extractable heavy metal were positively correlated. The most consistent distribution patterns were found when the soil samples were grouped according to their total contents. Specially, the ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable heavy metal were higher as total contents of heavy metal were increased. The ratio of $H_2O+KNO_3$ extractable heavy metal(Cd 1.06, Cu 0.15, Pb 0.01, and Zn 0.05%) were lower at the high soil pH than those(Cd 31.31, Cu 4.06, Pb 1.75, and Zn 10.16%) at the low level. Compared to other chemical forms, the degree of contribution for $KNO_3$ extractable form to the Cd uptake to brown rice was high, whereas that for EDTA and $HNO_3$ extractable forms were high to the Zn.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.220-227
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• 2016

The objective of this research was to investigate the influence of application rates of dolomitic lime in the acid substrate on the mitigation of high bicarbonate damage in 'Seolhyang' strawberry. For this purpose, an acid substrate was formulated by mixing of sphagnum peat moss and pine bark with the ratio of 5:5 (v/v). The pH, EC and CEC of the substrate analyzed before application of dolomite were 4.07, $0.46dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and $91.3cmol+/kg^{-1}$, respectively. To adjust the pH of substrate, various amounts of dolomitic lime [$CaMg(CO_3)_2$] such as 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, and $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ were added during substrate formulation. Then, seedlings with 3 leaf stage were transplanted as mother plants and those were fed with Hoagland solution containing $240mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of the $HCO_3{^-}$. The growth parameters of mother plants 140 days after transplanting, such as plant height, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight were the highest in the treatments of 2 and $3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ of dolomitic lime. The physiological disorders in mother plants were not observed in the 1, 2 and $3g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, but the symptoms of Ca, K and B deficiencies were observed in the 0 and $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments. During the propagation period, the number of daughter plants derived from each mother plant were 21.0, 29.5, 35.8, 27.3 and 16.0 in the treatments of 0, 1, 2, 3 and $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. The substrate pH during cultivation of mother plants were maintained at appropriate levels for the 1 and $2g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatments, whereas it was the highest in $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. The contents of macro- and micro-elements in the above ground tissue were the highest in $2g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and the lowest in $4g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ lime treatments. Above results suggest that the bicarbonate injury originated from ground water can be mitigated by adjusting the amount of dolomitic lime incorporated into the acid substrate.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

This study was conducted to establish the standard method for the contents of biotin in milk formulas. To optimize the method, we compared several conditions for liquid extraction, purification and instrumental measurement using spiked samples and certified reference material (NIST SRM 1849a) as test materials. LC-MS/MS method for biotin was established using $C_{18}$ column and binary gradient 0.1% formic acid/acetonitrile, 0.1% formic acid/water mobile phase is applied for biotin. Product-ion traces at m/z 245.1 ${\rightarrow}$ 227.1, 166.1 are used for quantitative analysis of biotin. The linearity was over $R^2=0.999$ in range of $5{\sim}60{\mu}g/L$. For purification, chloroform was used as a solvent for eliminating lipids in milk formula. The linearity was over 0.999 in range of 5~60 ng/mL. The detection limit and quantification limit were 0.10, 0.31 ng/mL. The accuracy and precision of LC-MS/MS method using CRM were 103%, 2.5% respectively. Optimized methods were applied in sample analysis to verify the reliability. All the tested milk formulas were acceptable contents of biotin compared with component specification and standards for nutrition labeling. The standard operating procedures were prepared for biotin to provide experimental information and to strengthen the management of nutrient in milk formula.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2008

Farmers directly spread the livestock manure compost on their arable land as an organic fertilizer. However, there are some difficult problems to solve. first, we are unsure of whether the livestock manure compost can meet the nutritional demand of plant. Second, application of the current powered livestock manure compost to crop land is very difficult work due to heavy weight of compost and its powdered shape. For this reason, this study was carried out to develope high quality pelletized livestock manure compost. In pelletizing process with composted manure, the optimal water content for pelletizing was around 30$\sim$40%. When rice bran was mixed with 5% as a bonding agent on volume basis, the pelletizing effect was remarkably improved. On a dry matter basis, the contents of N and P of manure compost were 1.31%, and 0.58%, respectively. After pelletizing, the contents of compost pelleted were 1.37% and 0.54%, respectively. The same parameters of pelletized compost made by screw type Instrument were 1.37% and 0.53%, respectively. The other hand, N and P content of pelletized compost made by pellet mill type instrument were 1.06% and 0.18%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.267-280
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• 2015

The study was conducted to evaluate effects of time and degree of defoliation on growth of 'Wonhwang' pear (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) trees managing with low pesticides as well as regrowth of cuttings in vitro. Treatments included degree of defoliation (20% and 60%) with time of defoliation (Early-Aug, End-Aug, and Early-Sep); Early-Aug (20%), Early-Aug (60%), End-Aug (20%), End-Aug (60%), Early-Sep (20%), Early-Sep (60%), and No defoliation. No defoliation and Early-Sep (20%) defoliation increased growth of water sprouts and new shoots, which were improved by delayed defoliation or 20% of defoliation. Total-C, total-N, B, and free sugar contents increased in No defoliation-shoots but decreased in End-Aug (60%)-shoots. Delayed defoliation increased total-C, total-N, and free sugar in shoots, with high contents of C, K, Ca, Mg, and B observed for 20% of defoliation-trees. Fruit yield and weight or fruit length increased in No defoliation, End-Aug (20%) defoliation, and Early-Sep (20%) defoliation, but reduced in End-Aug (60%). Fruit soluble solids content reduced in defoliation in August. Time of defoliation did not affect the fruit yield and fruit quality, while degree of defoliation influenced yield and fruit weight and length. Defoliation at End-Aug (60%) mostly increased the leakage rates of the stem cuttings at $-18^{\circ}C$ and $-21^{\circ}C$ in vitro and reduced the germination rates at $-24^{\circ}C$ and $-27^{\circ}C$. Under comparison of time and degree of defoliation, the Early-Sep defoliation increased germination rates of the stem cuttings at $-27^{\circ}C$ in vitro, and 60% of defoliation decreased the germination rates compared to the 20% of defoliation.