• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.192-198
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• 2000

Influence of the fluorescent whitening agent(FWA)'s adsorption on the whiteness of cotton and on the color change of the dyed fabrics was investigated by repeating wash cycles. Cotton 100% and cotton60/polyester40 blended fabrics were dyed pink, blue and yellow, and cyanuric chloride diamino stilbene(CC/DAS) and distyryl bisphenyl(DSBP) were used for the FWA with laundry detergents. Fabrics were washed at $20^\circ{C}$ with Terg-o-tometer. The FWA adsorption amount was measured by the absorption intensity for the pyridine-water extracted solution. The FWA adsorption increased on the cotton fabric with the wash cycles. Though adsorption of CC/DAS continuously increased up to the 20th cycle, that of DSBP increased sharply before the 10th cycle and reached an equilibrium. The whiteness of the fabrics dried in the shade was greater than that dried under the sunlight through window glass. The color change of dyed fabrics was increased by the number of wash cycles. Pink changed more greatly than blue, yellow or grey cloth. The color change(\Delta{E)}$ of dyed fabric washed repeatedly up to the 20th cycle with the detergent without FWA was less than 1. It is recommended to wash pale colored fabric with the detergent free of FWA.

• 대한설비공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한설비공학회 2005년도 동계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.451-456
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• 2005

The mathematical model for the heat exchangers of absorber and desorber is made in the elementary control volume method and the thermodynamic properties of working fluid. water/ammonia mixture. are calculated by some fundamental subroutines in RefProp 7.0 and flash subroutines made by authors The simulation results show that two-stage cycle has higher COP than single stage if temperature lift is high: the performance of single stage compression cycle can be improved by increase of absorber pressure. but the performance of two-stage compression cycle can not be improved in this way : the compressor discharging temperature of two-stage compression is much lower than that of single stage cycle. which is very important to the safety operation of CA heat pump. Major parameter comparison between the cycles at their optimal configurations is also given.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2020

이 연구에서는 고흡수율 폴리머(SAPs)를 포함하는 시멘트계 재료의 자기치유에 대한 습윤/건조 반복 작용의 영향을 실험적으로 평가하였다. 매 주기마다 SAP 함량을 변수로 하는 시멘트 페이스트 시편을 균열 이후 1시간 동안 습윤 조건에 노출시키고(흡수율시험 및 투수시험 진행), 47시간 동안 건조 조건에 노출시켰다. 흡수율시험 결과 SAP 미혼입 시편, SAP 0.5%, SAP 1.0%, SAP 1.5% 혼입 시편의 균열을 통한 흡수율이 각각 1주기 대비 8주기 이후 22.9%, 36.8%, 42.8%, 46.3% 감소한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 투수시험 결과 모든 시편의 균열을 통한 물 유출량은 습윤/건조 주기에 따라 점차 감소하였으며, 특히 SAP 함량이 증가할수록 유량 감소율은 증가하였다. 또한, X-ray CT 분석을 통해 균열 내 SAPs의 유입수에 의한 팽윤 거동이 확인되었다. 실험 결과는 SAPs가 유입수를 흡수하여 팽윤함에 따라 유효 균열폭이 감소될 수 있고, SAPs는 흡수한 물을 건조 조건에서 주변 균열부에 공급함에 따라 치유 생성물의 형성을 촉진시킬 수 있음을 나타낸다. 이 연구의 결과는 SAPs의 혼입이 균열의 수밀성을 증가시킴에 따라 시멘트계 재료의 자기치유 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.533-540
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• 2000

Condensation heat transfer characteristics have been investigated experimentally when a water vapor is condensed on the outside of a horizontal copper tube in a condenser. This problem is of particular interest in the design of a LiBr-water absorption system. Hydrophilic surface modification was performed to increase the wettability on the copper tube. The optimum hydrophilic treatment condition using acethylene and nitrogen as reaction gas is also studied in detail. The results obtained indicate that the optimum reaction gas ratio of acethylene to nitrogen for hydrophilic surface modification was found to be 7 : 3 for the best condensation heat transfer. In the wide ranges of coolant inlet temperatures, and coolant mass flow rates, both the condensation heat transfer rate and the condensation heat transfer coefficient of a hydrophilic copper tube are increased substantially, compared with those of a conventional copper tube used in a condenser. It is also found that the condensation heat transfer enhancement by the hydrophilic surface modification still emains even after a hundred cycles of wet/dry processes.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.307-317
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• 2024

To get a better understanding of the effect of drying-wetting cycles (DWC) on the mechanical behaviors of silty clay hiving different initial moisture content (IMC), the direct shear tests were performed on sliding band soil taken from a reservoirinduced landslide at the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The results indicated that, as the increasing number of DWC, the shear stress-displacement curves type changed from strain-hardening to strain-softening, and both the soil peak strengths and strength parameters reduced first and then nearly remain unchanged after a certain number of DWC. The effects of DWC on the cohesion were predominated that on the internal friction angle. The IMC of 17% is regarding as the critical moisture content, and the evolution laws of both peak shear strength and strength parameters presented a reversed 'U' type with the rising of the IMC. Based on it, a strength deterioration evolution model incorporating the influence of IMC and DWC was developed to describe the total degradation degree and degradation rate of strength parameters, and the degradation of strength parameters caused by DWC could be counterbalanced to some extent as the soil IMC close to critical moisture content. The microscopic mechanism for the soil strength caused by the IMC and DWC were discussed separately. The research results are of great significance for further understanding the water-weakening mechanicals of the silty clay subjected to the water absorption/desorption.

• 태양에너지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.29-38
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• 1995

본 연구는 $H_2O/LiBr$와 $NH_3/H_2O$계를 사용하는 2단2원 흡수식 사이클의 특성에 관한 연구이다. 이 사이클은 2개의 단효용 사이클로 이루어져 있으며, 저온단의 흡수기와 응축기에서 얻어진 열을 고온단의 증발기에서 이용하는 사이클로서 저온단의 증발기 및 응축기의 온도, 재생기 온도, 열교환 온도차를 파라메터로 하여 계산한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 2단2원사이클의 성립범위를 확인하였으며 본 계산조건에서 $50{\sim}70^{\circ}C$의 승온폭을 얻을 수 있었다. 또한 $50^{\circ}C$의 난방온도를 얻기위한 최적재생온도는 $105^{\circ}C$, 최대 COP를 얻기위한 저온측사이클의 응축압력은 $16^{\circ}C$, 그리고 이 조건에서 저온측 사이클의 응축압력을 단효용 사이클의 경우보다 낮게 억제하는 것이 가능함을 알았다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.695-701
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• 2002

Maxwell displacement current (MDC) measuring technique has been applied on the study of monolayers of fatty acid and polyamic acid mixture. The displacement current was generated from monolayers on the water surface by monolayer compression and expansion. Displacement current was generated when the area per molecule was about 132 $^2$and 115 $^2$just before the initial rise of the surface pressure during the 1st and 2nd mixed monolayer compressions cycle, respectively. Maxwell displacement currents were investigated in connection with mixed monolayer compression cycles. It was found that the maximum of MDC appeared at the molecular area just before the initial rise of surface pressure in compression cycles. Ultra thin film of fatty acid and polyamic acid mixture was prepared on the hydrophilic quartz plate by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) method. The precursor LB film was heated in a vacuum dry oven at 12$0^{\circ}C$ in order to convert it into the LB film of polyimide. The absorption spectra of LB films were also induced photoisomerization by UV and visible light irradiation.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.299-308
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• 1996

In order to develop the controlled release of a drug from the suppsitories, in vitro drug release and in vivo absorption in rabbits were investigated. Various suppository forms with hollow cavities, into which drugs in the form of fine powder or solid dispersion system(SDS) could be placed, were utilized. The polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) hydrogel as a base, and propranolol HCl(PPH) as a model drug were employed. In vitro drug dissolution studies showed that the dissolved amounts(%) of PPH from PPH-methylcellulose(MC)-SDS and PPH-ethylcellulose(EC)-SDS reached 100% and 63% in 4.5-hours, respectively. In the relative strength test for PVA hydrogel, PVA hydrogel became harder and more rigid when the number of freezing-thawing cycles and the ratio of PVA 2000 were increased. In vitro drug release profile revealed that the release rate(%) of PPH from PPH-EC-SDS and PPH-MC-SDS hollow type suppositories were sustained. The release amount(%) of PPH from PPH-EC-SDS hollow type suppositories was not affected by storage time, but since the use of hydrophilic MC made PPH diffuse into the hydrogel after it absorbed the water of base, the various release patterns were appeared as the storage time went by. In vivo absorption experiments with rabbits showed that PPH-EC-SDS(PPH : EC=1:3) hollow type suppository delayed the absorption of PPH, significantly. The $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8}$ and MRT of PPH powder hollow type suppository were $196.37{\pm}5.63\;ng/ml$, 1105.26 ng/ml/min and 8.66 min, respectively. The $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0{\rightarrow}8}$ and MRT of PPH-EC-SDS(PPH : EC=1:3) were $91.30{\pm]14.14\;ng/ml$, 554.69 ng/ml/min, 235.99 min, respectively.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.53-62
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to understand the tolerance mechanism of woody plants to water stress and tolerance changes in relation to mycorrhizal formation. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. commonly used for erosion control in slopes were raised from seeds and transplanted to 120 plastic pots. Sixty pots received the top soil of a Fraxinus americana forest, while remaining 60 pots received the autoclaved top soil. The forest soil contained 1,200 spores per 100g of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus, mostly Glomus sp. The plants were raised outside with regular supply of water and mineral nutrients. Two kinds of water deficit treatment and a control were started at the middle of July : cyclic water deficit treatment with 3 cycles of sequential water stress at the point of xylem water potential of about -0.6, -0.6, and -1.7 MPa and recovery, and non-cyclic water deficit treatment with single water stress at about -1.5 MPa. The non-stressed plants received plenty of water throughout the period. In late August the plants were harvested for measurements of dry weight, N, P, carbohydrate contents, net photosynthesis and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities. Both cyclic and non-cyclic water deficit treatments reduced dry weight by 60% and 40%, respectively, and reduced nitrogen absorption, while increased SOD activities. Water-stressed plants also showed increased carbohydrate contents in the leaves and lowered stomatal conductance. Mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in an average of 40% infection of roots and 2-3 times increase in P absorption in water-stressed as well as non-stressed plants. Mycorrhizal formation also increased shoot-root ratio. The results that SOD activities of water-stressed plants with mycorrhizal infection were significantly lower than those of non-mycorrhizal plants suggest the possibility of improvement of water-stressed condition by mycorrhizal formation. It was concluded that endomycorrhizal formation increased tolerance of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya seedlings to water stress.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.25-29
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• 1994

Diffuse reflectance and emission spectra of 7-hydroxyquinoline intercalated in the supercage of X and Y zeolites are compared with the absorption and emission spectra of aqueous 7-hydroxyquinoline solutions at various pH to understand protropic and photophysical properties of 7-hydroxyquinoline in zeolite microenvironments. Predominance of zwitterionic spedes with significant existences of the other three protropic equilibrium species, normal, protonated and deprotonated species in zeolite samples indicates that the major fraction of the molecules interact with strong acid and base sites of zeolite at an adsorbed position. Observed zeolite pHs of near neutrality are established by a near balance in numbers of many strong acid and base sites rather than by'small numbers or weakness of acid and base sites. Excitations of nonzwitterionic species such as deprotonated species also give prevailing zwitterionic fluorescence, indicating that excited and ground proton transfer cycles of protropic species can be triggered by photons in organized zeolite media as well as in water.