• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.93-98
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the changes of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme during in vitro development with washing culture oil in porcine embryos. During the culture, the four types of culture oil such as paraffin oil with or without washing and mineral oil with or without washing were examined. The oil was washed with PZM-3 during 7 days and collected oil only. The embryos were stained with CellTracker$^{TM}$ Red, DCFDA and Hoechst 33342 to confirm the effects of the oil. As a results, Cleavage rates and total cell number were no difference among the four oil groups. However, ${\geq}16$ cell embryos were significantly different in fore type oil treatment and blastocyst rate was significantly higher washing paraffin treatment than in other group(p<0.05). Also, the expression of free radical were lower in washing paraffin oil than in other groups (p<0.05). On the other hand, the expression of glutathione were not significant different among paraffin oil with or without washing and mineral oil with or without washing, however washing paraffin oil and washing mineral groups were higher than other treatment groups. In conclusion, the washing oil was expected with positive effects on in vitro development in porcine embryos.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.8
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• pp.808-816
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• 2008

In the present paper, a study has been performed on remediating mine tailings around abandoned mine contaminated with high concentrations of arsenic and heavy metals using the technique of soil washing. Through the removal experiment of arsenic, the optimal conditions in the type and concentration of washing reagent, mixing ratio of mine tailings and washing reagent, and washing time were derived. Results showed that the most effective washing reagents to remove arsenic from mine tailings were oxalic acid(72% removal efficiency) and phosphoric acid(65%), while the oxalic acid(89%) was the most effective in removing the heavy metals containing Cu. In addition, the most economical and efficient washing concentration was 0.25 M and the most suitable washing time was 30 minutes. The optimal mixing ratio of mine tailings and washing reagent was 1 : 20(mass/vol) from the viewpoint of minimization of wastewater produced after the washing, as well as the washing effectiveness. Although the mixture of washing reagents did not help in removal of arsenic, it could lead to much elevated synergy effect on removing Cu and Zn, compared with the single reagent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.12-15
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• 1999

Soils collected from an agricultural field in Youngdong, Chungbuk province were intentionally: contaminated with lead and copper. The efficiencies of soil washing with HCl, SDS and Tween 80 were investigated through the column mode experiments. Washing with 0.1 N HCl obtained the best result for lead and copper removal (95.04 %, 95.94 %). In case of SDS, lead and copper removal rate was such poor as 7.1 % and copper was 24.04 %, respectively. Meanwhile, washing of contaminated soil with Tween 80, did not show any significant removal effect. It was found that the washing efficiency was dependent on pH of washing agent.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.18 no.3 s.88
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• pp.31-41
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• 2006

Functional properties are available with sputtering. But sputtering treatment alone cannot got a good fastness performance to washing, rubbing and light. This research was objected to investigate optimum condition by sputtering on polyester through various processing conditions such as ion current and treatment time, and then various resin treated onto metal coated polyester fabrics in order to increase washing fastness of metal membrane. As the results, the optimum conditions revealed 1500 mA of ion current, 2 min of treatment time in sputter, and suitable resin concentrations were 2% of o.w.s (on the weight of solution) in resin treatment. Therefore, we could get enhanced anti-static effect and flex stiffness as well as washing fastness in sputtered polyester fabric with various resin treatment, for example, melamine and polyurethane.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.87-101
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• 1999

This study has been carried out to examine the feasibility of washing technique for reducing the heavy metal contamination level of tailing wastes and agricultural soil surrounding abandoned metal mines. Some organic acids with low molecular weight were used as washing solution. Initial contamination levels of copper and lead for some soil samples were found to exceed the standard levels of countermeasure and concern, and those of cadmium to approach the standard level of countermeasure. Experimental results using sequential extraction method revealed that more than half of copper and lead existing in tailing wastes are adsorbed forms available for plants. There are some proportional relationships between metal concentrations determined by using 0.1N HCI solution and those determined by sequential extractions. Citric acid was turned out to be superior to oxalic acid and acetic acid with low molecular weight in washing above three metals. When citric acid is used for washing heavy metals from soil, it is desirable to operate at pH less than 5.5 for better washing effect. Metal removal effect by citric acid solution has been proved to depend upon solution concentration and the mass ratio of solution to soil. Addition of SDS(Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate) to citric acid improved the washing effect of cadmium among three metal most significantly. while copper removal did not change. Washing technique using citric acid for removal of heavy metals from agricultural soil or tailing wastes is recognized to be an effective remediation method.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.51-58
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• 2008

This paper presents the effect of acid treatment on the removal of metals and the brightness of pulp. The bleached kraft pulps, metal-absorbed pulps and recycled pulps((ONP, OCC, MOW, and SC) were treated with the acidic solutions. Among metals in the bleached kraft pulps, Cu, Ca and Mg were removed easily by the acid washing, whereas Fe, Al and Si were not removed. The acid washing also removed distinctly metals from the metal-absorbed pulps. The metals absorbed in pulps reduced the brightness (%, ISO). Especially, Fe was the most detrimental metal. However, the brightness which was decreased by metals was restored to the status quo by the acid washing. The level of metals in recycled pulps was gradually reduced after the first flotation and acid treatment. Hence, the degree of metal removal by the acid washing was mainly dependent upon the kinds of waste pulps and metal ions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.840-851
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• 2021

In this study, we used a chemiluminescence reaction to investigate the removal effect of pet soil, such as dog blood, urine and feces. The soiled fabrics were washed with a standard laundry course of 30℃ and a washing time of 30 min and a pet care laundry course of 40-60℃ and a washing time of 100 min. The detergency was evaluated by the surface reflectance and chemiluminescence reaction (bloodstain detection by luminol test and urine-stain and feces-stain detection by UV blacklight test) before and after washing. The surface reflectance results did not show any difference in detergency for both courses, whereas the chemiluminescence reaction did. The detergency of the pet care course compared to the standard course was 101% according to the surface reflectance and 120% according to the chemiluminescence reaction. Therefore, residual stains not detected by surface reflectance can be evaluated through chemiluminescence reaction, and it was confirmed that pet stains can be managed more hygienically by washing for a long time at a high temperature.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.269-274
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• 2018

This study was done to identify the effects of the hand washing procedure poster on the hand washing behaviors after Mers outbreak. Method: This study was conducted by observing a total of 370 people(185 people in no- poster zone, 185 people in poster zone) who used the public restroom. Results: As a result of comparing the hand washing with and without the poster, the subjects who washed their hands with the poster around were 83.2%, which was higher than the 47% of the subjects without the poster. The Time spent on the hand washing was similar between the groups with or without the poster around. Also only 3.3% of the subjects actually completed the entire 6 procedures of hand washing. The subjects who finished more than 4 procedures out of 6 were 17% from the group with the poster around, and 10.3% from the group without. Conclusion: The hand washing poster was effective in encouraging the behavior itself, but not specifically in the right way during the ideal time nor the right procedures. Therefore, verbal instructions made every time washing hands or more visual effective posters are required to enhance the hand washing procedures.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.694-699
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• 2002

The present experiment was carried out to determine the effect of seed-coat softening by various chemicals, washing, chilling, and light treatment alone and in combination during desiccation of seeds on germination of gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) seeds. Potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, acetone, acetonitrile, and acetamide were used as chemicals for the softening. Washing, prechilling, drying and light treatment of the softened seeds were done for a hour with tap water, for one or three weeks at 3$^{\circ}C$, 12 hr at 35$^{\circ}C$, and 14 hr a day at 3$0^{\circ}C$ with red light illumination or darkness, respectively. FR-yongjadaemok and FR-kunghap were used as test cultivars. Seed-coat softening with 10% acetone and acetonitrile for 1 hour enhanced and accelerated seed germination compared to the other chemicals and water imbibition. KOH treated for the softening was necessary to increase the germination rate of seeds for following chilling, but acetone did not influence their germinability regardless of chilling. Washing the softened seeds in tap water increased the germination rate in comparison with no-washing. During desiccation of the seeds sequentially treated with the softening, washing and chilling, red light treatment showed higher germination rate than dark one, suggesting that red light treatment are necessary during desiccation.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.74-83
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• 2020

In this study, the effect of hydrochloric acid (HCl) concentrations on removal efficiency and chemical forms of heavy metals in dredged sediment during acid washing was investigated. The removal efficiencies of Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd by acid washing were 18.4-92.4%, 7.2-83.7%, 9.4-75%, 8.1-53.4% and 34.4-70.8%, respectively. Overall, the removal efficiencies of heavy metals were remarkably enhanced with the increase of the acid strength. However, the removal efficiencies for 0.5 and 1.0 M HCl were comparable, and both cases met the Korean soil contamination standard. Based on the sequential extraction results, concentration of the exchangeable fraction (F1), the most labile fraction, increased whereas concentrations of the other fractions decreased with increasing acid strength. Particularly, the carbonate (F2) and Fe/Mn oxides (F3) fractions drastically decreased by using 0.5 M or 1.0 M HCl. The current study results verified that acid washing could effectively reduce heavy metal concentrations and its potential mobility in dredged sediments. However, the study also found that acid washing may cause significant increase in bioavailable fraction of heavy metals, suggesting the need to evaluate the changes in chemical forms of heavy metals by acid washing when determining the acid strength to be applied.