• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.974-981
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• 2001

In this study, the minimum heat flux conditions are experimentally investigated for the spray cooling of hot plate. The hot plates are cooled down from the initial temperature of about$ 900^{\circ}C$, and the local heat flux and surface temperatures are calculated from the measured temperature-time history. The results show that the minimum heat flux point temperatures increase linearly resulting from the propagation of wetting front with the increase of the distance from the stagnation point of spray flow. However, in the wall region, the minimum heat flux point temperature becomes independent of the distance. Also, the velocity of wetting front increases with the increase of the droplet flow rate.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1314-1325
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• 1997

Experiments have been conducted to determine the flow and heat transfer characteristics for a two-dimensional turbulent wall attaching offset jet at different oblique angles to a flat surface. The distributions of the wall static pressure coefficient and time-averaged reattachment position for various offset ratios and oblique angles have been measured. The local Nusselt number distributions on the plate surface were also measured using liquid crystal as a temperature indicator. The new hue-capturing technique utilizing a true color image processing system was used to accurately determine the temperature of the liquid crystal. The experiments were carried out at Reynolds number, Re (based on D) of from 7300 to 21,300 with offset ratio, H/D from 2.5 to 10, and oblique angle, .alpha. from 0 deg. to 400 deg..

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.11-15
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• 2019

Severe wall thinning is found on the tube of a low-pressure evaporator(LPEVA) module that is used for a heat recovery steam generator(HRSG) of a district heating system. Since wall thinning can lead to sudden failure or accidents that lead to shutdown of the operation, it is very important to investigate the main mechanism of the wall thinning. In this study, corrosion analysis associated with a typical flow-accelerated corrosion(FAC) is performed using the corroded tube connected to an upper header of the LPEVA. To investigate factors triggering the FAC, the morphology, composition, and phase of the corroded product of the tube are examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The results show that the thinnest part of the tube is in the region where gas directly contacts, revealing the typical orange peel type of morphology frequently found in the FAC. The discovery of oxide scales containing phosphate indicates that phosphate corrosion is the main mechanism that weakens the stability of the protective magnetite film and the FAC accelerates the corrosion by generating the orange peel type of morphology.

• The Magazine of the Society of Air-Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers of Korea
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.583-589
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• 1988

Condensation of water vapor into an absorbent liquid of LiBr-water solution falling over a bank of water cooled horizontal tubes was investigated theoretically. The governing conservation equation for a re-defined physical transport phenomena were solved numerically using a finite difference method. Raw parameters were used in this study, since reliable experimental data is required prior to a dimensionless parametric study. The average values of wall heat transfer coefficient and interfacial absorption rate were defined to see the system performance. Other parameters include tube diameter, streamwise coordinate (and number of tubes in row), mass flow rate, and the wall temperature. The effects of these quantities on the absorption processes and suggestions for a rational system design have been presented.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.69-76
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• 2018

The present study analyzed the effect of film hole position of 45 degree ribbed cooling channel on film cooling performance of gas turbine blades. We also investigated the influence of the ribs under the fixed blowing ratio. Three-dimensional numerical model was constructed and extensive simulation was conducted using the commercial code (Fluent ver. 17.0) under steady-state condition. Base on the simulation results, We investigated the cooling effectiveness, flow velocity, streamline, and pressure coefficient. Moreover, We analyzed the effect of cooling hole position on ejection of the secondary flow caused by the rib structure. From the results, It was found that internal flow of the cooling channel forms a vortex pair in the counterclockwise from the top side, and clockwise from the bottom side. For the channels with ribs, the vortex flow generated by the ribs caused a higher pressure difference near the hole outlet, resulting in at least 12% higher cooling effectiveness than the channel without ribs. Additionally, when the hole is located on the left side of the ribbed channel (Rib-Left), it can be found that the secondary flow generated by the ribs hits against wall surface near the hole to form a flow in the direction of the hole inclination angle. Therefore, It is considered that the region where the cooling gas discharged to the blade surface stays in the main flow boundary layer is wider than the other cases. In this case, The largest pressure coefficient difference was observed near the outlet of the hole, and as a result, the discharge of the cooling gas was accelerated and the cooling efficiency was slightly increased.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.543-552
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• 1987

The effects of deposition variables on SnO2 CVD were investigated for SnCl4＋O2 reaction at 300∼700$^{\circ}C$, Psncl4=1${\times}$10-5∼1${\times}$10-3 atm, and Po2=5${\times}$10-4∼1 atm. A thermodynamic equilibrium study on Sn-Cl-O system has been performed with the computer calculation. The calculation indicates that major species participating the reaction in SnCl4 and not intermediate species, SnCl2. Good uniformity of the film thickness was obtained at the flow rate of 11cm/sec, which resulted from the stable gas flow in our cold wall reactor. The experimental results showed that apparent activation energy of the deposition was about 13.5Kcal/mole below the temperature of 500$^{\circ}C$ and the deposition mechanism was controlled by surface reation. The behavior of deposition rate on the reactant partial pressures could be explained with the Langmuri-Hinshelwood mechanism. X-ray study demonstrated that SnO2 film deposited at temperatures above 400$^{\circ}C$ were polycrystalline with tetragonal rutile structure and grew with (211) and (301) preferred orientations.

• Progress in Superconductivity
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2006

Buffer layers such as $CeO_2\;and\;Yb_2O_3$ films for YBCO coated conductors were deposited on (100) $SrTiO_3$ single crystals and (100) textured Ni substrates by a metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) system of the hot-wall type. The substrates were moved with the velocity of 40 cm/hr. Source flow rate, $Ar/O_2$ flow rate and deposition temperature were main processing variables. The degree of film epitaxy and surface morphology were investigated using XRD and SEM, respectively. On a STO substrate, the $CeO_2$ film was well grown epitaxially above the deposition temperature of $450^{\circ}C$. However, on a Ni substrate, the XRD showed NiO (111) and (200) peaks due to Ni oxidation as well as (111) and (200) film growth. For the films deposited with $O_2$ gas as oxygen source, it was found that the NiO film was formed at the interface between the buffer layer and the Ni substrate. The NiO layer interrupts the epitaxial growth of the buffer layer. It seems that the epitaxial growth of the buffer layer on Ni metal substrates using $O_2$ gas is difficult. We are considering a new method avoiding Ni oxidation with $H_2O$ vapor instead of $O_2$ gas.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.780-788
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• 2004

This paper reports the fluid flow and heat transfer around a module cooled by forced air flow generated by a piezoelectric(PZT) cooling fan. The fluids are locally accelerated by a flexible PZT fan which deflects inside a fluid transport system of comparatively simple structure mounted on a PCB in a parallel-plate channel(450${\times}$80${\times}$700㎣). Input voltages of 20-100V and a resonance frequency of 23㎐ were used to vibrate the cooling fan. Input power to the module was 4W. The fluid flow around the module was visualized by using PIV system. The temperature distributions around a heated module were visualized by using liquid crystal film(LCF). The cooling effect using a PZT fan was independent of the vent area ratios at the channel inlet and was similar to the forced convection cooling. We found that the flow type was Y-shape and the cooling effect was increased by the wake generated by a piezoelectric cooling fan.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2016.02a
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• pp.149-149
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• 2016

Ceramic is widely known material due to its outstanding mechanical property. Besides, Zirconia(ZrO2) has a low thermal conductivity so it is advantage in a heat insulation. Because of these superior properties, ZrO2 is attracted to many fields using ultra high temperature for example vehicle engines, aerospace industry, turbine, nuclear system and so on. However brittle fracture is a disadvantage of the ZrO2. In order to overcome this problem, we can make the ceramic materials to the forms of ceramic nanoparticles, ceramic nanowhiskers and these forms can be used to an agent of composite materials. In this work, we selected Au catalyzed Vapor-Liquid-Solid mechanism to synthesize ZrO2 nanowhiskers. The ZrO2 whiskers are grown through Hot-wall Chemical Vapor Deposition(Hot wall CVD) using ZrCl4 as a powder source and Au film as a catalyst. This Hot wall CVD method is known to comparatively cost effective. The synthesis condition is a temperature of $1100^{\circ}C$, a pressure of 760torr(1atm) and carrier gas(Ar) flow of 500sccm. To observe the morphology of ZrO2 scanning electron microscopy is used and to identify the crystal structure x-ray diffraction is used.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.38-44
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• 2022

Plasma density in semiconductor fabrication equipment becomes higher to achieve the improved the throughput of the process, but the increase of surface corrosion of the ceramic coated chamber wall has been observed by the increased plasma density. Plasma chamber wall coating with aerosol deposition prefer to be firm and uniform to prevent the potential creation of particle inside the chamber from the deformation of the coating materials, and the aerosol discharge nozzle is a good control factor for the deposited coating condition. In this paper, we investigated the design of the nozzle of the aerosol deposition to form a high-quality coating film. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study was employed to minimize boundary layer effect and shock wave. The degree of expansion, and design of simulation approach was applied to found out the relationship between the divergence angle and nozzle length as the key parameter for the nozzle design. We found that the trade-off tendency between divergence angle and nozzle length through simulation and quantitative analysis, and present the direction of nozzle design that can improve the uniformity of chamber wall coating.