• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.245-257
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• 2005

The income of wage earners and the transition of the inequality of their income from 1993 through 1998 have been analyzed. Korea's economy went through an epochal change since the beginning of the IMF economy and the inequality of income, which is part of the change incurred by this situation, has been studied in this thesis. The 'human capital theory' has been chosen as the basis of study. Also, gender, educational background and age, which are the key variables of the 'human capital theory', have been set as independent variables to compare each variable's influence in the distribution of income. From 1993 to 1998, the effect of gender has shown a fluctuating pattern whereas the effect of education declined slowly and the effect of age rapidly. The accumulative effect of the three variables show a fluctuating pattern, but at a declining mode. Though discrimination against gender, educational background and age, in terms of income, is at a declining mode, it is apparent that it still exists. Especially, discrimination against gender is continuing at a fluctuating pattern.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.129-152
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• 2006

The purpose in this study is to analyze the effect of expected public pension assets (or social security wealth) and retirement incentives on retirement behaviors of two wage earners households. For the purpose of the study, an empirical analysis was conducted. In the empirical step, it was found that the empirical results were significant for men, but not for women namely, statistically asymmetric if behaviors of two couples are interdependent. The cause for the statistically asymmetric results were then determined. The Bivariate Probit model was used for estimation in the first step and the KLIPS(Korean Labor and Income Panel Study) was used as data for estimation. According to the empirical analysis, the results showed statistically significant asymmetry for men, however not for women, in expected public pension assets and other retirement incentives, non-wage assets, age difference, spouse's health status, spouse's monthly wages per hour and aging of their spouse In this study, cause of statistically asymmetric result in asymmetric complementarities of leisure of couples were found, then explained through different methods of comparison from the most recent studies. First, spouse's cross wage elasticity of self leisure demand(retirement) was calculated and determined whether complementarities of leisure of couples is positive or negative. Then, the degree of complementarities of leisure was distinguished in comparison with the relative size of two cross elasticities. Thus, men have relatively strong complementarities of leisure. But for women, it may roughly cancel out due to the substitution effect and the income effect. Therefore, women have relatively weak complementarities of leisure.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.45
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• pp.72-100
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• 2001

Despite the rapid expansion of social security coverage in the 1990s, many wage earners in Korea, especially the majority of the nonstandard workforce are excluded in the social insurance programs. In this regards, the purpose of this paper is to analyze causes of the exclusion of nonstandard workers to the social insurance scheme and to suggest the feasible policy options. Through this paper, four arguments are addressed as follows. First, the main issue for exclusion from coverage of those workers is that they have no entitlement to social insurance. This is not an issue of that they fall below hours or income thresholds for the entitlement Second, the top-down process of the extension in the Korean social insurances have divided the wage earners into two groups, the insider (the included) and the outsider (the excluded). Many nonstandard workers belong to the latter category. Third, the social insurance systems have been designed for the regular workers who were characterized by a full-time with some degree of stability. Reform designed to cope with the growth of nonstandard workers must build on the existing structure of social insurance. Finally, the governance capacity by social security administration body must be improved in order to provide a basic social protection for those workers. For that, four separated social insurance administration bodies could be unified to one administrative body, or tax and contribution of social insurance could be collected by one integrated administration body, the National Tax Service.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-105
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• 2019

In this paper, we investigated the impacts of minimum wage on the working hours and labor income of wage earners considering coverage of minimum wage. The results show that the increase in the proportion of workers influenced by the minimum wage in the industry has a negative effect on the average monthly working hours and the average monthly salary of workers affected by the minimum wage. This implies that firms try to offset the rise in labor costs caused by increase in the minimum wage by adjusting the working hours of the employees influenced by the minimum wage. Our finding suggests that the minimum wage policy would reduce the labor income of workers affected by the minimum wage.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.139-159
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• 2016

This study aims to investigate the wage gap between male and female workers at social welfare institutions and to determine its factors. For this purpose, a Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition and regression models are applied to analyze wage survey data. The results are as follows. Firstly, the gender wage gap of social workers is a bit smaller, compared to the average of wage earners. Secondly, about two-thirds of wage gap is due to differences in productivity(endowment) factors; the other part is due to discrimination. Thirdly, the most important cause of gender wage gap is career disruptions of female workers largely due to marriage and birth. Fourthly, other causes of gender wage gap include differences in education, in job grade, in employment status, and in the characteristics of institutions. Finally, among the discriminating factors worsening gender wage gap, a key factor is a gender discrimination in the compensation for age.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

Adults in their middle age are being held back by their roles through economic activities, but their rapid retirement and job sharing are adding to their anxiety. Also, it is very important to establish welfare policies for the elderly in the future because it can predict the economic situation in the old age through the economic activities of middle-aged adults. My study analyzed the 6th data of Kreis of the National Pension Research Institute's. The number of people studied is 2,552 employed people aged 40 or over 64 across the country. According to the analysis, there were more men than women. There were many high school graduates and 50s. There were many people who had spouses and who lived in the province. Wage workers represented 53.1% of the total. The lower the age, the higher the level of education, the higher the number of wage earners. Only 29% of standard workers and 30.8% of regular workers were employed. There were many economically unstable middle-aged adults. Economic instability in the middle age requires social attention because it can lead to poverty in old age. Therefore, measures should be taken to ensure stable jobs for middle-aged adults, whose spending increases more than their income.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.209-222
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to apply ratio analysis, which indicates the rate of income to total expenditure, to examine wage-earners' overspending in Korea. We use the Family Income and Expenditure Survey produced by National Statistical Office Republic of Korea and total sample size is 40,691 including households complete income reported. Through the t-test, among 17 expenditure categories, overspenders is likely to spend more on housing, apparel, medical, education, and leisure expenditures more than non-overspenders significantly. Interestingly, overspenders have more income, but less financial assets than non-overspenders. To analyze the effect of socio-demographic variables on overspending, ordinary least square is utilized. The results shows that the more educated, larger family size, and older consumer tend to overspend. The results of study are leaded into two aspects. First, overspending can be solved by consumer education with efficient financial management practice. Second, overspending may be not solved unless policies in various ways enhance the overall quality of living to lessen each household's budget constraints.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.123-135
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• 2018

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of welfare workers who are economically active as wage earners after undergoing industrial accidents on their turnover intention in terms of demographic, working environment, and health characteristics. Methods : The data were analyzed in this study with the chi-square test and logistic regression using SPSS ver. 22.0 to analyze the factors influencing the turnover intention of industrial workers(PSWCI, 2016, N=1,083). Results : Model 1 included age, education, average wage, and union, Model 2 includer the number of workers in the workplace, average number of working days, overtime, and employment status were statistically significant. Model 3 included characteristics of health, Model 4 includer education, average wage, union, average number of working days, overtime, employment status were statistically significant. Conclusions : It is necessary to develop tools, indicators, and systematic and step-by-step programs to evaluate the stable work environment in the workplace, as well as to improve workers' return to work.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.143-169
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• 2007

The major purpose of this study was to offer a comprehensive analysis of the changing trends and causes of poverty among urban wage earners' households from 1995 to 2005. In order to do that, this study used the micro data of "Income and Expenditure Survey of Urban Households" by the National Statistical Office(NSO) and GEE(Generalized estimating equation) regression model which is know as an appropriate method for the longitudinal and clustering data. The results show that (1) the numbers of poverty rate and poverty gap in recent years are even getting seriously worse than those in the IMF crisis. (2) Main characteristics of poor are female headed, old aged, low educated households, and having atypical working position. (3) Major determinants of poverty are also related to the variables as mentioned the above. (4) However, poverty reduction effect of public transfer increased preferably in recent years.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.31-68
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• 2017

This study examined the moonlighting behavior in Korea, to which relatively less attention has been paid. Based on the wage earners of 25 to 65 year old married, the results show that about 1.4% of the sample have dual jobs, working very long hours, on average 60 hours for a week combining both the primary job and the secondary job. The results of the fixed effects logit model on the moonlighting participation indicate that the wage rate and the hours of work in the primary job have a negative effect on moonlighting participation while the insecurity of the primary job appears to lead to a higher probability of taking a secondary job. The results of the moonlighting hours analysis suggest that hours worked in the primary job have a negative effect on moonlight hours while the wage of the primary job does not appear to have any significant effect on moonlighting hours. Interestingly enough, the wage of the secondary job appears to have a negative impact on moonlighting hours, which might be very plausible considering the long working hours moonlighters are engaged in.