• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제7권
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• pp.177-203
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• 1995

In den letzten Jahren h ufen sich $F\ddot{a}llen$, in denen Luftpostsendungen gestohlen worden oder sonst abhanden gekommen sind. Zumeist handeltes sich urn Sendungen mit hohem Wert, oft genug urn Sendungen, die erhebliche Geldsummen oder gar Diamanten enthalten. Da nach den luftpostrechtlichen Vorschriften nur recht geringf gige $Betr\ddot{a}ge$ von der Post erstattet werden, liegt der Gedanke nahe, den Luftfrachtf hrer in Anspruch zu nehmen. Bei der $Luftpostbef\ddot{o}rderung$ liegt ein klassisches $Dreiecksverh\ddot{a}ltnis$ vor. Folgende Rechtsbeziehungen sind zu unterscheiden : (1) $Verh\ddot{a}ltnis$ zwischen dem Absender und der Post, (2) $Verh\ddot{a}ltnis$ zwischen Post und $Luftfrachtf\ddot{u}hrer$, (3) $Verh\ddot{a}ltnis$ zwischen $Gesch\ddot{a}digtern$ und $Luftfrachtf\ddot{u}hrer$, wobei der $Gesch\ddot{a}digte$ der Absender, $Empf\ddot{a}nger$ oder dinglich Berechtigte sein kann. Gegenstand der Untersuchung ist dieses zuletzt genannte $Rechtsverh\ddot{a}ltnis$. Angesichts der praktischen Bedeutung der hiermit in Zusammenhang stehenden Fragen, angesichts aber auch der Tatsache, $da{\beta}$ die auf erste Sicht umfangreiche (in - und) $ausl\ddot{a}ndische$ Literatur zuni Luftpostrecht wenig $aussagekr\ddot{a}ftig$ ist, erscheint eine genauere Untersuchung ist folgender: $Zun\ddot{a}chst$ wird die Rechtslage nach dem Warschauer Abkommen, insbesondere die Bestimmung des Art.2 Abs.2 WA, untersucht. $Ber\ddot{u}cksichtigt$ weren sodann die $\ddot{A}nderungen$ der genannten Bestimmung im Haag 1955 und Montreal 1975. Sodann wird die bislang vorliegende internationale Rechtsprechung behandelt. Dem $schlie{\beta}t$ sich die Diskussion des hier $ma{\beta}$- geblichen 52 LuftVG an. Besonderes Gewicht wird hierbei auf die Einbettung des Lufttransportrechts in das allgemeine Transportrecht gelegt. Es erscheint an der Zeit, die Vereinzelung der einzelnen Transportrechtsgebiete zu durchbrechen. Es wird sich zeigen, $da{\beta}$ aus dieser $Ber\ddot{u}cksichtigung$ anderer Transportrechtsgebiete sich eine sachgerechte $L\ddot{o}sung$ entwicklen Das Warschauer Abkommen befa t sich in seinem Art.2 Abs.2 $ausdr\ddot{u}cklich$ mit der Bef rderung von Luftpost. Die $urspr\ddot{u}ngliche$ Fassung von Warschau ist im Haag 1955 $ge\ddot{a}ndert$ worden. Eine weitere $\ddot{A}nderung$ ist in Montreal 1975 beschlossen worden.

• 한국한의학연구원논문집
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.81-100
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• 1999

The result from the research on the disease classifications of the traditional medicine in China, Japan, Taiwan, and North Korea are followings: 1. It is remarkable that China has two different classifications. One is of the diseases named by western medicine and the other is of the syndromes compounded with parts, characters, and pathology of the diseases. The Traditional Chinese Medicine has 615 codes for diseases in 7 departments, and 1684 codes for syndromes. It seems that they have tried to match each disease named by the traditional chinese medicine to each one named by western medicine. But, they have left the diseases impossible to be equivalent to the ones in western medicine themselves and used the same codes of western medicine when the diseases are the same ones in western medicine. 2. In Taiwan, they try to connect the diseases named by the traditional medicine to the ones named by western medicine based on ICD-9. But, they did not attempt to classify the diseases of the traditional medicine by its own ways. The names of diseases in Taiwan medicine include both diseases and syndromes. It is limited to name syndromes by the traditional medicine. And, Taiwan medicine follows ICD in naming injuries. 3. Japan has not got the disease classification for the causes of death, but only the Japanese disease classification for the causes of death, a translation 'The international disease classification for the causes of death. Therefore, The diseases named by traditional medicines are excluded in the public medicine by some Japanese medicines which diagnose through the western medicine and treat by Wa Kang medicine. 4. I can't find out the data over the disease classification for the causes of death by traditional medicine in North Korea. Instead, I can refer to case histories in which differentiation of symptoms and signs and points about them by traditional medicine and the final diagnoses and report about examination by the western medicine has been recorded. In conclusion, It is a distinctive feature that they connect the diseases and the syndromes by the traditional medicine to the ones by the western medicine, and don't tell the diseases from the syndromes.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.127-145
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• 1997

The purpose of this study wa9 to analyse the gait patterns of two female children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy by using the three-dimensional video motion analysis technique. Case 1 has mild spastic hemiplegia on the right side while Case 3 has moderate spastic hemiplegia on the left side. A group of 10, normal female children of the same age(7-8 years old) were selected as the control group for comparison. Time and distance variables as well as the Center of Mass displacement, and the pelvic and joint motions in three anatomical planes were analysed for this purpose. The following observations were made through the analysis : Case 1 revealed an asymmetrical gait pattern in which the step length of the unaffected side was shorter than that of the affected side, which wan a result of the effort to minimize loading on the affected leg by shortening the swing phase of the unaffected leg. Case 1 scored similar phase ratios, cadence and walking velocity to the normal group. A slight posterior tilt of the pelvis was observed throughout the gait cycle. Less hip and knee flexion than the normal group was observed, and demonstrated hyperextension of the knee in the terminal stance phase. The main problem in case 1 originated from the insufficient dorsiflexion of the affected foot during the swing phase. Therefore, Case 1 has difficulty with foot clearance in the swing phase. Usually, this is compensated for by using exessive hip abduction and medial rotation in conjuction with trunk elevation as well as increased vortical displacement of the center of mass. Case 1 revealed a foot-flat initial contact pattern. Case 2 was characterized by a consistent retraction ef the affected aide of the body througout the gait cycle, As a result, an asymmetrical gait pattern with increased stance phase ratios of the unaffected side was observed. In spite of this the step lengths of both sieds were similar. Case 2 scored lower cadence and walking speed than the normal group with lower gait stability. The main problem in Case 2 originated from an excessive plantaflexion of the affected foot which, in turn, rebutted in high hip and knee flexion. Hyperextension of the knee was observed at mid-stance, and execessive anterior tilt of the pelvis throughout the gait cycle was noticed. A gait pattern with high hip abduction and medial circumduction was maintained for the stability in the stance phase and foot clearance in the swing phase. Case 2 revealed a forefoot-contact initial contact pattern.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.13-20
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• 2007

갈색 팽이균주간의 유전적 특성을 보기 위하여 RAPD를 수행하여 유전적 계통도를 본 결과 85% 수준에서 5개의 그룹으로 구분되었다. 생리적 특성으로는 최적 온도는 $25^{\circ}C$이고, CBFM-002를 제외한 모든 균주가 pH 6.0~7.0 범위에서 균사 생장이 양호하였다. 균사생장은 MCM 배지에서 68.4~83.4 mm로 가장 좋았고 균사밀도는 WA배지를 제외한 모든 배지에서 균사밀도가 높았다. 균총과 자실체 간의 색깔 간에는 일정한 경향을 찾을 수 없었다. 갈색팽이버섯 재배에 적당한 배지 재료를 선발하기 위하여 검토한 결과, 배지별 이화학적 성분 분석에서 T-N은 미송+면실박+비트펄프 (6:2:2)가 가장 많았고, $P_2O_2$, $K_2O$, MgO는 미송+쌀겨(8:2)배지에서 가장 많이 함유되어 있었다. 배지혼용 처리에 따른 균사생장 정도는 CBFM-003, CBFM-007균주 모두 미송+면실박+비트펄프 (6:2:2) 배지에서 균사생장이 빠르고 균사밀도가 높았다. 혼용된 배지로 병재배시 자실체의 갓 직경, 대 직경, 대 길이는 CBFM-003, CBFM-007 균주는 모든 배지에서 비슷한 경향을 보였다. 병버섯 재배에서 배지 혼합비율에 따른 균주간 균사 및 자실체의 생육은 미송+쌀겨 (8:2)보다 미송+면실박+비트펄프 (6:2:2)배지에서 CBFM-003은 156.3 g, CBFM-007은 162.8 g으로 가장 좋은 수량을 보였다. 병재배에서 생육온도에 따른 수량은 $7^{\circ}C$에서 약간 높은 수량을 보였으나, 발이기간 동안 에너지 투입량 등 경제성을 고려하면 CBFM-007은 발이온도 $10^{\circ}C$가 적합한 것으로 판단되었다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.375-386
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• 1995

This study was designed to investigate the changes in energy substrates, glucose and non-esterified fatty acid(NEFA), and fatty acid compositions in serum, following physiolgical stress in rats fed diets containing various fatty acids. Forty two Sprague-Dawley strain male rats, weighing 108$\pm$2.1g, were fed 3 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets were composed of 105 fat(w/w) of either corn oil(CO;18:2 n6:57%), plant perilla oil(PO;18:3 n3:59%), or tuna fish oil(FO;20:5 n3:17%%, 22:6 n3:19%). After 4 weeks of feeding, each group wa subdiveided into (a) control, (b) 2 min swim in ice-cold water. Animals wer decapitated 20min after commencing the swim; trunk blood, brain, liver and epididymal fat pad were obtained. The levels of serum corticosterone, glucose, NEFA, triglyceride, fatty acid compositions, brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were determined. Basal levels of corticosterone na NEFA of serum were significantly lower in fish oil fed animals than those of any other oil fed animals. Compared to either perilla oil-fed or corn oil-fed rats, cold swim stress in fish oil fed rats produced significantly smaller NEFA and larger corticosterone responses. However, there was no significant difference in basal levels of serum glucose. Stress increased serum glucose levels slightly, and the amount of increment was larger in fish oil rats than those of any other oil fed rats than those of any other oil fed rats, although all the values were normal level. Dietary fats and stress did not affect serotonin metabolism. In additions, the composition of fatty acids in serum was significantly affected by the dietary compostion of fatty acids and stress. Stress induced decreases in monounsaturated fatty acid and non-polyunsaturated fatty acid concentration in either perilla oil fed or fish group, but did not in corn oil fed group. Stress resulted in changes in fatty acid metabolism similar to that associated with essential fatty acid(EFA) dificiency, when feeding animals n-3 fatty acids in diet. In conclusion, feeding fish oil was more effective to decrease NEFA in serum than feeding perilla oil or corn oil and improved lipid metabolism, when the rats were maintained in normal or exposed to stressful environment. However, the fact that feeding diet containing n-3 fatty acids decreased EFA status under stress suggests that the requirement of n-6 PUFA should be increased in these groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.155-169
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• 1997

This study investigated the effect of weight control by using the commercial appetite suppressant ((-)-hydroxycitric acid(HCA) formula) and nutrition education on 72 obese women over a period of 8 weeks. During the study it conducted nutritional education for women to control their weight, thus analyzed their changes in anthropometric variables. All obese women were randomized in a double-blind method to consume either HCA(HCA group : experimental group) or placebo(placebo group : control group). Two groups were also divided randomly into 2 groups combined with commercial formula diet in 1 meal a day(HD group and PD group : HCA + gormula diet and placebo + formula diet) or not(HO group and conducted with 4 groups(HD, HO, PD, and PO group). All subjects were assigned to consume 800-1500kcal/d balanced diet which is 500kcal less than their usual energy requirement. To evaluate the effect of the weight control program, weight, percent of body fat, waist and hip circumferences, and 5 skinfold thickness were measured up to 5 times in all obese women. The mean weight of the subjects at the onset of the study was 76.5$\pm$10.6kg. The mean body mass index(BMI) wa 30.1$\pm$3.8 and it was in the upper 5 percentile of mean BMI of Korean women. At the end of the program, mean weight loss was 3.5kg after 2 weeks(p<0.001), and 5.8kg after 4 weeks(p<0.001). The waist, hip ratio(WHR) and skinfold thickness measurements of biceps, triceps, subscapular, suprailiac and abdominum showed significant reduction over the entire study period(p<0.05). These outcome were evaluated by effect of nutritional education and counselling. The reduction of % of body fat was significantly different among the 4 groups. Women who administrated HCA demonstrated more change in weight, BMI than the placebo group. There was also significant reduction in body composition (% of body fat, WHR, and skinfold thickness) than the other groups. The HD group which was administrated HCA combined with formula diet was more decreased than other groups. It showed that this program using commercial HCA and formula diet induced not only a change in weight but also a change in body composition. The outcome of this study suggests that HCA has a more effctive change on weight control which is carried out with nutritional education and counselling.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권16호
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• pp.6799-6804
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• 2014

Background: Chemotherapy is the mainstay of treatment for the majority of patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) without driver mutations and many receive therapies beyond first-line. Second-line chemotherapy has been disappointing both in terms of response rate and survival and we know relatively little about the prognostic factors. Materials and Methods: One thousand and eight patients with advanced NSCLC who received second-line chemotherapy after progression were reviewed in Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, China, from September 2005 to July 2010. We analyzed the effects of potential prognostic factors on the outcomes of second-line chemotherapy (overall response rate, ORR; progression free survival, PFS; overall survival, OS). Results: The response and progression free survival of first-line chemotherapy affects the ORR, PFS and OS of second-line chemotherapy (ORR: CR/PR 15.4%, SD 10.1%, PD2.3%, p<0.001; PFS: CR/PR 3.80 months, SD 2.77 months, PD 2.03 months, p<0.001; OS: CR/PR 11.60 months, SD 10.33 months, PD 6.57 months, p=0.578, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively). On multivariate analysis, better response to first-line therapy (CR/PR: HR=0.751, p=0.002; SD: HR=0.781, p=0.021) and progression within 3-6 months (HR=0.626, p<0.001), together with adenocarcinoma (HR=0.815, p=0.017), without liver metastasis (HR=0.541, p=0.001), never-smoker (HR=0.772, p=0.001), and ECOG PS 0-1 (HR=0.745, p=0.021) were predictors for good OS following second-line chemotherapy. Conclusions: Patients who responded to first-line chemotherapy had a better outcome after second-line therapy for advanced NSCLC, and the efficacy of first-line chemotherapy, period of progression, histology, liver metastasis, smoking status and ECOG PS were independent prognostic factors for OS.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2000

The chloroform and methanol (2;1, v/v) extract from an edible plant, Actinidia arguta Planchon, appeared to possess antitumor activity against human leukemias Jurkat T and U937 cells through inducing apoptosis. The substance in the solvent extract was purified by silica gel column chromatography, preparative TLC, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Characteristics of the substance analyzed by UV scanning analysis, $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ NMR spectra suggested that the substance belongs to the chlorophyll derivatives-like group. The $IC_{50}$ value of the chlorophyll derivative (Cp-D) determined by MTT assay was $15\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for Jurkat, $10\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for U937, and $11.4\mu\textrm{g}/ml$ for HL-60m and was more toxic to these leukemias than to solid tumors or normal fibroblast. In order to elucidate cellular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxicity, the effect of the Cp-D on Jurkat T cells was investigated. When cells were treated with the Cp-D at a concentration of $15\mu\textrm{g}/ml$, [3H]thymidine incorporation declined rapidly and wa undetectable in 1h. However, no significant changes were made in the cell cycle distribution of the cells by 24h. The sub-Gl peak representing apoptotic cells began to be detectable in 36h, at which time apoptotic DNA fragmentation was also detected on agarose gel electrophoresis, demonstrating that the cytotoxic effect of the Cp-D is attributable to the induced apoptosis. Under the same conditions, although the protein level of cyclin-dependent kinases such as cdc4, csk6, cdk2, and cdc2 was not significantly changed until 24h, the kinase activity of all c안 rapidly declined and reached a minimum level within 1-6h and then recovered to the initial level by 12h and sustained until 24h. These results suggest that inactivation of cdks at an inappropriate time during the cell cycle progression in jurkat T cells following a treatment with the Cp-D leads to induction of apoptotic cell death.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.475-484
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• 2000

다양한 환경조건에서 충진 유기성슬러지, 즉 하수슬러지와 제지슬러지의 분해측도를 추정하기 위한 모델을 개발하고 SRB 반응조의 운전시간에 따른 분해정도를 추정하여 탄소원으로 사용 가능한 유기성슬러지의 지속시간을 예측하였다. 유출 평균 TCOD는 28.7~63.2mg/L를 나타내어 유기성슬러지는 실험기간 동안에 그다지 많은 양의 탄소원을 공급하지 않았으나 지속성 측면에서 단기간내 다량의 유기물 분해에 의한 소모보다는 효율적인 것으로 평가되었다. $SO_4{^{2-}}$ 환원율이 증가함에 따라 고정경향이 가장 강한 Pb 제거율이 77~82% 로 가장 높았으며 그다음에 Fe가 33~59%의 제거율을 나타내었다. Al의 경우에는 수산화물로 침전하기 때문에 낮은 pH를 유지한 R-1~R-3에서는 약 $54{\pm}2%$ 정도의 제거율을 보였으나 높은 pH를 유지한 R-4의 경우에는 약 78%의 아주 높은 제거율을 보였다. Mn은 용해도적이 크기 때문에 다른 중금속에 비하여 아주 낮은 제거율을 나타내었다. 초기 SRB를 위한 탄소원의 공급과 장기간 지속성을 고려해볼때 하수슬러지에 비하여 세지슬러지의 혼합비율이 2배 많은 0.5가 보다 더 적합하며 이때 탄소완의 지속시간은 약 3.08년이었으나 유기성슬러지의 분해에는 다양한 인자가 작용하므로 안전율을 고려하여 적용해야할 것으로 평가되었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.379-384
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: Apolipoprotein A5 gene promoter region T-1131C polymorphism (APOA5 T-1131C) is known to be associated with elevated plasma TG levels, although little is known of the influence of the interaction between APOA5 T-1131C and lifestyle modification on TG levels. To investigate this matter, we studied APOA5 T-1131C and plasma TG levels of subjects participating in a three-month lifestyle modification program. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A three-month lifestyle modification program was conducted with 297 participants (Age: $57{\pm}8years$) in Izumo City, Japan, from 2001-2007. Changes in energy balance (the difference between energy intake and energy expenditure) and BMI were used to evaluate the participants' responses to the lifestyle modification. RESULTS: Even after adjusting for confounding factors, plasma TG levels were significantly different at baseline among three genotype subgroups: TT, $126{\pm}68mg/dl$; TC, $134{\pm}74mg/dl$; and CC, $172{\pm}101mg/dl$. Lifestyle modification resulted in significant reductions in plasma TG levels in the TT, TC, and CC genotype subgroups: $-21.9{\pm}61.0mg/dl$, $-20.9{\pm}51.0mg/dl$, and $-42.6{\pm}78.5mg/dl$, respectively, with no significant differences between them. In a stepwise regression analysis, age, APOA5 T-1131C, body mass index (BMI), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and the 18:1/18:0 ratio showed independent association with plasma TG levels at baseline. In a general linear model analysis, APOA5 T-1131C C-allele carriers showed significantly greater TG reduction with decreased energy balance than wild type carriers after adjustment for age, gender, and baseline plasma TG levels. CONCLUSIONS: The genetic effects of APOA5 T-1131C independently affected plasma TG levels. However, lifestyle modification was effective in significantly reducing plasma TG levels despite the APOA5 T-1131C genotype background.