• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1080-1084
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• 1999

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) balance technique was used to determine energy balance in Rhode Island Red (RIR) and White Leghorn (WL) laying hens fed maize-and broken rice (BR)- based diets. Carbon and nitrogen intake and outgo were determined for three days on ad libitum fed diets followed by 2/3 of ad libitum intake for next three days. Carbon analysis was done by using four 'U' tubes in which carbon dioxide released during bomb calorimetry was absorbed on drierite in tube 1 and 2 whereas tube 3 and 4 contained sodalime self indicating granule. Carbon in $CO_2$ was determined by an open circuit respiration system. Energy retention (E, kcal) was calculated as E = 12.386 C (g) - 4.631 N (g). By regressing metabolisable energy (ME) intake on energy balance, maintenance ME requirement of RIR was 128 whereas, that of WL hens was $144kcal/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Effciency of utilization of ME for maintenance from BR-based diet in RIR hens was equal but in WL hens it was 11% less than maize-based diet.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.1307-1316
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• 2016

본 논문은 계란에 대한 소비자들의 인식을 향상시키기 위해 산란계 종류에 따른 계란품질과 성분조성을 실험 및 분석하였다. 산란개시 32주령에 있는 4개 품종의 청색란실용계 (BC), 연산오골계 (YS), 재래닭 (KN), 백색레그혼 (WL) 총 120수 (각 처리구당 10수 ${\times}$ 3반복 ${\times}$ 4처리구)를 임의 배치하여 생산된 계란의 성분을 분석하였다. 계란의 품질 평가의 경우, BC가 다른 품종에 비하여 호우닛 계수 (82.82),난각강도 (0.37mm) 및 난각두께 ($40.58kg/cm^2$)가 유의적으로 높게 나왔으며, 계란의 콜레스테롤 함량은 BC가 317.58mg/100g로 가장 낮았지만, YS는 381.30mg/100g으로 매우 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05). 그리고 계란의 지방산 조성에서 oleic acid (C18:1n9)함량은 BC가 다른 품종보다 매우 낮았으며, 아미노산의 경우에는 Thronine과 Proline을 제외한 모든 성분에서 대체로 WL종이 다른 품종보다 더 높게 나타났다 (p<0.05).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.1015-1019
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• 2003

A 50 day feeding trial was conducted with White Leghorn (WL) laying hens, 42 weeks old, to determine if feeding of varying levels of aflatoxin (AF), ochratoxin A (OA) or their combinations has any effect on their performance and egg quality parameters. Feeding of $T_4$, $T_7$, $T_8$, $T_9$ and $T_10$ caused significant reduction in feed intake of hens. Hen day egg productions were significantly reduced at all the levels of toxins except 0.5 ppm of AF. Maximum reduction in egg production was noticed at 2 and 4 ppm of AF and OA, respectively. Average body weight and egg weight were not affected by toxin feeding. The feed efficiency in terms of net feed efficiency and feed consumed per dozen egg produced was significantly reduced at higher levels of both the toxins and their combinations. Feed consumption for production of 1 kg egg mass remained uninfluenced due to aflatoxin feeding whereas significant increase in the value of the same was noticed at 4 ppm level of OA and combination of 1 and 2 ppm of AF and 2 and 4 ppm of OA ($T_9$ and $T_10$), respectively. Various levels of OA (1-4 ppm) and all the combination of two toxins ($T_8$, $T_9$ and $T_10$) significantly altered the shape index of eggs in laying hens. The shell thickness was significantly reduced by higher level of AF (2 ppm), OA (2 and 4 ppm) and their combination. Albumen index, Haugh Unit and yolk index remained unchanged due to incorporation of toxins in the diet. It is concluded that AF, OA either singly or in combination at higher levels could depress the performance in terms of egg production and feed efficiency significantly. The egg quality parameters i.e. shape index and shell thickness were also significantly affected.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1638-1642
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• 2006

An experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of graded levels of vitamin $D_3$ in White Leghorn (WL) layer breeders on egg production, shell quality, hatchability of eggs and juvenile performance of offspring during their late laying period (72-88 wk). White Leghorn breeder females were randomly divided into 5 groups of 50 each and were housed in individual California cages in an open-side housing system. Considering birds in five cages as a replicate, 10 such replicates were randomly allotted to each treatment. A basal diet was formulated containing all the nutrients as recommended for WL layers except vitamin $D_3$, which served as control. Another, four diets were formulated by supplementing graded levels of feed grade crystalline cholecalciferol to the basal diet that contained 300, 600, 1,200 and 2,400 ICU of vitamin $D_3$ per kg. Each diet was offered ad libitum to one of the above five treatment groups. The egg production, egg weight, daily feed consumption and the feed intake per dozen eggs or kg egg mass of the birds fed diet without any supplemental vitamin $D_3$ was comparable with those of supplemental groups. Similarly, the level of vitamin in the diet did not have any effect on any of the above parameters. However, the specific gravity of eggs laid by the birds fed the diet without supplemental vitamin $D_3$ was comparable with either 600 or 2,400 ICU supplemental groups but significantly higher when compared to the 300 and 1,200 ICU groups. The egg -shell breaking strength was significantly lowered in the 600 ICU supplemental groups as compared to the strength of other dietary groups. The Haugh unit, egg shell weight, shell thickness, tibia breaking strength, bone ash and calcium content were not influenced by vitamin $D_3$ concentration in the diet. Serum Ca concentration was influenced by vitamin $D_3$ level in the diet. The serum Ca concentration of birds fed either control or the vitamin supplemented diet up to 1200 ICU/kg diet was comparable. However, increasing the concentration of vitamin $D_3$ to 2,400 ICU/kg diet significantly enhanced the concentration of Ca in the serum, which was significantly higher compared to other dietary groups. The serum concentration of P and protein, however, was not influenced by level of vitamin $D_3$ in the diet. Neither fertility nor hatchability was influenced by vitamin $D_3$ concentration in the diet. Feeding a vitamin $D_3$ deficient diet or supplementation of vitamin to hens did not have any influence on their progeny chicks. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of vitamin $D_3$ may not be essential for optimum production, shell quality, hatchability, and juvenile performance of WL breeders during 72 to 88 weeks of age.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.383-388
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• 2010

닭의 눈은 빛의 색깔을 구별할 수 있고, 빛의 다른 파장은 닭의 번식 능력에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 산란계에서 발광소자(LED)를 이용한 단색광이 산란계에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 수행되었다. 닭들은 발광소자(LED)를 이용하여 제작된 백색, 청색, 황색, 청색, 적색 전구와 대조구로써 백열전구의 점등 광원에 노출되었다. 모든 점등 광원은 빛의 세기를 20 lux로 고정하였다. 시험 결과, 산란 개시 일령과 산란 50% 도달 시기는 적색 점등 시에 다른 처리군과 비교하여 빨리 일어남이 확인되었으며, 난소 중량 또한 16주령에서 20주령까지 적색 점등 시에 다른 처리군에 비해 유의적으로 무거웠다. 또한, 59주령 기준 적색 LED 점등 광원에서 사육된 산란계의 헨하우스 산란수가 다른 처리군과 비교하여 가장 높음이 확인되었다. 황색 LED 점등 시 26주에서 45주령의 산란계에서 생산된 계란 무게는 다른 처리 점등 조건에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 적색 LED 점등 시 20주의 산란계에서 생산된 계란의 난각 강도는 다른 처리 점등 조건에 비해 높았다. 비슷하게 적색 LED 점등 시 20주의 산란계에서 생산된 20주의 산란계에서 생산된 계란의 난각 두께는 다른 처리 점등 조건에 비해 높았다. 이와 같은 결과들은 적색 LED 점등 환경에서 사육된 산란계들은 산란 능력이 향상되고, LED를 이용한 다양한 파장의 점등은 계란 품질에 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.18.1-18.5
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• 2014

Background: A six-week study involving two hundred and fifty (250) Harco Black layer birds at point of lay was conducted to investigate the effects of potential natural colorant on performance and Egg quality traits. The birds were assigned to five (5) dietary treatments, each containing supplements either of control, Baobab Leaf (BL), Waterleaf (WL), Red Pepper (RP), Canthaxanthin (CTX) at 40 g/kg feed and 50 mg/kg feed of natural and commercial colorants, respectively. Results: Performance records shows that there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in feed intake across the supplements of Red pepper, Water leaf, Canthaxanthin and control diet, however, birds fed Baobab leaf treatment had a significantly lower (p < 0.05) feed intake value (94.07 g) when compared with other treatments. Body weight gain and Hen Day Production were not significant influenced (p > 0.05) by the dietary treatments, although laying hens fed Baobab leaf supplement had lowest mean HDP of 48.80%, while birds fed Red pepper and Water leaf supplement had an average value of 52.79%. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) of colorants on egg external traits, compared with the control; birds fed Canthaxanthin treatment had higher mean egg weight (51.79 g), egg length (4.55 g), egg breadth (3.29 g); Red pepper treatment had highest mean shell thickness (0.29 g), however these differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Yolk height, Albumen height, Yolk index, and Haugh unit were not significantly affected (p > 0.05) across treatments. Yolk width was lowest (p < 0.05) in Baobab leaf treatment (2.54 cm); Red pepper, Water leaf and Canthaxanthin (2.89 cm, 2.62 cm and 2.89 cm respectively) were not significantly (p > 0.05) different from the control (2.73 cm). Yolk colour score was significantly highest (p < 0.05) in Red pepper treatment (7.50); Water leaf, Baobab leaf and Canthaxanthin ranged between 2.25-3.31 on the DSM yolk colour fan, Control treatment had the lowest yolk colour score (p < 0.05) of 1.31. Conclusion: The study showed Red pepper as a worthy alternative to commercial yolk colorant. Water leaf and baobab are not good substitutes for canthaxanthin as a yolk colourant.