• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.20-28
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• 2014

The high velocity oxygen fuel spraying (HVOF) is a kind of surface modification process technology to form the sprayed coating layer after spraying the powder to molten or semi-molten state by the ultra-high speed at the high-temperature heat source and conflicting with a substrate. It is desirable to melt completely the thermal spray powder in order to produce the coating layer with an optimal adhesion, however, because a semi-molten powder in a spray process has the low efficiency and become a factor that degrades the mechanical property by the inducement of pore-forming within the coating layer. To improve the wear resistance, corrosion resistance and heat resistance, in this study, the plungers of high-speed and ultra-high pressure reciprocating hydraulic pumps for oil and water used in ironwork are produced with $420J_2$ and the coating layers of plungers are formed by the powders of WC-Co-Cr and WC-Cr-Ni including the high hardness WC. The surface of these plungers is modified by the super-mirror face grinding machine using variable air pressure developed in this laboratory, and then the characteristics of cross-sectional microstructure, and surface roughness and hardness values between no operation and 100 days-operation are examined and made a comparison. The fine tops and bottoms on surface roughness curve of oil-hydraulic pump plunger sprayed by WC-Cr-Ni are molded more and higher than those of water-hydraulic pump sprayed by WC-Co-Cr because the plunger diameter of oil-hydraulic pump is 0.4 times smaller than that of water-hydraulic pump and the pressure of oil-hydraulic pump exerted on the plunger is operated with the 70 bars higher than that of water-hydraulic pump. As a result, it is found that the values of centerline average surface roughness and maximum height for oil-hydraulic pump plunger are bigger than those of water-hydraulic pump plunger.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.629-636
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• 2014

For surface modification, bulk metallic glass coatings were fabricated using metallic glass powder and a mixture of a self-fluxing alloy or/and hard metal alloys with a heat-resisting property using a high velocity oxy-fuel coating thermal spraying process. Microstructural analyses and mechanical tests were carried out using X-ray diffraction, a scanning electron microscope, an atomic force microscope, a three-dimensional optical profiler, and nanoindenation. As a result, the monolithic metallic glass coating was found to consist of solid particle and lamellae regions that included many pores. Second phase-reinforced composite coatings with a self-fluxing alloy or/and hard metal alloy additives were employed with in-situ $Cr_2Ni_3$ precipitate or/and ex-situ WC particles in an amorphous matrix. The mechanical behaviors of the solid particles and lamella regions showed large hardness and elastic modulus differences. The mechanical properties of the particle regions in the metallic glass composite coatings were superior to those of the lamellae regions in the monolithic metallic glass coatings, but indicated similar trends in matrix region of all the coating layers.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical properties and heavy metal concentration of soils in conventional and organic paddy. We sampled and analyzed topsoil (0~15 cm) and subsoil (15~30 cm) of conventional and organic paddy fields in Yongin and Anseong, South Korea. The statistical significance between groups was determined by Duncan's multiple range test and correlation between soil properties was also analyzed. The results show that organic matter (OM) and T-N of conventional paddy soil were higher than those of organic paddy soil. However, higher T-P concentration was observed in organic paddy soil than conventional paddy soil. As, Pb, and Zn concentration in organic paddy soil were statistically lower than those in conventional paddy soil. The couple of water content (WC) & As, OM & T-N, T-P & $P_2O_5$, T-P & Zn, $P_2O_5$ & Zn, and Cr & Ni had a good positive correlation but the couple of WC & T-P, WC & Zn, T-P & As, and As & Zn had a strong negative correlation. It can be concluded that organic farming is beneficial to soil environment by reducing the amounts of organic matter, T-N, As, Pb, and Zn concentration in paddy soil when compared to conventional farming.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.51-59
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• 2000

Sink roll has been used in molten 55%Al-Zn alloy bath of continuous galvanizing line for sinking and stabilizing working steel strip in molten metal bath. In the process, the sink roll body inevitably build up dross compounds and pitting on the sink roll surface during 55%Al-Zn alloy coated strip production, and the life time of the sink roll is shorten by build up dross compounds and pitting. The present study examined the application of thermally sprayed ceramic coatings method on sink roll body for improving erosion resistance at molten 55% Al-Zn pool. In this experiment, the stainless steels such as STS 316L and STS 430F were used as the substrate materials. The CoNiCr and WE-Co powder were selected as bond coating materials. Moreover $Al_2O_3-ZrO_2-SiO_2 and ZrO_2-SiO_2$ powders selected as the top coating materials. Appearances of the specimens before and after dipping to molten 55%Al-Zn pool were compared and analyzed. As a result of this study, STS430F of substrate, WC-Co of bond spray coatings, $ZrO_2-SiO_2$ power of top spray coatings is the best quality in erosion resistance test at molten 55%Al-Zn pool

• Proceedings of the KWS Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.42-42
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• 2009

마찰교반접합 (Friction Stir Welding)은 1991년 영국 TWI에서 개발된 접합 법으로서 회전하는 툴이 재료내부에 삽입되면 툴과 재료사이에서 발생하는 마찰열에 의하여 온도가 상승하게 되어 재료는 연화되고, 이러한 재료 내부에서 회전하는 툴이 이동하게 되면 재료 내부는 기계적 교반에 의해 소성변형이 일어남과 동시에 접합이 이루어진다. 마찰교반접합은 동적 재결정에 의한 접합부의 미세한 결정립 형성으로 인하여 기계적 특성이 향상되며 보호 가스가 필요 없어 친환경적임과 동시에 용융 용접 법에 비해 접합 시 에너지 소모가 적으며 또한 접합 후 접합부에서의 변형이 상대적으로 적다는 장점이 있다. 이러한 장점을 가진 마찰교반접합은 알루미늄 합금, 마그네슘 합금 그리고 동 합금과 같은 저 융점 비철재료에 많은 연구와 적용 사례들이 있어왔다. 하지만 최근에는 일반 탄소강, 연강, 오스테나이트계 스테인리스강, 니켈 합금, 티타늄 합금과 같은 고융점 재료에도 연구 및 적용이 진행되고 있는 추세이다. 페라이트계 스테인리스강은 가격이 비싼 Ni을 함유하지 않아 오스테나이트계 스테인리스강에 비하여 강재의 가격은 낮으면서도 고온특성 및 내식성이 우수하여 건축용, 자동차 배기계용으로 널리 사용되고 있다. 하지만 이런 장점을 가진 페라이트계 스테인리스강을 기존의 용융 용접 법으로 접합 시 용접부 및 열영향부에서의 결정립의 조대화로 인한 인성 및 연성이 저하되며, 특히 예민화된 열영향부 입계 내에 Cr 탄화물이 석출되어 입계주변에 Cr 결핍 층을 형성되어 입계부식이 발생되는 문제점이 발생된다. 본 연구에서는 마찰교반접합을 이용하여 두께 3mm의 409 스테인리스강에 대해 맞대기 접합을 실시하였다. 접합 변수를 툴의 재료 (WC-12wt%Co, $Si_3N_4$)로 하여 접합을 실시하였고 접합 후 외관상태 점검, 광학 현미경과 주사 전자 현미경을 통하여 미세조직을 관찰하였으며 황산-황산동 부식 시험을 실시하여 접합부의 부식 특성을 평가하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.50-58
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• 2000

Burning rate of the matrix propellant($r_{sb}$) and burning rate along the metal wire($r_w$) were measured and analyzed for the HTPB/AP/Al propellant embedded with Ag wire($\phi$0.15mm) according to weight % of RDX(0~20%). Variation of burning rate increment ratio($r_w$/$r_{sb}$) and pressure exponent(n) was studied for the nitramine propellant having 10% RDX embedded with three kinds of metal(Ag, Cu, and Ni-Cr) of which diameter range is between 0.1~0.6mm. Maximum burning rate increment ratio of the nitramine propellant embedded with Ag wire($\phi$0.1mm) was 5.94 at $20^{\cire}C$, 1000 psia, 16.4% faster than that of HTPB/AP propellant, it is because that autoignition temperature of the nitramine propellant was higher than that of HTPB/AP propellant. Standard deviation of absolute ($r_{wc}$/$r_{we}$)/$r_{we}$ calculated by using new empiracal equation composed of four dimensionless groups, is 6.11% less than that calculated by using original empirical equation composed of three dimensionless group. The new empiracal equation is derived from Buckingham pi theorem using the parameters such as thermal diffusivity, melting temperature. wire diameter, propellant sample diameter, frame temperature, autoignition temperature and matrix burning rate which influence on $r_w$.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.276-285
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• 2012

The objective of this research is to develop the coating technique by a porous self-fluxing alloy for improving the mechanical properties of run-out table roller surface with the hot rolling. To enhance the durability of run-out table roller with the hot rolling, the high hardness of roller surface should be maintained at high temperatures, and the improvement of wear resistance, corrosion resistance, heat resistance, burn resistance and adhesion resistance should be maintained. In order to be able to transport reliably a hot rolled steel sheet, also, the appropriate friction coefficient on the roller surface should be maintained and the slip between roller and steel should not occur. In this study, the wear resistance of roller increases after the self-fluxing alloy is changed to a cermet by adding the tungsten carbide(WC), and the coefficient of friction increases and the ability of grip is improved because the porosities are made by coating with fine iron powder on the roller surface. As a result, it is found that the ability of grip between the steel and the roller coated by a porous self-fluxing alloy contained to 5 ~ 10 wt% of Fe in the coating layer is improved compared to the roller coated by Ni-Cr. This is because the porosities are made after Fe contained in the roller is partially alloyed by heating with a furnace in the fusing process and the rest is eliminated by oxidation and dissolution.